Microphone (English Wikipedia)

Sessler, G.M.; West, J.E. (1962). "Self-Biased Condenser Microphone with High Capacitance". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 34 (11): 1787–1788. Bibcode:1962ASAJ...34.1787S. doi:10.1121/1.1909130.
Lee, Woon Seob; Lee, Seung S. (2008). "Piezoelectric Microphone Built on Circular Diaphragm" (PDF). Sensors and Actuators A. 144 (2): 367–373. Bibcode:2008SeAcA.144..367L. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2008.02.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
Paritsky, Alexander; Kots, A. (1997). "Fiber optic microphone as a realization of fiber optic positioning sensors". In Shladov, Itzhak; Rotman, Stanley R (eds.). 10th Meeting on Optical Engineering in Israel. Proceedings of the SPIE. Vol. 3110. Bellingham, Washington, US: International Society for Optical Engineering. pp. 408–409. Bibcode:1997SPIE.3110..408P. doi:10.1117/12.281371. ISBN 9780819425324. S2CID 110338054.
Sena, E. De; Hacihabiboglu, H.; Cvetkovic, Z. (January 2012). "On the Design and Implementation of Higher Order Differential Microphones". IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing. 20 (1): 162–174. Bibcode:2012ITASL..20..162D. doi:10.1109/TASL.2011.2159204. hdl:11511/30509. S2CID 206602089.
Wong, Kainam; Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wu, Yue (February 2018). "A Triad of Cardioid Sensors in Orthogonal Orientation and Spatial Collocation – Its Spatial-Matched-Filter-Type Beam-Pattern". IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 66 (4): 895–906. Bibcode:2018ITSP...66..895W. doi:10.1109/TSP.2017.2773419. S2CID 3298960.
Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wong, Kainam; Wu, Yue (January 2019). "Cardioid microphones/hydrophones in a collocated and orthogonal triad—A steerable beamformer with no beam-pointing error". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 145 (1): 575–588. Bibcode:2019ASAJ..145..575N. doi:10.1121/1.5087697. PMID 30710946. S2CID 73422758. Retrieved February 1, 2021.

aes.org (Global: low place; English: 7,811^th place)

Webb, Jim. "Twelve Microphones that Made History" (PDF). Audio Engineering Society. Retrieved November 11, 2025.

analog.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Analog Devices to Sell Microphone Product Line to InvenSense" (Press release). Analog Devices. Retrieved November 27, 2015.

angloconcertina.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"David Edward Hughes: Concertinist and Inventor" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 31, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2012.

bizjournals.com (Global: 396^th place; English: 190^th place)

"Local firms strum the chords of real music innovation". Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology. February 8, 2008. Archived from the original on February 19, 2008.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Nahin, Paul J. (2002). Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age. JHU Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780801869099.
Rayburn, Ray A. (November 12, 2012). Eargle's The Microphone Book: From Mono to Stereo to Surround – A Guide to Microphone Design and Application. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136118135.
Benesty, Jacob; Jingdong, Chen (October 23, 2012). Study and Design of Differential Microphone Arrays. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642337529.
Eargle, John; Foreman, Chris (2002). Audio Engineering for Sound Reinforcement. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-634-04355-0.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"David Hughes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
"Electromechanical Transducer". Britannica. Retrieved June 2, 2024.

businessinsider.com (Global: 201^st place; English: 139^th place)

Abadi, Mark (November 20, 2017). "Everyone Is Blasting Trump for Writing 'Mike' Instead of 'Mic' — but Here's Why Trump Is Right". Business Insider. Retrieved February 13, 2024.

coutant.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Marconi-Sykes Magnetophone". Retrieved June 18, 2018.

crownaudio.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Crown Differoid Microphone" (PDF). Crown Audio. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2012.

cuidevices.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rose, Bruce (January 8, 2019). "Comparing MEMS and Electret Condenser (ECM) Microphones". CUIDevices.com. Retrieved March 27, 2023.

