Mirror test (English Wikipedia)

Patterson, F. & Gordon, W. (1993). "The case for personhood of gorillas". In Cavalieri, P. & Singer, P. (eds.). The Great Ape Project. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 58–77.

animalcognition.org

Amanda Pachniewska (15 April 2015). "List of Animals That Have Passed the Mirror Test". Animal Cognition.

archive.org

Stanley Coren (2004). How Dogs Think. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-2232-7.
Lewis, M.; Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979). Social cognition and the acquisition of self. New York: Plenum Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-306-40232-6.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Elephants' Jumbo Mirror Ability". BBC News. 31 October 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2007.

bbc.co.uk

Davies, E. (20 September 2011). "Crows use mirrors to find food". BBC Nature. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2012.

bbc.com

"Robot learns to recognize itself". BBC News. 23 August 2012.

books.google.com

Gibson, Johanna (6 December 2019). Owned, An Ethological Jurisprudence of Property: From the Cave to the Commons. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-02720-4.
Kind, Amy (2 October 2015). Persons and Personal Identity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781509500246.
Brown, Jonathon (3 June 2014). Self-awareness in the first few weeks of life. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781136872006. Retrieved 4 November 2017.

carlzimmer.com

Carl Zimmer. The Descent of Man: The Concise Edition. excerpt available at http://carlzimmer.com/books/descentofman/excerpt.html Archived 29 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

