Middle East (English Wikipedia)

Melman, Billie (November 2002), Companion to Travel Writing, Collections Online, vol. 6 The Middle East/Arabia, Cambridge, archived from the original on 25 July 2011, retrieved 8 January 2006.

dictionary.cambridge.org

"The Middle East in Turkish", dictionary.cambridge.org, retrieved 16 February 2025

cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

"Akrotiri and Dhekelia", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 15 May 2024, archived from the original on 9 May 2024, retrieved 25 May 2024
"Europe :: Akrotiri – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". CIA. 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021.
"Europe :: Dhekelia – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". CIA. 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021.
"World Factbook – Jordan". 20 October 2021. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021.
"Kuwait". Central Intelligence Agency. 19 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 – via CIA.gov.

cosmosmagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "Explainer: IPCC Scenarios". Cosmos. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. "The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Koppes, CR (1976). "Captain Mahan, General Gordon and the origin of the term "Middle East"". Middle East Studies. 12: 95–98. doi:10.1080/00263207608700307. ISSN 0026-3206.
Davison, Roderic H. (1960). "Where is the Middle East?". Foreign Affairs. 38 (4): 665–675. doi:10.2307/20029452. JSTOR 20029452. S2CID 157454140.
Culcasi, Karen (2010). "Constructing and naturalizing the Middle Easr". Geographical Review. 100 (4): 583–597. Bibcode:2010GeoRv.100..583C. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2010.00059.x. JSTOR 25741178. S2CID 154611116.
Baizidi, Rahim (2025). "The Internationalization of Deterrence: The Case Study of Iran's Biaxial Deterrence in the Middle East". Digest of Middle East Studies. 34 (1) e12350. doi:10.1111/dome.12350. ISSN 1949-3606.
Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). "Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading". Nature. 577 (7792): 618–20. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..618H. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3. PMID 31996825.
Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47: 343–371. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847. Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...
Abbass, Rana Alaa; Kumar, Prashant; El-Gendy, Ahmed (February 2018). "An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region" (PDF). Atmospheric Environment. 175: 33–43. Bibcode:2018AtmEn.175...33A. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061. ISSN 1352-2310. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2021 – via Surrey Research Insight Open Access.
Al-mulali, Usama (1 October 2011). "Oil consumption, CO₂ emission and economic growth in MENA countries". Energy. 36 (10): 6165–6171. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048. ISSN 0360-5442.
Tagliapietra, Simone (1 November 2019). "The impact of the global energy transition on MENA oil and gas producers". Energy Strategy Reviews. 26 100397. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397. ISSN 2211-467X.
El-Fadel, M.; Bou-Zeid, E. (2003). "Climate change and water resources in the Middle East: vulnerability, socio-economic impacts and adaptation". Climate Change in the Mediterranean. doi:10.4337/9781781950258.00015. hdl:10535/6396. ISBN 9781781950258.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Pal, Jeremy S.; Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. (26 October 2015). "Future temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability". Nature Climate Change. 6 (2): 197–200. doi:10.1038/nclimate2833. ISSN 1758-678X.
Waha, Katharina; Krummenauer, Linda; Adams, Sophie; Aich, Valentin; Baarsch, Florent; Coumou, Dim; Fader, Marianela; Hoff, Holger; Jobbins, Guy; Marcus, Rachel; Mengel, Matthias (12 April 2017). "Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups" (PDF). Regional Environmental Change. 17 (6): 1623–1638. Bibcode:2017REnvC..17.1623W. doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1144-2. hdl:1871.1/15a62c49-fde8-4a54-95ea-dc32eb176cf4. ISSN 1436-3798. S2CID 134523218. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022.
Giovanis, Eleftherios; Ozdamar, Oznur (13 June 2022). "The impact of climate change on budget balances and debt in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region". Climatic Change. 172 (3): 34. Bibcode:2022ClCh..172...34G. doi:10.1007/s10584-022-03388-x. ISSN 1573-1480. PMC 9191535. PMID 35729894.
Brauch, Hans Günter (2012), "Policy Responses to Climate Change in the Mediterranean and MENA Region during the Anthropocene", Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict, Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 8, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 719–794, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28626-1_37, ISBN 978-3-642-28625-4
Hassan, Islam; Dyer, Paul (2017). "The State of Middle Eastern Youth". The Muslim World. 107 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1111/muwo.12175. hdl:10822/1042998. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017.
Kanchana, Radhika (29 June 2020). "Cricket, an oddity in the Arab-Gulf lands or a mirror of an enduring South Asian diaspora?". Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos (28): 121–135. doi:10.15366/reim2020.28.007. ISSN 1887-4460.

