Hirschkop, Ken; Shepherd, David G (1989), Bakhtin and cultural theory, Manchester University Press ND, p. 8, ISBN978-0-7190-2615-7 Unlike Kant, Bakhtin positions aesthetic activity and experience over abstraction. Bakhtin also clashes with Saussure's view of "langue is a 'social fact'", since Bakhtin views Saussure's society as a "disturbing homogenous collective"