Moment magnitude scale (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Moment magnitude scale" in English language version.

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Choy & Boatwright 1995 Choy, George L.; Boatwright, John L. (10 September 1995), "Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress", Journal of Geophysical Research, 100 (B9): 18205–18228, Bibcode:1995JGR...10018205C, doi:10.1029/95JB01969, archived from the original on 6 June 2011, retrieved 21 March 2010

annalsofgeophysics.eu

Gutenberg 1945b, Gutenberg & Richter 1956b. Gutenberg, Beno (April 1945b), "Amplitudes of P, PP, and S and magnitude of shallow earthquakes" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 35 (2): 57–69, Bibcode:1945BuSSA..35...57G, doi:10.1785/BSSA0350020057 Gutenberg, Beno; Richter, Charles F. (1956b), "Magnitude and energy of earthquakes", Annali di Geofisica, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–15.

archives-ouvertes.fr

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Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 14; Bormann & Di Giacomo 2011, p. 412. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15 Bormann; Di Giacomo (2011), "The moment magnitude M_w and the energy magnitude M_e: common roots and differences", Journal of Seismology, 15 (2): 411–427, Bibcode:2011JSeis..15..411B, doi:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2, S2CID 130294359

books.google.com

Miyake 2017, pp. 112–113; Stauder 1962, p. 39. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Stauder, William (1962), "The Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes", in Landsberg, H. E.; Van Mieghem, J. (eds.), Advances in Geophysics, vol. 9, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60527-0, ISBN 9780120188093, LCCN 52-1226.
Stauder 1962, p. 42; Aki & Richards 2002, p. 48. Stauder, William (1962), "The Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes", in Landsberg, H. E.; Van Mieghem, J. (eds.), Advances in Geophysics, vol. 9, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60527-0, ISBN 9780120188093, LCCN 52-1226. Aki, Keiiti; Richards, Paul G. (2002), Quantitative Seismology (2nd ed.), University Science Books, ISBN 0-935702-96-2
Beroza & Kanamori 2015, p. 5. Beroza, G. C.; Kanamori, Hiroo (2015), "4.01 Earthquake Seismologoy: An Introduction and Overview", in Schubert, Gerald (ed.), Treatise on Geophysics, vol. 4: Earthquake Seismology (2nd ed.), doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53802-4.00069-5, ISBN 9780444538024

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Gutenberg & Richter 1956a. Gutenberg, Beno; Richter, Charles F. (April 1956a), "Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration (Second Paper)" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 105–145, doi:10.1785/BSSA0460020105
Richter 1935. Richter, Charles F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32, Bibcode:1935BuSSA..25....1R, doi:10.1785/BSSA0250010001, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-10, retrieved 2019-03-05.
Gutenberg 1945a. Gutenberg, Beno (January 1945a), "Amplitudes of surface Waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 35 (1): 3–12, Bibcode:1945BuSSA..35....3G, doi:10.1785/BSSA0350010003
Gutenberg 1945b, Gutenberg & Richter 1956b. Gutenberg, Beno (April 1945b), "Amplitudes of P, PP, and S and magnitude of shallow earthquakes" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 35 (2): 57–69, Bibcode:1945BuSSA..35...57G, doi:10.1785/BSSA0350020057 Gutenberg, Beno; Richter, Charles F. (1956b), "Magnitude and energy of earthquakes", Annali di Geofisica, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–15.
Kanamori & Anderson 1975, p. 1076. Kanamori, Hiroo; Anderson, Don L. (October 1975), "Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 1073–1095.

creativecommons.org

Das, Menesis & Urrutia 2023 Das, Ranjit; Menesis, Claudio; Urrutia, Diego (2023-05-15). "Regression relationships for conversion of body wave and surface wave magnitudes toward Das magnitude scale, Mwg". Natural Hazards. 117 (1): 365–380. Bibcode:2023NatHa.117..365D. doi:10.1007/s11069-023-05863-9. ISSN 0921-030X. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