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

"Asia". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.

euractiv.com (Global: 2,945^th place; English: 2,167^th place)

Gornall, Jonathan (24 April 2019). "With climate change, life in the Gulf could become impossible". Euroactive. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

eurojewcong.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Reports of about 300,000 Jews that left the country after WW2". Eurojewcong.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu

"Population: demographic situation, languages and religions". eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 13 December 2024.

evz.ro (Global: 3,360^th place; English: 5,842^nd place)

"Evenimentul Zilei". Evz.ro. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2010.

fiveable.me (Global: low place; English: low place)

library.fiveable.me

Major ethnic and linguistic groups of the Middle East, retrieved 18 June 2025

gis.sport (Global: low place; English: low place)

"How the Middle East became the sports industry's go-to destination". gis.sport. 22 August 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2024.

globalcarbonatlas.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CO₂ Emissions". Global Carbon Atlas. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

El-Fadel, M.; Bou-Zeid, E. (2003). "Climate change and water resources in the Middle East: vulnerability, socio-economic impacts and adaptation". Climate Change in the Mediterranean. doi:10.4337/9781781950258.00015. hdl:10535/6396. ISBN 9781781950258.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Waha, Katharina; Krummenauer, Linda; Adams, Sophie; Aich, Valentin; Baarsch, Florent; Coumou, Dim; Fader, Marianela; Hoff, Holger; Jobbins, Guy; Marcus, Rachel; Mengel, Matthias (12 April 2017). "Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups" (PDF). Regional Environmental Change. 17 (6): 1623–1638. Bibcode:2017REnvC..17.1623W. doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1144-2. hdl:1871.1/15a62c49-fde8-4a54-95ea-dc32eb176cf4. ISSN 1436-3798. S2CID 134523218. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022.
Hassan, Islam; Dyer, Paul (2017). "The State of Middle Eastern Youth". The Muslim World. 107 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1111/muwo.12175. hdl:10822/1042998. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017.

imf.org (Global: 225^th place; English: 601^st place)

data.imf.org

"Data Explorer". data.imf.org. Retrieved 8 May 2026.

imf.org

International Monetary Fund. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023". International Monetary Fund.

iom.int (Global: 9,087^th place; English: 7,897^th place)

egypt.iom.int

"IOM Intra regional labour mobility in Arab region Facts and Figures (English)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2012.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Davison, Roderic H. (1960). "Where is the Middle East?". Foreign Affairs. 38 (4): 665–675. doi:10.2307/20029452. JSTOR 20029452. S2CID 157454140.
Culcasi, Karen (2010). "Constructing and naturalizing the Middle Easr". Geographical Review. 100 (4): 583–597. Bibcode:2010GeoRv.100..583C. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2010.00059.x. JSTOR 25741178. S2CID 154611116.

middleeastmonitor.com (Global: 3,946^th place; English: 2,693^rd place)

"Youth unemployment in Arab states worse than pre-Covid years, report reveals". 12 August 2024.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). "Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading". Nature. 577 (7792): 618–20. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..618H. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3. PMID 31996825.
Giovanis, Eleftherios; Ozdamar, Oznur (13 June 2022). "The impact of climate change on budget balances and debt in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region". Climatic Change. 172 (3): 34. Bibcode:2022ClCh..172...34G. doi:10.1007/s10584-022-03388-x. ISSN 1573-1480. PMC 9191535. PMID 35729894.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Giovanis, Eleftherios; Ozdamar, Oznur (13 June 2022). "The impact of climate change on budget balances and debt in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region". Climatic Change. 172 (3): 34. Bibcode:2022ClCh..172...34G. doi:10.1007/s10584-022-03388-x. ISSN 1573-1480. PMC 9191535. PMID 35729894.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

select.nytimes.com

"'Near East' is Mideast, Washington Explains". The New York Times. 14 August 1958. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2009.(subscription required)

oxfordbusinessgroup.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Canales, Eddie (26 December 2024). "Tourism, from The Report: Bahrain 2024". Oxford Business Group. Retrieved 30 May 2025.

