Freitag, Ulrike (1999). "Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?". Studia Islamica (89): 165–183. doi:10.2307/1596090. JSTOR1596090.
Jeffrey Lesser, "(Re) Creating Ethnicity: Middle Eastern Immigration to Brazil", The Americas Vol. 53, No. 1 (Jul., 1996), pp. 45-65 JSTOR1007473
Freitag, Ulrike (1999). "Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?". Studia Islamica (89): 165–183. doi:10.2307/1596090. JSTOR1596090.
Douglas, Karen Manges; Saenz, Rogelio. "Middleman Minorities"(PDF). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (2nd ed.). Archived(PDF) from the original on 2010-06-22.
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Douglas, Karen Manges; Saenz, Rogelio. "Middleman Minorities"(PDF). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (2nd ed.). Archived(PDF) from the original on 2010-06-22.