doi.org

Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 86. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 18. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Miyake 2017, p. 112. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Suzuki 2001, p. 121. See also Figure 2-22 in Richter 1958 (copy in Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 60), which replicates Wadati's curves. Suzuki, Yasumoto (June 2001), "Kiyoo Wadati and the path to the discovery of the intermediate-deep earthquake zone", Episodes, 24 (2): 118–123, doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/006. Richter, Charles F. (1958), Elementary Seismology, W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0716702115, LCCN 58-5970 Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Gutenberg & Richter 1956a. Gutenberg, Beno; Richter, Charles F. (April 1956a), "Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration (Second Paper)" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 105–145, doi:10.1785/BSSA0460020105
Richter 1935. Richter, Charles F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32, Bibcode:1935BuSSA..25....1R, doi:10.1785/BSSA0250010001, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-10, retrieved 2019-03-05.
Gutenberg 1945a. Gutenberg, Beno (January 1945a), "Amplitudes of surface Waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 35 (1): 3–12, Bibcode:1945BuSSA..35....3G, doi:10.1785/BSSA0350010003
Gutenberg 1945b, Gutenberg & Richter 1956b. Gutenberg, Beno (April 1945b), "Amplitudes of P, PP, and S and magnitude of shallow earthquakes" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 35 (2): 57–69, Bibcode:1945BuSSA..35...57G, doi:10.1785/BSSA0350020057 Gutenberg, Beno; Richter, Charles F. (1956b), "Magnitude and energy of earthquakes", Annali di Geofisica, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–15.
Kanamori 1977, p. 2981. Kanamori, Hiroo (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/jb082i020p02981.
Miyake 2017, pp. 112–113; Stauder 1962, p. 39. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Stauder, William (1962), "The Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes", in Landsberg, H. E.; Van Mieghem, J. (eds.), Advances in Geophysics, vol. 9, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60527-0, ISBN 9780120188093, LCCN 52-1226.
Miyake 2017, p. 115. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Miyake 2017, p. 115. See Byerly 1960 for a contemporary account of why many seismologists favored a single couple model. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Byerly, Perry (20 May 1960), "Earthquake Mechanisms", Science, 131 (3412): 1493–1496, Bibcode:1960Sci...131.1493B, doi:10.1126/science.131.3412.1493, PMID 17802489.
Miyake 2017, pp. 116, 117. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Pujol 2003b, p. 164. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163.
Pujol 2003b, p. 165; Miyake 2017, pp. 117–118. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Aki 1966b, p. 84; Pujol 2003b, p. 167. Aki, Keiiti (1966b), "Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum" (PDF), Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 44, pp. 73–88 Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163.
Julian, Miller & Foulger 1998, §2.2.1. Julian, Bruce R.; Miller, Angus D.; Foulger, G. R. (November 1998), "Non-Double-Couple Earthquakes 1. Theory", Reviews of Geophysics, 36 (4): 525–549, Bibcode:1998RvGeo..36..525J, doi:10.1029/98rg00716.
Miyake 2017, pp. 114, 117; Maruyama 1963, p. 483. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Maruyama, Takuo (January 1963), "On the force equivalents of dynamical elastic dislocations with reference to the earthquake mechanism", Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 41, pp. 467–486.
Miyake 2017, p. 117. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Steketee 1958b, pp. 1168–1169. Steketee, J.A. (1958b), "Some geophysical applications of the elasticity theory of dislocations", Canadian Journal of Physics, 36 (9): 1168–1198, Bibcode:1958CaJPh..36.1168S, doi:10.1139/p58-123.
Stauder 1962, p. 42; Aki & Richards 2002, p. 48. Stauder, William (1962), "The Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes", in Landsberg, H. E.; Van Mieghem, J. (eds.), Advances in Geophysics, vol. 9, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60527-0, ISBN 9780120188093, LCCN 52-1226. Aki, Keiiti; Richards, Paul G. (2002), Quantitative Seismology (2nd ed.), University Science Books, ISBN 0-935702-96-2
Honda 1962, pp. 32, 65, and see bibliography; Ben-Menahem 1995, p. 1212; Udías 1991, p. 90; Maruyama 1963, p. 467. Honda, Hirokichi (1962), "Earthquake Mechanism and Seismic Waves", Journal of Physics of the Earth, 10 (2): 1–98, doi:10.4294/jpe1952.10.2_1. Ben-Menahem, Ari (August 1995), "A Concise History of Mainstream Seismology: Origins, Legacy, and Perspectives" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 1202–1225 Udías, Agustín (1991), "Source Mechanism of Earthquakes", Advances in Geophysics Volume 33, vol. 33, pp. 81–140, Bibcode:1991AdGeo..33...81U, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60441-0, ISBN 9780120188338. Maruyama, Takuo (January 1963), "On the force equivalents of dynamical elastic dislocations with reference to the earthquake mechanism", Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 41, pp. 467–486.