pik-potsdam.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

publications.pik-potsdam.de

Waha, Katharina; Krummenauer, Linda; Adams, Sophie; Aich, Valentin; Baarsch, Florent; Coumou, Dim; Fader, Marianela; Hoff, Holger; Jobbins, Guy; Marcus, Rachel; Mengel, Matthias (12 April 2017). "Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups" (PDF). Regional Environmental Change. 17 (6): 1623–1638. Bibcode:2017REnvC..17.1623W. doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1144-2. hdl:1871.1/15a62c49-fde8-4a54-95ea-dc32eb176cf4. ISSN 1436-3798. S2CID 134523218. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022.

raseef22.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Khraish, Louay (16 July 2021). "Don't Call Me Middle Eastern". Raseef 22.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Al-mulali, Usama (1 October 2011). "Oil consumption, CO₂ emission and economic growth in MENA countries". Energy. 36 (10): 6165–6171. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048. ISSN 0360-5442.

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

Barthels, Meghan (7 January 2026). "Why Does Venezuela Have So Much Oil? Geology". Scientific American. ● Fleck, Anna (5 January 2026). "Venezuela Sits on a Fifth of the World's Oil". Statista, crediting OPEC and Canadian government. Archived from the original on 2 February 2026. OPEC omits Canada's oil-sands, estimated by the Canadian govt. to hold 171 billion barrels of proven reserves. Source: OPEC

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Davison, Roderic H. (1960). "Where is the Middle East?". Foreign Affairs. 38 (4): 665–675. doi:10.2307/20029452. JSTOR 20029452. S2CID 157454140.
Culcasi, Karen (2010). "Constructing and naturalizing the Middle Easr". Geographical Review. 100 (4): 583–597. Bibcode:2010GeoRv.100..583C. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2010.00059.x. JSTOR 25741178. S2CID 154611116.
Waha, Katharina; Krummenauer, Linda; Adams, Sophie; Aich, Valentin; Baarsch, Florent; Coumou, Dim; Fader, Marianela; Hoff, Holger; Jobbins, Guy; Marcus, Rachel; Mengel, Matthias (12 April 2017). "Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups" (PDF). Regional Environmental Change. 17 (6): 1623–1638. Bibcode:2017REnvC..17.1623W. doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1144-2. hdl:1871.1/15a62c49-fde8-4a54-95ea-dc32eb176cf4. ISSN 1436-3798. S2CID 134523218. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022.

statista.com (Global: 1,214^th place; English: 1,277^th place)

Barthels, Meghan (7 January 2026). "Why Does Venezuela Have So Much Oil? Geology". Scientific American. ● Fleck, Anna (5 January 2026). "Venezuela Sits on a Fifth of the World's Oil". Statista, crediting OPEC and Canadian government. Archived from the original on 2 February 2026. OPEC omits Canada's oil-sands, estimated by the Canadian govt. to hold 171 billion barrels of proven reserves. Source: OPEC

surrey.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 7,432^nd place)

epubs.surrey.ac.uk

Abbass, Rana Alaa; Kumar, Prashant; El-Gendy, Ahmed (February 2018). "An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region" (PDF). Atmospheric Environment. 175: 33–43. Bibcode:2018AtmEn.175...33A. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061. ISSN 1352-2310. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2021 – via Surrey Research Insight Open Access.

travelandtourworld.com (Global: low place; English: 7,356^th place)

"Saudi Arabia is Beating the UAE, Egypt, Qatar, Oman, Jordan, and Cyprus in a Middle East Tourism Boom Fueled by Massive Hotel Growth, Sky-High Arrivals, and Route Expansions". Travel And Tour World. 24 May 2025.