digitalcameraworld.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Parnell-Brookes, Jase; May, Tom (August 18, 2025). "The Best Shotgun Mics for Isolating Your Audio in 2025". Digital Camera World. Future US. Retrieved September 15, 2025.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Sessler, G.M.; West, J.E. (1962). "Self-Biased Condenser Microphone with High Capacitance". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 34 (11): 1787–1788. Bibcode:1962ASAJ...34.1787S. doi:10.1121/1.1909130.
Lee, Woon Seob; Lee, Seung S. (2008). "Piezoelectric Microphone Built on Circular Diaphragm" (PDF). Sensors and Actuators A. 144 (2): 367–373. Bibcode:2008SeAcA.144..367L. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2008.02.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
Paritsky, Alexander; Kots, A. (1997). "Fiber optic microphone as a realization of fiber optic positioning sensors". In Shladov, Itzhak; Rotman, Stanley R (eds.). 10th Meeting on Optical Engineering in Israel. Proceedings of the SPIE. Vol. 3110. Bellingham, Washington, US: International Society for Optical Engineering. pp. 408–409. Bibcode:1997SPIE.3110..408P. doi:10.1117/12.281371. ISBN 9780819425324. S2CID 110338054.
Akino, Hiroshi; Shimokawa, Hirofumi; Kikutani, Tadashi; Green, Jackie (April 2014). "On the Study of the Ionic Microphone". Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. 62 (4): 254–264. doi:10.17743/jaes.2014.0013.
Sena, E. De; Hacihabiboglu, H.; Cvetkovic, Z. (January 2012). "On the Design and Implementation of Higher Order Differential Microphones". IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing. 20 (1): 162–174. Bibcode:2012ITASL..20..162D. doi:10.1109/TASL.2011.2159204. hdl:11511/30509. S2CID 206602089.
Wong, Kainam; Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wu, Yue (February 2018). "A Triad of Cardioid Sensors in Orthogonal Orientation and Spatial Collocation – Its Spatial-Matched-Filter-Type Beam-Pattern". IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 66 (4): 895–906. Bibcode:2018ITSP...66..895W. doi:10.1109/TSP.2017.2773419. S2CID 3298960.
Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wong, Kainam; Wu, Yue (January 2019). "Cardioid microphones/hydrophones in a collocated and orthogonal triad—A steerable beamformer with no beam-pointing error". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 145 (1): 575–588. Bibcode:2019ASAJ..145..575N. doi:10.1121/1.5087697. PMID 30710946. S2CID 73422758. Retrieved February 1, 2021.

eetimes.com (Global: 4,224^th place; English: 2,761^st place)

"MEMS Mics Taking Over". EETimes.

espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

US 6462808, Alexander Paritsky and Alexander Kots, "Small Optical Microphone/Sensor", published October 8, 2002

ethos3.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Schwertly, Scott. "The History of the Microphone". Ethos3.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.

filmebase.pt (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Joerg Wuttke – Microphones and Wind". FilmeBase.pt. Retrieved June 3, 2024.

gsu.edu (Global: 2,981^st place; English: 3,158^th place)

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

"Directional Patterns of Microphones". Retrieved July 30, 2013.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Sena, E. De; Hacihabiboglu, H.; Cvetkovic, Z. (January 2012). "On the Design and Implementation of Higher Order Differential Microphones". IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing. 20 (1): 162–174. Bibcode:2012ITASL..20..162D. doi:10.1109/TASL.2011.2159204. hdl:11511/30509. S2CID 206602089.

iec.ch (Global: 6,187^th place; English: 5,390^th place)

webstore.iec.ch

Multimedia Systems – Guide to the Recommended Characteristics of Analogue Interfaces to Achieve Interoperability (Technical report). IEC. 61938:2013. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
Sound System Equipment – Part 4: Microphones (Technical report). IEC. September 12, 2018. 60268-4:2018. Retrieved July 19, 2023.

inventorsdigest.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lander, Jack (July 1, 2017). "Who Invented the Telephone?". Inventors Digest. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Montgomery, Henry C. (1959). "Amplification and High Fidelity in the Greek Theater". The Classical Journal. 54 (6): 242–245. JSTOR 3294133.

machine-history.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Boudet's Microphone". Machine-History.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015.

marketwatch.com (Global: 1,878^th place; English: 1,099^th place)

"Cirrus Logic Completes Acquisition of Wolfson Microelectronics". MarketWatch.com. Retrieved August 21, 2014.

mentalfloss.com (Global: 2,030^th place; English: 1,242^nd place)

Okrent, Arika (July 20, 2015). "Is a Microphone a 'Mic' or a 'Mike'?". Mental Floss. Retrieved February 13, 2024.

microphone-data.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Robjohns, Hugh (2001). "A Brief History of Microphones" (PDF). Microphone Data Book. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2010.

microphonegeeks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Understanding different microphone polar patterns". March 28, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2020.

microphonetopgear.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Goulde, Berg (February 9, 2017). "15 Best Microphones for Computer". Microphone top gear. Retrieved March 20, 2023.