Miyake 2017, p. 467; Steketee 1958a, 1958b. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Steketee, J.A. (1958a), "On Volterra's dislocations in a semi-infinite elastic medium", Canadian Journal of Physics, 36 (2): 192–205, Bibcode:1958CaJPh..36..192S, doi:10.1139/p58-024. Steketee, J.A. (1958b), "Some geophysical applications of the elasticity theory of dislocations", Canadian Journal of Physics, 36 (9): 1168–1198, Bibcode:1958CaJPh..36.1168S, doi:10.1139/p58-123.
Udías 1991 provides a partial overview. Udías, Agustín (1991), "Source Mechanism of Earthquakes", Advances in Geophysics Volume 33, vol. 33, pp. 81–140, Bibcode:1991AdGeo..33...81U, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60441-0, ISBN 9780120188338.
Pujol 2003b, pp. 165, 167; Miyake 2017, p. 118. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 14. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Aki 1966b, p. 73; Kassaras & Kapetanidis 2018, p. 410. Aki, Keiiti (1966b), "Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum" (PDF), Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 44, pp. 73–88 Kassaras, Ioannis G.; Kapetanidis, Vasilis (2018), "Resolving the Tectonic Stress by the Inversion of Earthquake Focal Mechanisms. Application in the Region of Greece. A Tutorial", in D'Amico, Sebastiano (ed.), Moment Tensor Solutions: A Useful Tool for Seismotectonics, Springer Natural Hazards, pp. 405–452, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_19, ISBN 978-3-319-77358-2.
Beroza & Kanamori 2015, p. 5. Beroza, G. C.; Kanamori, Hiroo (2015), "4.01 Earthquake Seismologoy: An Introduction and Overview", in Schubert, Gerald (ed.), Treatise on Geophysics, vol. 4: Earthquake Seismology (2nd ed.), doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53802-4.00069-5, ISBN 9780444538024
Dziewonski, Chou & Woodhouse 1981, p. 2826; Aki 1966b. Dziewonski; Chou; Woodhouse (April 10, 1981), "Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 86 (B4): 2825–2852, Bibcode:1981JGR....86.2825D, doi:10.1029/JB086iB04p02825, archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2019, retrieved May 7, 2019 Aki, Keiiti (1966b), "Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum" (PDF), Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 44, pp. 73–88
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 12, equation 3.1. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 14; Bormann & Di Giacomo 2011, p. 412. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15 Bormann; Di Giacomo (2011), "The moment magnitude M_w and the energy magnitude M_e: common roots and differences", Journal of Seismology, 15 (2): 411–427, Bibcode:2011JSeis..15..411B, doi:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2, S2CID 130294359
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 39–40. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 7. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Deichmann 2006, p. 1268. Deichmann, Nicholas (August 2006), "Local Magnitude, a Moment Revisited", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 96 (4a): 1267–1277, Bibcode:2006BuSSA..96.1267D, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.993.2211, doi:10.1785/0120050115
Abe 1982, p. 322. Abe, Katsuyuki (1982), "Magnitude, seismic moment and apparent stress for major deep earthquakes", Journal of Physics of the Earth, 30 (4): 321–330, doi:10.4294/jpe1952.30.321
Kanamori 1977. Kanamori, Hiroo (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/jb082i020p02981.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 86 Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Kanamori 1977. Kanamori, Hiroo (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/jb082i020p02981.
Hanks & Kanamori 1979. Hanks, Thomas C.; Kanamori, Hiroo (May 10, 1979), "A Moment magnitude scale" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 84 (B5): 2348–2350, Bibcode:1979JGR....84.2348H, doi:10.1029/JB084iB05p02348, archived from the original on August 21, 2010.
Das, Menesis & Urrutia 2023 Das, Ranjit; Menesis, Claudio; Urrutia, Diego (2023-05-15). "Regression relationships for conversion of body wave and surface wave magnitudes toward Das magnitude scale, Mwg". Natural Hazards. 117 (1): 365–380. Bibcode:2023NatHa.117..365D. doi:10.1007/s11069-023-05863-9. ISSN 0921-030X. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Kostrov 1974; Dahlen 1977. Kostrov, B. V. (1974), "Seismic moment and energy of earthquakes, and seismic flow of rock [in Russian]", Izvestiya, Akademi Nauk, USSR, Physics of the Solid Earth, vol. 1, pp. 23–44 (English Trans. 12–21). Dahlen, F. A. (February 1977), "The balance of energy in earthquake faulting", Geophysical Journal International, 48 (2): 239–2261, Bibcode:1977GeoJ...48..239D, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1977.tb01298.x
Choy & Boatwright 1995 Choy, George L.; Boatwright, John L. (10 September 1995), "Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress", Journal of Geophysical Research, 100 (B9): 18205–18228, Bibcode:1995JGR...10018205C, doi:10.1029/95JB01969, archived from the original on 6 June 2011, retrieved 21 March 2010
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.8.2, p. 135. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.8.3, pp. 137–128. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Wang, Dun; Kawakatsu, Hitoshi; Zhuang, Jiancang; Mori, Jim; Maeda, Takuto; Tsuruoka, Hiroshi; Zhao, Xu (2017-06-16). "Automated determination of magnitude and source length of large earthquakes using backprojection and P wave amplitudes". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (11): 5447–5456. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.5447W. doi:10.1002/2017GL073801. ISSN 0094-8276.