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart; McKenzie, Roderick (2007) [1940]. "Ἀσία". A Greek-English Lexicon. Medford: Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011.

turkishweekly.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Laciner, Sedat. "Is There a Place Called 'the Middle East'? Archived 2007-02-20 at the Wayback Machine", The Journal of Turkish Weekly, 2 June 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2007.

uam.es (Global: 8,724^th place; English: low place)

revistas.uam.es

Kanchana, Radhika (29 June 2020). "Cricket, an oddity in the Arab-Gulf lands or a mirror of an enduring South Asian diaspora?". Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos (28): 121–135. doi:10.15366/reim2020.28.007. ISSN 1887-4460.

uib.no (Global: 3,363^rd place; English: 3,567^th place)

smi.uib.no

Hanafi, Hassan (1998). "The Middle East, in whose world? (Primary Reflections)". Oslo: Nordic Society for Middle Eastern Studies (The fourth Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in globalizing world Oslo, 13–16 August 1998). Archived from the original on 8 October 2006.

unc.edu (Global: 1,577^th place; English: 913^th place)

mideast.unc.edu

"Where Is the Middle East?".

uqam.ca (Global: 4,839^th place; English: 9,130^th place)

commposite.uqam.ca

Shohat, Ella. "Redrawing American Cartographies of Asia". City University of New York. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2007.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

"How the Middle East was invented". The Washington Post.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Akrotiri and Dhekelia", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 15 May 2024, archived from the original on 9 May 2024, retrieved 25 May 2024
Shoup, John A. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. Abc-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-362-0. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
Cairo, Michael F. The Gulf: The Bush Presidencies and the Middle East Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine University Press of Kentucky, 2012 ISBN 978-0-8131-3672-1 p. xi.
Government Printing Office. History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: The formative years, 1947–1950 Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-0-16-087640-0 p. 177
Kahana, Ephraim. Suwaed, Muhammad. Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Intelligence Archived 23 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Scarecrow Press, 13 April 2009 ISBN 978-0-8108-6302-6 p. xxxi.
Melman, Billie (November 2002), Companion to Travel Writing, Collections Online, vol. 6 The Middle East/Arabia, Cambridge, archived from the original on 25 July 2011, retrieved 8 January 2006.
Laciner, Sedat. "Is There a Place Called 'the Middle East'? Archived 2007-02-20 at the Wayback Machine", The Journal of Turkish Weekly, 2 June 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart; McKenzie, Roderick (2007) [1940]. "Ἀσία". A Greek-English Lexicon. Medford: Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011.
"Asia". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
"'Near East' is Mideast, Washington Explains". The New York Times. 14 August 1958. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2009.(subscription required)
Hanafi, Hassan (1998). "The Middle East, in whose world? (Primary Reflections)". Oslo: Nordic Society for Middle Eastern Studies (The fourth Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in globalizing world Oslo, 13–16 August 1998). Archived from the original on 8 October 2006.
Shohat, Ella. "Redrawing American Cartographies of Asia". City University of New York. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
Haeri, Safa (3 March 2004). "Concocting a 'Greater Middle East' brew". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
Ottaway, Marina & Carothers, Thomas (29 March 2004), The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start, Policy Brief, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 29, pp. 1–7
Middle East Archived 15 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine What Is The Middle East And What Countries Are Part of It? worldatlas.com. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "Explainer: IPCC Scenarios". Cosmos. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. "The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.
"CO₂ Emissions". Global Carbon Atlas. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
Abbass, Rana Alaa; Kumar, Prashant; El-Gendy, Ahmed (February 2018). "An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region" (PDF). Atmospheric Environment. 175: 33–43. Bibcode:2018AtmEn.175...33A. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061. ISSN 1352-2310. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2021 – via Surrey Research Insight Open Access.
Waha, Katharina; Krummenauer, Linda; Adams, Sophie; Aich, Valentin; Baarsch, Florent; Coumou, Dim; Fader, Marianela; Hoff, Holger; Jobbins, Guy; Marcus, Rachel; Mengel, Matthias (12 April 2017). "Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups" (PDF). Regional Environmental Change. 17 (6): 1623–1638. Bibcode:2017REnvC..17.1623W. doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1144-2. hdl:1871.1/15a62c49-fde8-4a54-95ea-dc32eb176cf4. ISSN 1436-3798. S2CID 134523218. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022.
Barthels, Meghan (7 January 2026). "Why Does Venezuela Have So Much Oil? Geology". Scientific American. ● Fleck, Anna (5 January 2026). "Venezuela Sits on a Fifth of the World's Oil". Statista, crediting OPEC and Canadian government. Archived from the original on 2 February 2026. OPEC omits Canada's oil-sands, estimated by the Canadian govt. to hold 171 billion barrels of proven reserves. Source: OPEC
Atlantic Council Middle East Programs [@ACMideast] (22 May 2025). "The MENA faces some of the highest unemployment rates in the world, with an average rate of 10.8%, excluding GCC countries. Still, the youth unemployment rate remains far higher than that" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 7 July 2025 – via X (formerly Twitter).
Hassan, Islam; Dyer, Paul (2017). "The State of Middle Eastern Youth". The Muslim World. 107 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1111/muwo.12175. hdl:10822/1042998. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017.
"IOM Intra regional labour mobility in Arab region Facts and Figures (English)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
"Europe :: Akrotiri – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". CIA. 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021.
"Europe :: Dhekelia – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". CIA. 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021.
"World Factbook – Jordan". 20 October 2021. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021.
"Kuwait". Central Intelligence Agency. 19 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 – via CIA.gov.
"Reports of about 300,000 Jews that left the country after WW2". Eurojewcong.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
"Evenimentul Zilei". Evz.ro. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2010.