doi.org

Gallup, GG Jr. (1970). "Chimpanzees: Self recognition". Science. 167 (3914): 86–87. Bibcode:1970Sci...167...86G. doi:10.1126/science.167.3914.86. PMID 4982211. S2CID 145295899.
Bekoff, Marc (19 September 2002). "Animal reflections". Nature. 419 (6904): 255. doi:10.1038/419255a. PMID 12239547. S2CID 10070614.
Mitchell, R.W. (1995). "Evidence of dolphin self-recognition and the difficulties of interpretation". Consciousness and Cognition. 4 (2): 229–234. doi:10.1006/ccog.1995.1029. PMID 8521261. S2CID 45507064.
Plotnik, J.M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Reiss, D. (2006). "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317053P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103. PMC 1636577. PMID 17075063.
Suddendorf, Thomas; Collier-Baker, Emma (7 May 2009). "The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: evidence of absence in lesser apes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1662): 1671–1677. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1754. PMC 2660989. PMID 19324830.
Horowitz, Alexandra (2017). "Smelling themselves: Dogs investigate their own odors longer when modified in an "olfactory mirror" test". Behavioural Processes. 143C: 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2017.08.001. PMID 28797909. S2CID 4929863.
Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto (2016). "Self-consciousness: beyond the looking-glass and what dogs found there". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 28 (2): 232–240. doi:10.1080/03949370.2015.1102777. S2CID 217507938.
Freiburger, Troy; Miller, Noam; Skinner, Morgan (10 April 2024). "Olfactory self-recognition in two species of snake". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 291 (2020). doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.0125. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 10987230. PMID 38565155.
Couchman, J.J. (2011). "Self-agency in rhesus monkeys". Biology Letters. 8 (1): 39–41. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0536. PMC 3259954. PMID 21733868.
Anderson, J.R. (1984). "Monkeys with mirrors: Some questions for primate psychology". International Journal of Primatology. 5 (1): 81–98. doi:10.1007/bf02735149. S2CID 30888917.
Asendorpf, J. B.; Warkentin, V.; Baudonniere, P. (1996). "Self-awareness and other-awareness II: Mirror self-recognition, social contingency awareness, and synchronic imitation". Developmental Psychology. 32 (2): 313–321. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.524.8664. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.313. S2CID 21762291.
Prior, H.; Schwarz, A.; Güntürkün, O. (2008). "Mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of self-recognition". PLOS Biology. 6 (8): e202. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202. PMC 2517622. PMID 18715117.
Povinelli, D.J.; Rulf, A.B.; Landau, K.R.; Bierschwale, D.T. (1993). "Self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): distribution, ontogeny, and patterns of emergence". J. Comp. Psychol. 107 (4): 347–372. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.107.4.347. PMID 8112048.
Marten, Kenneth; Psarakos, Suchi (1994). "Evidence of self-awareness in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)". Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans. pp. 361–379. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511565526.026. ISBN 978-0-521-02591-1.
Reiss, Diana; Marino, Lori (8 May 2001). "Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (10): 5937–5942. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.5937R. doi:10.1073/pnas.101086398. PMC 33317. PMID 11331768.
Delfour, F; Marten, K (April 2001). "Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: killer whales (Orcinus orca), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)". Behavioural Processes. 53 (3): 181–190. doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(01)00134-6. PMID 11334706. S2CID 31124804.
Walraven, V.; van Elsacker, L.; Verheyen, R. (1995). "Reactions of a group of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) to their mirror images: evidence of self-recognition". Primates. 36 (1): 145–150. doi:10.1007/bf02381922. S2CID 38985498.
Greg C. Westergaard; C. W. Hyatt (1994). "The responses of bonobos (Pan paniscus) to their mirror images: Evidence of self-recognition". Human Evolution. 9 (4): 273–279. doi:10.1007/BF02435514. S2CID 85077838.
Suarez, Susan D.; Gallup, Gordon G. (February 1981). "Self-recognition in chimpanzees and orangutans, but not gorillas". Journal of Human Evolution. 10 (2): 175–188. Bibcode:1981JHumE..10..175S. doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(81)80016-4.
Robert, S. (1986). "Ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes". American Journal of Primatology. 10 (2): 109–117. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350100202. PMID 31979488. S2CID 85330986.
Povinelli, D.; de Veer, M.; Gallup Jr., G.; Theall, L.; van den Bos, R. (2003). "An 8-year longitudinal study of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)". Neuropsychologia. 41 (2): 229–334. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00153-7. PMID 12459221. S2CID 9400080.
Calhoun, Suzanne; Thompson, Robert L. (1988). "Long-term retention of self-recognition by chimpanzees". American Journal of Primatology. 15 (4): 361–365. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350150409. PMID 31968884. S2CID 84381806.
Shillito, D.J.; Gallup, G.G.; Beck, B.B. (1999). "Factors affecting mirror behavior in western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla". Animal Behaviour. 57 (5): 999–1004. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.1062. PMID 10328785. S2CID 23093090.
Ledbetter, David H.; Basen, Jeffry A. (1982). "Failure to demonstrate self-recognition in gorillas". American Journal of Primatology. 2 (3): 307–310. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350020309. PMID 32192240. S2CID 84369215.
Nicholson, India S.; Gould, Jay E. (October 1995). "Mirror mediated object discrimination and self-directed behavior in a female gorilla". Primates. 36 (4): 515–521. doi:10.1007/bf02382873. S2CID 21450768.
Allen, Melinda R. (2007). Mirror self-recognition in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) (MS thesis). Florida International University. doi:10.25148/etd.fi13101588.
Posada, Sandra; Colell, Montserrat (May 2007). "Another gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) recognizes himself in a mirror". American Journal of Primatology. 69 (5): 576–583. doi:10.1002/ajp.20355. PMID 17154375. S2CID 44854009.
Povinelli, Daniel J. (1989). "Failure to find self-recognition in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in contrast to their use of mirror cues to discover hidden food". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 103 (2): 122–131. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.103.2.122.
Solar, M.; Colmenero, J.; Pérez-Contreras, T.; Peralta-Sánchez, J. (2020). "Replication of the mirror mark test experiment in the magpie (Pica pica) does not provide evidence of self-recognition". J Comp Psychol. 134 (4): 363–371. doi:10.1037/com0000223. PMID 32406720. S2CID 218636079.
Uchino, Emiko; Watanabe, Shigeru (1 November 2014). "Self-recognition in pigeons revisited". Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 102 (3): 327–334. doi:10.1002/jeab.112. PMID 25307108. S2CID 31499014.
Epstei, Robert; Lanza, Robert P.; Skinner, B. F. (8 May 1981). ""Self-Awareness" in the Pigeon". Science. 212 (4495): 695–696. Bibcode:1981Sci...212..695E. doi:10.1126/science.212.4495.695. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17739404.