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Kanamori 1977, p. 2981. Kanamori, Hiroo (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/jb082i020p02981.
Kanamori 1977. Kanamori, Hiroo (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/jb082i020p02981.
Kanamori 1977. Kanamori, Hiroo (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/jb082i020p02981.

gfz-potsdam.de

gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de

Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 86. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 18. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Suzuki 2001, p. 121. See also Figure 2-22 in Richter 1958 (copy in Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 60), which replicates Wadati's curves. Suzuki, Yasumoto (June 2001), "Kiyoo Wadati and the path to the discovery of the intermediate-deep earthquake zone", Episodes, 24 (2): 118–123, doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/006. Richter, Charles F. (1958), Elementary Seismology, W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0716702115, LCCN 58-5970 Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
See Bormann & Saul 2009 for an overview. Bormann, Peter; Saul, Joachim (2009), "Earthquake Magnitude" (PDF), Encyclopedia of Complexity and Applied Systems Science, vol. 3, pp. 2473–2496
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 14. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 12, equation 3.1. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 14; Bormann & Di Giacomo 2011, p. 412. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15 Bormann; Di Giacomo (2011), "The moment magnitude M_w and the energy magnitude M_e: common roots and differences", Journal of Seismology, 15 (2): 411–427, Bibcode:2011JSeis..15..411B, doi:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2, S2CID 130294359
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 39–40. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 7. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 86 Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.8.2, p. 135. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.8.3, pp. 137–128. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Miyake 2017, p. 112. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Miyake 2017, pp. 112–113; Stauder 1962, p. 39. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Stauder, William (1962), "The Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes", in Landsberg, H. E.; Van Mieghem, J. (eds.), Advances in Geophysics, vol. 9, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60527-0, ISBN 9780120188093, LCCN 52-1226.
Miyake 2017, p. 115. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Miyake 2017, p. 115. See Byerly 1960 for a contemporary account of why many seismologists favored a single couple model. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Byerly, Perry (20 May 1960), "Earthquake Mechanisms", Science, 131 (3412): 1493–1496, Bibcode:1960Sci...131.1493B, doi:10.1126/science.131.3412.1493, PMID 17802489.
Miyake 2017, pp. 116, 117. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Pujol 2003b, p. 165; Miyake 2017, pp. 117–118. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Miyake 2017, pp. 114, 117; Maruyama 1963, p. 483. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Maruyama, Takuo (January 1963), "On the force equivalents of dynamical elastic dislocations with reference to the earthquake mechanism", Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 41, pp. 467–486.
Miyake 2017, p. 117. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Miyake 2017, p. 467; Steketee 1958a, 1958b. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Steketee, J.A. (1958a), "On Volterra's dislocations in a semi-infinite elastic medium", Canadian Journal of Physics, 36 (2): 192–205, Bibcode:1958CaJPh..36..192S, doi:10.1139/p58-024. Steketee, J.A. (1958b), "Some geophysical applications of the elasticity theory of dislocations", Canadian Journal of Physics, 36 (9): 1168–1198, Bibcode:1958CaJPh..36.1168S, doi:10.1139/p58-123.
Pujol 2003b, pp. 165, 167; Miyake 2017, p. 118. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Miyake 2017, p. 112. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Richter 1935. Richter, Charles F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32, Bibcode:1935BuSSA..25....1R, doi:10.1785/BSSA0250010001, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-10, retrieved 2019-03-05.
Gutenberg 1945a. Gutenberg, Beno (January 1945a), "Amplitudes of surface Waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 35 (1): 3–12, Bibcode:1945BuSSA..35....3G, doi:10.1785/BSSA0350010003
Gutenberg 1945b, Gutenberg & Richter 1956b. Gutenberg, Beno (April 1945b), "Amplitudes of P, PP, and S and magnitude of shallow earthquakes" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 35 (2): 57–69, Bibcode:1945BuSSA..35...57G, doi:10.1785/BSSA0350020057 Gutenberg, Beno; Richter, Charles F. (1956b), "Magnitude and energy of earthquakes", Annali di Geofisica, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–15.
Kanamori 1977, p. 2981. Kanamori, Hiroo (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/jb082i020p02981.
Miyake 2017, pp. 112–113; Stauder 1962, p. 39. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Stauder, William (1962), "The Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes", in Landsberg, H. E.; Van Mieghem, J. (eds.), Advances in Geophysics, vol. 9, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60527-0, ISBN 9780120188093, LCCN 52-1226.
