Morse code (English Wikipedia)

Beechey, F.S. (1876). Electro-Telegraphy. London, UK: E. & F.N. Spon. p. 71 – via Archive.org.
Camm, F.J. (1941). Radio Engineers' Pocket Book (2nd ed.). Chemical Publishing Co. p. 72 – via Archive.org.
TM 11-459. International Morse Code (Instructions). Washington, DC: Department of the Army / U.S. Government Printing Office. 1968. pp. 6–7.
Preece, W.H.; Sivewright, J. (1891). Telegraphy. London, UK: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 40.
Signal Communication. Signal Corps. U.S. Army. 1939. pp. 83, 101–108, 227. FM 24-5.
Everitt, W.L. (1937). Communication Engineering (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 6.
Smith, W.W.; Dawley, Ray L.; et al., eds. (1940). The "Radio" Handbook (7th ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Editors and Engineers Ltd. p. 178. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
Instructions for Learning International Morse Characters. War Department. 1943. pp. 52, 68–72. TM 11-459.
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year 1878 (Report). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1879. pp. 358–360. Retrieved 17 March 2021 – via Archive.org.
Coe, Lewis (1993). The Telegraph: A History of Morse's Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. pp. 67, 135. ISBN 0-89950-736-0.
King, Thomas W. (2000). Modern Morse code in rehabilitation and education: New applications in assistive technology. Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 9780205287512. OCLC 41070880.

army.mil (Global: 250^th place; English: 134^th place)

Linton, Tanja (30 April 2015). "Fort Huachuca bids farewell to Morse code training". Army News Service (ARNEWS). United States Army. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021 – via army.mil/article.

arrl.org (Global: low place; English: 7,257^th place)

"Learning Morse code". Arrl.org. Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
"Italy joins no-code ranks as FCC revives Morse debate in the U.S." The ARRL Letter. Vol. 24, no. 31. 12 August 2005. Archived from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
"Amendment of Part 97 of the Commission's Amateur Service Rules" (PDF). 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review. c. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2005.
"A standard for Morse timing using the Farnsworth technique" (PDF). ARRL.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
"W1AW code practice schedule". ARRL (arrl.org). American Radio Relay League. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
"W1AW code practice MP3 files". ARRL (arrl.org). American Radio Relay League. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
"February and March ARRL DX Contest Weekends Loom". www.arrl.org. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
"International Morse code gets a new ITU home, new character". ARRL.org/news. Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. 10 December 2003. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2007.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Anson, Denis K. (2018). "Chapter 5. Input strategies: Morse strategies". Assitive Technology for People with Disabilies. ABC-CLIO. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4408-3512-4.

cwi.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

homepages.cwi.nl

"Morse". homepages.cwi.nl/~dik. Codes. Archived from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2021.

defensie.nl (Global: 3,919^th place; English: 3,195^th place)

magazines.defensie.nl

André Twigt and Henny de Boer (19 August 2025). "Materieel van toen: de seinsleutel". Materieelgezien (in Dutch). Defensie.nl.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Newell and, A.F.; Nabavi, C.D. (1969). "VOTEM: the voice operated typewriter employing Morse code". J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 2 (8): 655–657. doi:10.1088/0022-3735/2/8/314. PMID 5807885.

dtic.mil (Global: 934^th place; English: 530^th place)

apps.dtic.mil

"Preliminary Analysis of Automatic Morse Code Transcribers for Use in U.S. Coast Guard Operations". apps.dtic.mil.

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

"An obituary for Morse code". The Economist. 23 January 1999. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.

faa.gov (Global: 985^th place; English: 575^th place)

"Chapter 1. Air Navigation". faa.gov. 3 January 2015. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
"Chapter 1". Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2007.

fcc.gov (Global: 583^rd place; English: 261^st place)

wireless.fcc.gov

"Radiotelegraph Operator License (T)". fcc.gov. Federal Communications Commission. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.

gerolfziegenhain.wordpress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ziegenhain, Gerolf (20 May 2013). "Morse decoder test – iPhone / iPad". Gerolfziegenhain.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2016.

google.ge (Global: low place; English: low place)

India, United Service Institution of (1872). Journal of the United Service Institution of India.

guinnessworldrecords.com (Global: 873^rd place; English: 697^th place)

"Fastest speed for a Morse code transmission". Guinnessworldrecords.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.

hathitrust.org (Global: 296^th place; English: 153^rd place)

babel.hathitrust.org

Howeth, Linwood S. (1963). History of Communications-Electronics in the United States: Early Navy efforts to develop aircraft radio. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govt. Print. Off. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
"How the Zeppelin raiders are guided by radio signals". Popular Science Monthly. April 1918. pp. 632–634. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2018.

iaru.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"rel 2003-07-03 att-2". IARU web (iaru.org) (Press release). The International Amateur Radio Union. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012.

itu.int (Global: 1,487^th place; English: 1,305^th place)

itu.int

International Morse Code Recommendation. Radiocommunication Sector. itu.int (Report). ITU Recommendation. International Telecommunication Union. October 2009. ITU-R M.1677-1. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
"The 1865 International Telegraph Conference". ITU.
Miscellaneous abbreviations and signals to be used for radiocommunications in the maritime mobile service. Radiocommunication Sector. ITU.int (Report). ITU Recommendation. Geneva, CH: International Telecommunication Union. ITU-R M.1172.