de Waal, Frans B. M (19 August 2008). "The Thief in the Mirror". PLOS Biology. 6 (8): e201. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060201. PMC 2517621. PMID 18715116.
Kohda, Masanori; Hotta, Takashi; Takeyama, Tomohiro; Awata, Satoshi; Tanaka, Hirokazu; Asai, Jun-ya; Jordan, Alex L. (2019). "If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?". PLOS Biology. 17 (2): e3000021. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000021. PMC 6366756. PMID 30730878.
De Waal, Frans B. M. (2019). "Fish, mirrors, and a gradualist perspective on self-awareness". PLOS Biology. 17 (2): e3000112. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000112. PMC 6366752. PMID 30730875.
Kohda, Masanori; Sogawa, Shumpei; Jordan, Alex L.; Kubo, Naoki; Awata, Satoshi; Satoh, Shun; Kobayashi, Taiga; Fujita, Akane; Bshary, Redouan (17 February 2022). "Further evidence for the capacity of mirror self-recognition in cleaner fish and the significance of ecologically relevant marks". PLOS Biology. 20 (2): e3001529. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001529. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 8853551. PMID 35176032.
Kobayashi, Taiga; Kohda, Masanori; Awata, Satoshi; Bshary, Redouan; Sogawa, Shumpei (11 September 2024). "Cleaner fish with mirror self-recognition capacity precisely realize their body size based on their mental image". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 20202. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1420202K. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70138-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11390716. PMID 39261520.
Ari, C.; D'Agostino, D.P. (2016). "Contingency checking and self-directed behaviors in giant manta rays: Do elasmobranchs have self-awareness?". Journal of Ethology. 34 (2): 167–174. doi:10.1007/s10164-016-0462-z. S2CID 18628472.
Robinson, T. (14 June 2023). "Mirror self-recognition in ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata)". Animal Cognition. 26 (5): 1539–1549. doi:10.1007/s10071-023-01800-2. PMID 37314594. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
Hill, H.M.; Webber, K.; Kemery, A.; Garcia, M.; Kuczaj, S.A. (2015). "Can sea lions' (Zalophus californianus) use mirrors to locate an object?". International Journal of Comparative Psychology. 28. doi:10.46867/ijcp.2015.28.00.08.
Ma, X.; Jin, Y.; Luo, B.; Zhang, G.; Wei, R.; Liu, D. (2015). "Giant pandas failed to show mirror self-recognition". Animal Cognition. 18 (3): 713–721. doi:10.1007/s10071-015-0838-4. PMID 25609263. S2CID 17801599.
Shaffer, Victoria A.; Renner, Michael J. (31 December 2000). "Black-and-White Colobus Monkeys (Colobus guereza) do not Show Mirror Self-Recognition". International Journal of Comparative Psychology. 13 (3). doi:10.46867/C4H01J. S2CID 54843214.
Hauser, M.; Miller, C.; Liu, K.; Gupta, R. (2001). "Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) fail to show mirror-guided self-exploration". American Journal of Primatology. 137 (December 2000): 131–137. doi:10.1002/1098-2345(200103)53:3<131::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-X. PMID 11253848. S2CID 17250348.
Soler, M.; Pérez-Contreras, T.; Peralta-Sánchez, J.M. (2014). "Mirror-mark tests performed on jackdaws reveal potential methodological problems in the use of stickers in avian mark-test studies". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e86193. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986193S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086193. PMC 3903501. PMID 24475085.
Kraft, F.L.; Forštová, T.; Utku Urhan, A.; Exnerová, A.; Brodin, A. (2017). "No evidence for self-recognition in a small passerine, the great tit (Parus major) judged from the mark/mirror test". Animal Cognition. 20 (6): 1049–1057. doi:10.1007/s10071-017-1121-7. PMC 5640729. PMID 28762195.
Hotta T, Komiyama S, Kohda M (2018). "A social cichlid fish failed to pass the mark test". Animal Cognition. 21 (1): 127–136. doi:10.1007/s10071-017-1146-y. PMID 29150813. S2CID 3950089.
Mather, Jennifer A.; Kuba, Michael J. (June 2013). "The cephalopod specialties: complex nervous system, learning, and cognition". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 91 (6): 431–449. Bibcode:2013CaJZ...91..431M. doi:10.1139/cjz-2013-0009.
Hyatt, C.W. (1998). "Responses of gibbons (Hylobates lar) to their mirror images". American Journal of Primatology. 45 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3<307::AID-AJP7>3.0.CO;2-#. PMID 9651653. S2CID 196596255.
Ujhelyi, M.; Merker, B.; Buk, P.; Geissmann, T. (2000). "Observations on the behavior of gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys, H. gabriellae, and H. lar) in the presence of mirrors". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 114 (3): 253–262. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.114.3.253. PMID 10994841. S2CID 7350911.
Heschl, Adolf; Fuchsbichler, Conny (2009). "Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) Recognize their Mirror Image". International Journal of Comparative Psychology. 22 (4): 221–233. doi:10.46867/IJCP.2009.22.04.03.
Roma, P.; Silberberg, A.; Huntsberry, M.; Christensen, C.; Ruggiero, A; Suomi, S. (2007). "Mark tests for mirror self-recognition in Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) trained to touch marks". American Journal of Primatology. 69 (9): 989–1000. doi:10.1002/ajp.20404. PMID 17253635. S2CID 41302656.
Rajala, A.Z.; Reininger, K.R.; Lancaster, K.M.; Populin, L.C. (2010). "Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) do recognize themselves in the mirror: Implications for the evolution of self-recognition". PLOS ONE. 5 (9): e12865. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512865R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012865. PMC 2947497. PMID 20927365.
Broom, D. M.; Sena, H.; Moynihan, K. L. (2009). "Pigs learn what a mirror image represents and use it to obtain information". Animal Behaviour. 78 (5): 1037–1041. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.027. S2CID 53175225.
Newport, Cait; Wallis, Guy; Reshitnyk, Yarema; Siebeck, Ulrike E. (2016). "Discrimination of human faces by archerfish (Toxotes chatareus)". Scientific Reports. 6: 27523. Bibcode:2016NatSR...627523N. doi:10.1038/srep27523. PMC 4895153. PMID 27272551.
Beulah Amsterdam (1972). "Mirror self-image reactions before age two". Developmental Psychobiology. 5 (4): 297–305. doi:10.1002/dev.420050403. PMID 4679817.
Priel, Beatrice; de Schonen, Scania (1986). "Self-Recognition: A Study of a Population without Mirrors". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 41 (2): 237–250. doi:10.1016/0022-0965(86)90038-X. PMID 3701250.
Broesch, Tanya; Callaghan, Tara; Henrich, Joseph; Murphy, Christine; Rochat, Philippe (2011). "Cultural Variations in Children's Mirror Self-Recognition". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 42 (6): 1018–1029. doi:10.1177/0022022110381114. S2CID 18326326.
Heidi Keller; Relindis Yovsi; Joern Borke; Joscha Kärtner; Henning Jensen; Zaira Papaligoura (2004). "Developmental Consequences of Early Parenting Experiences: Self-Recognition and Self-Regulation in Three Cultural Communities". Child Development. 75 (6): 1745–1760. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00814.x. PMID 15566377. S2CID 601275.
Bertenthal, Bennett I.; Fischer, Kurt W. (1978). "Development of Self-Recognition in the Infant". Developmental Psychology. 14: 44–50. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.550.1903. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.14.1.44.
Amsterdam B (1972). "Mirror self-image reactions before age two". Dev Psychobiol. 5 (4): 297–305. doi:10.1002/dev.420050403. PMID 4679817.