Miyake 2017, p. 115. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Miyake 2017, p. 115. See Byerly 1960 for a contemporary account of why many seismologists favored a single couple model. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Byerly, Perry (20 May 1960), "Earthquake Mechanisms", Science, 131 (3412): 1493–1496, Bibcode:1960Sci...131.1493B, doi:10.1126/science.131.3412.1493, PMID 17802489.
Miyake 2017, pp. 116, 117. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Pujol 2003b, p. 164. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163.
Pujol 2003b, p. 165; Miyake 2017, pp. 117–118. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Aki 1966b, p. 84; Pujol 2003b, p. 167. Aki, Keiiti (1966b), "Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum" (PDF), Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 44, pp. 73–88 Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163.
Julian, Miller & Foulger 1998, §2.2.1. Julian, Bruce R.; Miller, Angus D.; Foulger, G. R. (November 1998), "Non-Double-Couple Earthquakes 1. Theory", Reviews of Geophysics, 36 (4): 525–549, Bibcode:1998RvGeo..36..525J, doi:10.1029/98rg00716.
Miyake 2017, pp. 114, 117; Maruyama 1963, p. 483. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Maruyama, Takuo (January 1963), "On the force equivalents of dynamical elastic dislocations with reference to the earthquake mechanism", Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 41, pp. 467–486.
Miyake 2017, p. 117. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Steketee 1958b, pp. 1168–1169. Steketee, J.A. (1958b), "Some geophysical applications of the elasticity theory of dislocations", Canadian Journal of Physics, 36 (9): 1168–1198, Bibcode:1958CaJPh..36.1168S, doi:10.1139/p58-123.
Honda 1962, pp. 32, 65, and see bibliography; Ben-Menahem 1995, p. 1212; Udías 1991, p. 90; Maruyama 1963, p. 467. Honda, Hirokichi (1962), "Earthquake Mechanism and Seismic Waves", Journal of Physics of the Earth, 10 (2): 1–98, doi:10.4294/jpe1952.10.2_1. Ben-Menahem, Ari (August 1995), "A Concise History of Mainstream Seismology: Origins, Legacy, and Perspectives" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 1202–1225 Udías, Agustín (1991), "Source Mechanism of Earthquakes", Advances in Geophysics Volume 33, vol. 33, pp. 81–140, Bibcode:1991AdGeo..33...81U, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60441-0, ISBN 9780120188338. Maruyama, Takuo (January 1963), "On the force equivalents of dynamical elastic dislocations with reference to the earthquake mechanism", Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 41, pp. 467–486.
Miyake 2017, p. 467; Steketee 1958a, 1958b. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Steketee, J.A. (1958a), "On Volterra's dislocations in a semi-infinite elastic medium", Canadian Journal of Physics, 36 (2): 192–205, Bibcode:1958CaJPh..36..192S, doi:10.1139/p58-024. Steketee, J.A. (1958b), "Some geophysical applications of the elasticity theory of dislocations", Canadian Journal of Physics, 36 (9): 1168–1198, Bibcode:1958CaJPh..36.1168S, doi:10.1139/p58-123.
Udías 1991 provides a partial overview. Udías, Agustín (1991), "Source Mechanism of Earthquakes", Advances in Geophysics Volume 33, vol. 33, pp. 81–140, Bibcode:1991AdGeo..33...81U, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60441-0, ISBN 9780120188338.
Pujol 2003b, pp. 165, 167; Miyake 2017, p. 118. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
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Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 14; Bormann & Di Giacomo 2011, p. 412. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15 Bormann; Di Giacomo (2011), "The moment magnitude M_w and the energy magnitude M_e: common roots and differences", Journal of Seismology, 15 (2): 411–427, Bibcode:2011JSeis..15..411B, doi:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2, S2CID 130294359
Deichmann 2006, p. 1268. Deichmann, Nicholas (August 2006), "Local Magnitude, a Moment Revisited", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 96 (4a): 1267–1277, Bibcode:2006BuSSA..96.1267D, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.993.2211, doi:10.1785/0120050115
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Aki 1966b, p. 73; Kassaras & Kapetanidis 2018, p. 410. Aki, Keiiti (1966b), "Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum" (PDF), Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 44, pp. 73–88 Kassaras, Ioannis G.; Kapetanidis, Vasilis (2018), "Resolving the Tectonic Stress by the Inversion of Earthquake Focal Mechanisms. Application in the Region of Greece. A Tutorial", in D'Amico, Sebastiano (ed.), Moment Tensor Solutions: A Useful Tool for Seismotectonics, Springer Natural Hazards, pp. 405–452, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_19, ISBN 978-3-319-77358-2.
Dziewonski, Chou & Woodhouse 1981, p. 2826; Aki 1966b. Dziewonski; Chou; Woodhouse (April 10, 1981), "Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 86 (B4): 2825–2852, Bibcode:1981JGR....86.2825D, doi:10.1029/JB086iB04p02825, archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2019, retrieved May 7, 2019 Aki, Keiiti (1966b), "Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum" (PDF), Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 44, pp. 73–88
Aki 1966a, pp. 24, 36. Aki, Keiiti (1966a), "Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 1. A statistical analysis" (PDF), Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 44, pp. 23–72
Aki 1966a, p. 24. Aki, Keiiti (1966a), "Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 1. A statistical analysis" (PDF), Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 44, pp. 23–72
Aki 1966b, p. 84. Aki, Keiiti (1966b), "Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum" (PDF), Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 44, pp. 73–88