mixonline.com (Global: 4,966^th place; English: 2,632^nd place)

"1931 Harry F. Olson and Les Anderson, RCA Model 44 Ribbon Microphone". Mix Magazine. September 1, 2006. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Petersen, George (September 2004). "TECnology Hall of Fame, 1877-1950". Mix. Retrieved November 11, 2025.
Griffin (September 21, 2009). "The Next Sound You Hear: Laser-Accurate Technology -- The Next Evolutionary Leap In Microphone Technology". MixOnline.com. Retrieved May 15, 2026.

national.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Van Rhijn, Arie. "Integrated Circuits for High Performance Electret Microphones". National Semiconductor. Archived from the original on August 19, 2010.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wong, Kainam; Wu, Yue (January 2019). "Cardioid microphones/hydrophones in a collocated and orthogonal triad—A steerable beamformer with no beam-pointing error". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 145 (1): 575–588. Bibcode:2019ASAJ..145..575N. doi:10.1121/1.5087697. PMID 30710946. S2CID 73422758. Retrieved February 1, 2021.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Zimmer, Ben (July 29, 2010). "How Should 'Microphone' be Abbreviated?". The New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2010.

oceanofk.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

McVeigh, Daniel. "An Early History of the Telephone 1664-1866". OceanOfK.org. Ocean of Know. Part 1. Archived from the original on September 3, 2003. Retrieved November 5, 2025.

omron.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"OMRON to Launch Mass-Production and Supply of MEMS Acoustic Sensor Chip". Retrieved November 24, 2009.

pitt.edu (Global: 1,616^th place; English: 1,079^th place)

Lee, Woon Seob; Lee, Seung S. (2008). "Piezoelectric Microphone Built on Circular Diaphragm" (PDF). Sensors and Actuators A. 144 (2): 367–373. Bibcode:2008SeAcA.144..367L. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2008.02.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2023.

popsci.com (Global: 4,048^th place; English: 2,846^th place)

"Different types of microphones and when to use them". Popular Science.
Hawkins, Brian S.; Ferguson, Abby (May 30, 2023). "The Best Shotgun Mics". Popular Science. Recurrent Ventures. Retrieved September 15, 2025.

producelikeapro.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

McAllister, Max (January 28, 2023). "The 5 Best Shotgun Microphones for Your Home Studio". ProduceLikeAPro.com. Produce Like a Pro Academy. Retrieved September 15, 2025.

prosoundweb.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bartlett, Bruce. "How a Cardioid Microphone Works". Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2015.

recordinghacks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Crane, Larry (July 2004). "Yamaha SubKick – The Tape Op Review". RecordingHacks.com. Retrieved April 11, 2023.

rt-image.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Karlin, Susan. "Case Study: Can You Hear Me Now?". RT-Image.com. Valley Forge Publishing. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011.

rycote.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rycote Cyclone". Rycote.com. Retrieved June 3, 2024.

sae.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Institute BV Amsterdam, SAE. "Microphones". Practical Creative Media Education. Retrieved March 7, 2014.

scitation.org (Global: 5,891^st place; English: 4,891^st place)

asa.scitation.org

Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wong, Kainam; Wu, Yue (January 2019). "Cardioid microphones/hydrophones in a collocated and orthogonal triad—A steerable beamformer with no beam-pointing error". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 145 (1): 575–588. Bibcode:2019ASAJ..145..575N. doi:10.1121/1.5087697. PMID 30710946. S2CID 73422758. Retrieved February 1, 2021.

seekingalpha.com (Global: 6,587^th place; English: 4,157^th place)

Castellano, Robert (August 23, 2009). "MEMS Microphone Will Be Hurt by Downturn in Smartphone Market". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved August 23, 2009.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Paritsky, Alexander; Kots, A. (1997). "Fiber optic microphone as a realization of fiber optic positioning sensors". In Shladov, Itzhak; Rotman, Stanley R (eds.). 10th Meeting on Optical Engineering in Israel. Proceedings of the SPIE. Vol. 3110. Bellingham, Washington, US: International Society for Optical Engineering. pp. 408–409. Bibcode:1997SPIE.3110..408P. doi:10.1117/12.281371. ISBN 9780819425324. S2CID 110338054.
Sena, E. De; Hacihabiboglu, H.; Cvetkovic, Z. (January 2012). "On the Design and Implementation of Higher Order Differential Microphones". IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing. 20 (1): 162–174. Bibcode:2012ITASL..20..162D. doi:10.1109/TASL.2011.2159204. hdl:11511/30509. S2CID 206602089.
Wong, Kainam; Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wu, Yue (February 2018). "A Triad of Cardioid Sensors in Orthogonal Orientation and Spatial Collocation – Its Spatial-Matched-Filter-Type Beam-Pattern". IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 66 (4): 895–906. Bibcode:2018ITSP...66..895W. doi:10.1109/TSP.2017.2773419. S2CID 3298960.
Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wong, Kainam; Wu, Yue (January 2019). "Cardioid microphones/hydrophones in a collocated and orthogonal triad—A steerable beamformer with no beam-pointing error". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 145 (1): 575–588. Bibcode:2019ASAJ..145..575N. doi:10.1121/1.5087697. PMID 30710946. S2CID 73422758. Retrieved February 1, 2021.