escholarship.org

Hill, H.M.; Webber, K.; Kemery, A.; Garcia, M.; Kuczaj, S.A. (2015). "Can sea lions' (Zalophus californianus) use mirrors to locate an object?". International Journal of Comparative Psychology. 28. doi:10.46867/ijcp.2015.28.00.08.
Shaffer, Victoria A.; Renner, Michael J. (31 December 2000). "Black-and-White Colobus Monkeys (Colobus guereza) do not Show Mirror Self-Recognition". International Journal of Comparative Psychology. 13 (3). doi:10.46867/C4H01J. S2CID 54843214.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Gallup, GG Jr. (1970). "Chimpanzees: Self recognition". Science. 167 (3914): 86–87. Bibcode:1970Sci...167...86G. doi:10.1126/science.167.3914.86. PMID 4982211. S2CID 145295899.
Plotnik, J.M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Reiss, D. (2006). "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317053P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103. PMC 1636577. PMID 17075063.
Reiss, Diana; Marino, Lori (8 May 2001). "Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (10): 5937–5942. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.5937R. doi:10.1073/pnas.101086398. PMC 33317. PMID 11331768.
Suarez, Susan D.; Gallup, Gordon G. (February 1981). "Self-recognition in chimpanzees and orangutans, but not gorillas". Journal of Human Evolution. 10 (2): 175–188. Bibcode:1981JHumE..10..175S. doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(81)80016-4.
Epstei, Robert; Lanza, Robert P.; Skinner, B. F. (8 May 1981). ""Self-Awareness" in the Pigeon". Science. 212 (4495): 695–696. Bibcode:1981Sci...212..695E. doi:10.1126/science.212.4495.695. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17739404.
Kobayashi, Taiga; Kohda, Masanori; Awata, Satoshi; Bshary, Redouan; Sogawa, Shumpei (11 September 2024). "Cleaner fish with mirror self-recognition capacity precisely realize their body size based on their mental image". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 20202. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1420202K. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70138-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11390716. PMID 39261520.
Soler, M.; Pérez-Contreras, T.; Peralta-Sánchez, J.M. (2014). "Mirror-mark tests performed on jackdaws reveal potential methodological problems in the use of stickers in avian mark-test studies". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e86193. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986193S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086193. PMC 3903501. PMID 24475085.
Mather, Jennifer A.; Kuba, Michael J. (June 2013). "The cephalopod specialties: complex nervous system, learning, and cognition". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 91 (6): 431–449. Bibcode:2013CaJZ...91..431M. doi:10.1139/cjz-2013-0009.
Rajala, A.Z.; Reininger, K.R.; Lancaster, K.M.; Populin, L.C. (2010). "Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) do recognize themselves in the mirror: Implications for the evolution of self-recognition". PLOS ONE. 5 (9): e12865. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512865R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012865. PMC 2947497. PMID 20927365.
Newport, Cait; Wallis, Guy; Reshitnyk, Yarema; Siebeck, Ulrike E. (2016). "Discrimination of human faces by archerfish (Toxotes chatareus)". Scientific Reports. 6: 27523. Bibcode:2016NatSR...627523N. doi:10.1038/srep27523. PMC 4895153. PMID 27272551.