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Honda 1962, pp. 32, 65, and see bibliography; Ben-Menahem 1995, p. 1212; Udías 1991, p. 90; Maruyama 1963, p. 467. Honda, Hirokichi (1962), "Earthquake Mechanism and Seismic Waves", Journal of Physics of the Earth, 10 (2): 1–98, doi:10.4294/jpe1952.10.2_1. Ben-Menahem, Ari (August 1995), "A Concise History of Mainstream Seismology: Origins, Legacy, and Perspectives" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 1202–1225 Udías, Agustín (1991), "Source Mechanism of Earthquakes", Advances in Geophysics Volume 33, vol. 33, pp. 81–140, Bibcode:1991AdGeo..33...81U, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60441-0, ISBN 9780120188338. Maruyama, Takuo (January 1963), "On the force equivalents of dynamical elastic dislocations with reference to the earthquake mechanism", Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 41, pp. 467–486.
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Suzuki 2001, p. 121. See also Figure 2-22 in Richter 1958 (copy in Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 60), which replicates Wadati's curves. Suzuki, Yasumoto (June 2001), "Kiyoo Wadati and the path to the discovery of the intermediate-deep earthquake zone", Episodes, 24 (2): 118–123, doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/006. Richter, Charles F. (1958), Elementary Seismology, W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0716702115, LCCN 58-5970 Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Miyake 2017, pp. 112–113; Stauder 1962, p. 39. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Stauder, William (1962), "The Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes", in Landsberg, H. E.; Van Mieghem, J. (eds.), Advances in Geophysics, vol. 9, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60527-0, ISBN 9780120188093, LCCN 52-1226.
Stauder 1962, p. 42; Aki & Richards 2002, p. 48. Stauder, William (1962), "The Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes", in Landsberg, H. E.; Van Mieghem, J. (eds.), Advances in Geophysics, vol. 9, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60527-0, ISBN 9780120188093, LCCN 52-1226. Aki, Keiiti; Richards, Paul G. (2002), Quantitative Seismology (2nd ed.), University Science Books, ISBN 0-935702-96-2