shure.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

shure.com

"History – The evolution of an audio revolution". Shure. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2013.

service.shure.com

"Should I Match Impedances of My Microphone to My Mixer?". Service.Shure.com. Shure. May 23, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

americanhistory.si.edu

"Brown Type G Telephone Relay Owned by Edwin Howard Armstrong". National Museum of American History. Retrieved June 15, 2022.

spiedigitallibrary.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org

Paritsky, Alexander; Kots, A. (1997). "Fiber optic microphone as a realization of fiber optic positioning sensors". In Shladov, Itzhak; Rotman, Stanley R (eds.). 10th Meeting on Optical Engineering in Israel. Proceedings of the SPIE. Vol. 3110. Bellingham, Washington, US: International Society for Optical Engineering. pp. 408–409. Bibcode:1997SPIE.3110..408P. doi:10.1117/12.281371. ISBN 9780819425324. S2CID 110338054.

stokowski.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bell Laboratories and The Development of Electrical Recording". Stokowski.org (Leopold Stokowski site). Archived from the original on June 21, 2023.

telephonecollecting.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Estreich, Bob. "David Edward Hughes". Archived from the original on November 1, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2013.

tonmeister.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

Proximity Effect. Archived October 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Geoff Martin, Introduction to Sound Recording.

uaudio.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Berners, Dave (December 2005). "Ask the Doctors: The Physics of Mid-Side (MS) Miking". Universal Audio WebZine. Universal Audio. Retrieved July 30, 2013.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

McVeigh, Daniel. "An Early History of the Telephone 1664-1866". OceanOfK.org. Ocean of Know. Part 1. Archived from the original on September 3, 2003. Retrieved November 5, 2025.
Lander, Jack (July 1, 2017). "Who Invented the Telephone?". Inventors Digest. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022.
Estreich, Bob. "David Edward Hughes". Archived from the original on November 1, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
"David Edward Hughes: Concertinist and Inventor" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 31, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
Robjohns, Hugh (2001). "A Brief History of Microphones" (PDF). Microphone Data Book. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2010.
"1931 Harry F. Olson and Les Anderson, RCA Model 44 Ribbon Microphone". Mix Magazine. September 1, 2006. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
"Bell Laboratories and The Development of Electrical Recording". Stokowski.org (Leopold Stokowski site). Archived from the original on June 21, 2023.
Van Rhijn, Arie. "Integrated Circuits for High Performance Electret Microphones". National Semiconductor. Archived from the original on August 19, 2010.
"Local firms strum the chords of real music innovation". Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology. February 8, 2008. Archived from the original on February 19, 2008.
"Boudet's Microphone". Machine-History.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015.
Lee, Woon Seob; Lee, Seung S. (2008). "Piezoelectric Microphone Built on Circular Diaphragm" (PDF). Sensors and Actuators A. 144 (2): 367–373. Bibcode:2008SeAcA.144..367L. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2008.02.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
Karlin, Susan. "Case Study: Can You Hear Me Now?". RT-Image.com. Valley Forge Publishing. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011.
Bartlett, Bruce. "How a Cardioid Microphone Works". Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
"History – The evolution of an audio revolution". Shure. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
Proximity Effect. Archived October 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Geoff Martin, Introduction to Sound Recording.
"The Crown Differoid Microphone" (PDF). Crown Audio. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2012.

worldradiohistory.com (Global: 127^th place; English: 68^th place)

"The Electro-Voice Model 642 Cardiline Microphone Earns the First Academy Award for Microphone Design in 22 Years!" (PDF). Audio. June 1963. p. 58. Retrieved September 25, 2025.

Microphone (English Wikipedia)

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