weforum.org (Global: 2,317^th place; English: 1,854^th place)

weforum.org

Broom, Douglas (5 April 2019). "How the Middle East is suffering on the front lines of climate change". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

www3.weforum.org

"Travel & Tourism Development Index 2024" (PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2025.

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Baizidi, Rahim (2025). "The Internationalization of Deterrence: The Case Study of Iran's Biaxial Deterrence in the Middle East". Digest of Middle East Studies. 34 (1) e12350. doi:10.1111/dome.12350. ISSN 1949-3606.

worldatlas.com (Global: 2,266^th place; English: 2,297^th place)

Middle East Archived 15 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine What Is The Middle East And What Countries Are Part of It? worldatlas.com. Retrieved 16 April 2016.

worldbank.org (Global: 280^th place; English: 430^th place)

data.worldbank.org

"Population, total – Middle East & North Africa, World". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 11 April 2020.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Koppes, CR (1976). "Captain Mahan, General Gordon and the origin of the term "Middle East"". Middle East Studies. 12: 95–98. doi:10.1080/00263207608700307. ISSN 0026-3206.
Baizidi, Rahim (2025). "The Internationalization of Deterrence: The Case Study of Iran's Biaxial Deterrence in the Middle East". Digest of Middle East Studies. 34 (1) e12350. doi:10.1111/dome.12350. ISSN 1949-3606.
Abbass, Rana Alaa; Kumar, Prashant; El-Gendy, Ahmed (February 2018). "An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region" (PDF). Atmospheric Environment. 175: 33–43. Bibcode:2018AtmEn.175...33A. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061. ISSN 1352-2310. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2021 – via Surrey Research Insight Open Access.
Al-mulali, Usama (1 October 2011). "Oil consumption, CO₂ emission and economic growth in MENA countries". Energy. 36 (10): 6165–6171. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048. ISSN 0360-5442.
Tagliapietra, Simone (1 November 2019). "The impact of the global energy transition on MENA oil and gas producers". Energy Strategy Reviews. 26 100397. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397. ISSN 2211-467X.
Pal, Jeremy S.; Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. (26 October 2015). "Future temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability". Nature Climate Change. 6 (2): 197–200. doi:10.1038/nclimate2833. ISSN 1758-678X.
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worlddata.info (Global: 2,488^th place; English: low place)

"Development of tourism in Jordan". Worlddata.info. Retrieved 30 May 2025.

x.com (Global: 58^th place; English: 125^th place)

Atlantic Council Middle East Programs [@ACMideast] (22 May 2025). "The MENA faces some of the highest unemployment rates in the world, with an average rate of 10.8%, excluding GCC countries. Still, the youth unemployment rate remains far higher than that" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 7 July 2025 – via X (formerly Twitter).

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cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

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nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

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