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Miyake 2017, p. 112. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Miyake 2017, pp. 112–113; Stauder 1962, p. 39. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Stauder, William (1962), "The Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes", in Landsberg, H. E.; Van Mieghem, J. (eds.), Advances in Geophysics, vol. 9, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60527-0, ISBN 9780120188093, LCCN 52-1226.
Miyake 2017, p. 115. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Miyake 2017, p. 115. See Byerly 1960 for a contemporary account of why many seismologists favored a single couple model. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Byerly, Perry (20 May 1960), "Earthquake Mechanisms", Science, 131 (3412): 1493–1496, Bibcode:1960Sci...131.1493B, doi:10.1126/science.131.3412.1493, PMID 17802489.
Miyake 2017, pp. 116, 117. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Pujol 2003b, p. 165; Miyake 2017, pp. 117–118. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Miyake 2017, pp. 114, 117; Maruyama 1963, p. 483. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Maruyama, Takuo (January 1963), "On the force equivalents of dynamical elastic dislocations with reference to the earthquake mechanism", Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 41, pp. 467–486.
Miyake 2017, p. 117. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Miyake 2017, p. 467; Steketee 1958a, 1958b. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644. Steketee, J.A. (1958a), "On Volterra's dislocations in a semi-infinite elastic medium", Canadian Journal of Physics, 36 (2): 192–205, Bibcode:1958CaJPh..36..192S, doi:10.1139/p58-024. Steketee, J.A. (1958b), "Some geophysical applications of the elasticity theory of dislocations", Canadian Journal of Physics, 36 (9): 1168–1198, Bibcode:1958CaJPh..36.1168S, doi:10.1139/p58-123.
Pujol 2003b, pp. 165, 167; Miyake 2017, p. 118. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.

openseismo.org

Dziewonski, Chou & Woodhouse 1981, p. 2826; Aki 1966b. Dziewonski; Chou; Woodhouse (April 10, 1981), "Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 86 (B4): 2825–2852, Bibcode:1981JGR....86.2825D, doi:10.1029/JB086iB04p02825, archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2019, retrieved May 7, 2019 Aki, Keiiti (1966b), "Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum" (PDF), Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 44, pp. 73–88