mongabay.com

news.mongabay.com

Dasgupta, Shreya (12 February 2025). "Wild baboons don't recognize their own mirror reflections". Mongabay Environmental News. Retrieved 20 February 2025.

mypigfilledlife.org

"Did you know? Pigs are self aware!".

nationalgeographic.com

"This tiny fish can recognize itself in a mirror. Is it self-aware?". Animals. 7 February 2019. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
Bittel, Jason (18 October 2018). "Water-spitting fish can identify and remember human faces". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018.

newatlas.com

"Mouse passes mirror test, joining elite club of 'self-aware' animals". New Atlas. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2025.

newscientist.com

Ye, Yvaine. "A species of fish has passed the mirror test for the first time". New Scientist. Retrieved 11 May 2020.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Gallup, GG Jr. (1970). "Chimpanzees: Self recognition". Science. 167 (3914): 86–87. Bibcode:1970Sci...167...86G. doi:10.1126/science.167.3914.86. PMID 4982211. S2CID 145295899.
Bekoff, Marc (19 September 2002). "Animal reflections". Nature. 419 (6904): 255. doi:10.1038/419255a. PMID 12239547. S2CID 10070614.
Mitchell, R.W. (1995). "Evidence of dolphin self-recognition and the difficulties of interpretation". Consciousness and Cognition. 4 (2): 229–234. doi:10.1006/ccog.1995.1029. PMID 8521261. S2CID 45507064.
Plotnik, J.M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Reiss, D. (2006). "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317053P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103. PMC 1636577. PMID 17075063.
Suddendorf, Thomas; Collier-Baker, Emma (7 May 2009). "The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: evidence of absence in lesser apes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1662): 1671–1677. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1754. PMC 2660989. PMID 19324830.
Horowitz, Alexandra (2017). "Smelling themselves: Dogs investigate their own odors longer when modified in an "olfactory mirror" test". Behavioural Processes. 143C: 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2017.08.001. PMID 28797909. S2CID 4929863.
Freiburger, Troy; Miller, Noam; Skinner, Morgan (10 April 2024). "Olfactory self-recognition in two species of snake". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 291 (2020). doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.0125. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 10987230. PMID 38565155.
Couchman, J.J. (2011). "Self-agency in rhesus monkeys". Biology Letters. 8 (1): 39–41. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0536. PMC 3259954. PMID 21733868.
Prior, H.; Schwarz, A.; Güntürkün, O. (2008). "Mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of self-recognition". PLOS Biology. 6 (8): e202. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202. PMC 2517622. PMID 18715117.
Povinelli, D.J.; Rulf, A.B.; Landau, K.R.; Bierschwale, D.T. (1993). "Self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): distribution, ontogeny, and patterns of emergence". J. Comp. Psychol. 107 (4): 347–372. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.107.4.347. PMID 8112048.
Reiss, Diana; Marino, Lori (8 May 2001). "Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (10): 5937–5942. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.5937R. doi:10.1073/pnas.101086398. PMC 33317. PMID 11331768.
Delfour, F; Marten, K (April 2001). "Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: killer whales (Orcinus orca), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)". Behavioural Processes. 53 (3): 181–190. doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(01)00134-6. PMID 11334706. S2CID 31124804.
Robert, S. (1986). "Ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes". American Journal of Primatology. 10 (2): 109–117. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350100202. PMID 31979488. S2CID 85330986.
Povinelli, D.; de Veer, M.; Gallup Jr., G.; Theall, L.; van den Bos, R. (2003). "An 8-year longitudinal study of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)". Neuropsychologia. 41 (2): 229–334. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00153-7. PMID 12459221. S2CID 9400080.
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This is video of one such test
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wired.com

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worldcat.org

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