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Pujol 2003b, p. 164. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163.
Pujol 2003b, p. 165; Miyake 2017, pp. 117–118. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
Aki 1966b, p. 84; Pujol 2003b, p. 167. Aki, Keiiti (1966b), "Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum" (PDF), Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 44, pp. 73–88 Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163.
Pujol 2003b, pp. 165, 167; Miyake 2017, p. 118. Pujol, Josè (March–April 2003b), "The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial", Seismological Research Letters, 74 (2): 163–168, Bibcode:2003SeiRL..74..163P, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.915.6064, doi:10.1785/gssrl.74.2.163. Miyake, Teru (October–December 2017), "Magnitude, moment, and measurement: The seismic mechanism controversy and its resolution", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 65–66: 112–120, Bibcode:2017SHPSA..65..112M, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.02.002, hdl:10220/44522, PMID 29195644.
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Honda 1962, pp. 32, 65, and see bibliography; Ben-Menahem 1995, p. 1212; Udías 1991, p. 90; Maruyama 1963, p. 467. Honda, Hirokichi (1962), "Earthquake Mechanism and Seismic Waves", Journal of Physics of the Earth, 10 (2): 1–98, doi:10.4294/jpe1952.10.2_1. Ben-Menahem, Ari (August 1995), "A Concise History of Mainstream Seismology: Origins, Legacy, and Perspectives" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 1202–1225 Udías, Agustín (1991), "Source Mechanism of Earthquakes", Advances in Geophysics Volume 33, vol. 33, pp. 81–140, Bibcode:1991AdGeo..33...81U, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60441-0, ISBN 9780120188338. Maruyama, Takuo (January 1963), "On the force equivalents of dynamical elastic dislocations with reference to the earthquake mechanism", Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, vol. 41, pp. 467–486.

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Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 86. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
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Suzuki 2001, p. 121. See also Figure 2-22 in Richter 1958 (copy in Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 60), which replicates Wadati's curves. Suzuki, Yasumoto (June 2001), "Kiyoo Wadati and the path to the discovery of the intermediate-deep earthquake zone", Episodes, 24 (2): 118–123, doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/006. Richter, Charles F. (1958), Elementary Seismology, W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0716702115, LCCN 58-5970 Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 14. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 12, equation 3.1. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 14; Bormann & Di Giacomo 2011, p. 412. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15 Bormann; Di Giacomo (2011), "The moment magnitude M_w and the energy magnitude M_e: common roots and differences", Journal of Seismology, 15 (2): 411–427, Bibcode:2011JSeis..15..411B, doi:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2, S2CID 130294359
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 39–40. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 7. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 86 Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.8.2, p. 135. Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
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FAQs – Measuring Earthquakes: How much energy is released in an earthquake? United States Geological Survey
USGS Technical Terms used on Event Pages.

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The "USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy" for reporting earthquake magnitudes to the public as formulated by the USGS Earthquake Magnitude Working Group was implemented January 18, 2002, and posted at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php. That page was removed following a web redesign; a copy is archived at the Internet Archive.
Suzuki 2001, p. 121. See also Figure 2-22 in Richter 1958 (copy in Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 60), which replicates Wadati's curves. Suzuki, Yasumoto (June 2001), "Kiyoo Wadati and the path to the discovery of the intermediate-deep earthquake zone", Episodes, 24 (2): 118–123, doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/006. Richter, Charles F. (1958), Elementary Seismology, W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0716702115, LCCN 58-5970 Bormann, Peter; Wendt, Siegfried; Di Giacomo, Dominico (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-08-15
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Wang, Dun; Kawakatsu, Hitoshi; Zhuang, Jiancang; Mori, Jim; Maeda, Takuto; Tsuruoka, Hiroshi; Zhao, Xu (2017-06-16). "Automated determination of magnitude and source length of large earthquakes using backprojection and P wave amplitudes". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (11): 5447–5456. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.5447W. doi:10.1002/2017GL073801. ISSN 0094-8276.

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Das, Menesis & Urrutia 2023 Das, Ranjit; Menesis, Claudio; Urrutia, Diego (2023-05-15). "Regression relationships for conversion of body wave and surface wave magnitudes toward Das magnitude scale, Mwg". Natural Hazards. 117 (1): 365–380. Bibcode:2023NatHa.117..365D. doi:10.1007/s11069-023-05863-9. ISSN 0921-030X. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Wang, Dun; Kawakatsu, Hitoshi; Zhuang, Jiancang; Mori, Jim; Maeda, Takuto; Tsuruoka, Hiroshi; Zhao, Xu (2017-06-16). "Automated determination of magnitude and source length of large earthquakes using backprojection and P wave amplitudes". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (11): 5447–5456. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.5447W. doi:10.1002/2017GL073801. ISSN 0094-8276.