search.itu.int

Telegraph Regulations (PDF) (Report). ITU History. Geneva, CH: International Telecommunication Union. 1949 [1947]. p. 42. the space between two words is equal to seven dots; — Annexed to the International Telecommunication Convention, Atlantic City, 1947; revised Paris, 1949.
Telegraph Regulations (PDF) (Report). ITU History. Geneva, CH: International Telecommunication Union. 1938 [1932]. p. 39. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022. The space between two words is equal to five dots. — Annexed to the International Telecommunication Convention, Madrid, 1932; revised Cairo, 1938.

k2tqn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"K2TQN vintage radio column". K2tqn.com (blog). Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

"Invention of the Telegraph | Collection Highlights | Articles and Essays | Samuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793 to 1919 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 10 July 2026.

makoa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lubin, Jim (2020). "Morse Codes for Computer Access".

morsecode.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Extremely High Speed Club official web page". Morsecode.nl. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.

nato.int (Global: 1,276^th place; English: 1,245^th place)

NATO phonetic alphabet, codes & signals (PDF) (poster). Communications Services, Public Diplomacy Division. Brussels, Belgium: NATO Headquarters. 11 January 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2025 – via nato.int.

navy-radio.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Radioman 3 & 2 (PDF). Bureau of Naval Personnel, U.S. Navy. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1957. pp. 105–111. RM32-10228B. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Newell and, A.F.; Nabavi, C.D. (1969). "VOTEM: the voice operated typewriter employing Morse code". J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 2 (8): 655–657. doi:10.1088/0022-3735/2/8/314. PMID 5807885.

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

"Iddy-umpty". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

oldscoutbooks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Baden-Powell, Robert (1938). "Girl Guiding" (PDF). Pearson. p. 61. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015. Some people find it easier to remember the [dots] and dashes by picturing them as forming the letters ...^{(page 61)}

pcpractice.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pierpont, William G. (13 May 2004) [2002]. The Art & Skill of Radio Telegraphy (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013 – via pcpractice.com.

pilotnav.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"WG - Winnipeg". Pilotnav.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.

princeton.edu (Global: 802^nd place; English: 528^th place)

Fahie, John Joseph (1884). A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837 (PDF). E. & F.N. Spon. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.

qrpforum.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

Koch, Ludwig (1936). Arbeitspsychologische Untersuchung der Tätigkeit bei der Aufnahme von Morsezeichen (Dissertation). Technische Hochschule Carolo-Wilhelmina. 10247-549-4.

qrz.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gotthard morse key used by shortwave radio amateur. qrz.com (photo image). user HB9BFM. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.

qsl.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Prosigns". QTH.Com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015 – via QSL.net.

quadibloc.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Fractionated Morse, and other oddities". Quadibloc.com. Crypto. Retrieved 21 November 2013.

radiomarine.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Maritime Radio Historical Society". radiomarine.org. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
"Maritime Radio Historical Society". radiomarine.org. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.

reversebeacon.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Welcome! - Reverse Beacon Network". Reversebeacon.net. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.

support.google.com (Global: 2,836^th place; English: 2,952^nd place)

"Android accessibility help: Use Morse code". Google support. 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.

swling.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Morse code training in the Air Force". Swling.com. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.

tc.gc.ca (Global: 6,866^th place; English: 4,076^th place)

"COM 3.2" (PDF). Canadian AIM. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2013.

theappendix.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Wythoff, Grant (July 2014). "The Invention of Wireless Cryptography". The Appendix: Futures of the Past. Vol. 2, no. 3. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.

uscg.mil (Global: 2,646^th place; English: 1,319^th place)

"Amendments to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual" (PDF). USCG.mil. 2011. Circ 1367, Amd. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.

usni.org (Global: 1,790^th place; English: 987^th place)

news.usni.org

Sam Lagrone (20 July 2017). "Office of Naval Research Set to Upgrade the 200-Year-Old Signal Lamp for Modern Stealth Communication". U.S. Naval Institute. Retrieved 18 June 2026.

w1tp.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Perera, Tom. "The "Morse" code and the continental code". W1TP Telegraph & Scientific Instruments Museums. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2011.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Gotthard morse key used by shortwave radio amateur. qrz.com (photo image). user HB9BFM. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
International Morse Code Recommendation. Radiocommunication Sector. itu.int (Report). ITU Recommendation. International Telecommunication Union. October 2009. ITU-R M.1677-1. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
Telegraph Regulations (PDF) (Report). ITU History. Geneva, CH: International Telecommunication Union. 1938 [1932]. p. 39. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022. The space between two words is equal to five dots. — Annexed to the International Telecommunication Convention, Madrid, 1932; revised Cairo, 1938.
Radioman 3 & 2 (PDF). Bureau of Naval Personnel, U.S. Navy. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1957. pp. 105–111. RM32-10228B. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
Fahie, John Joseph (1884). A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837 (PDF). E. & F.N. Spon. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
"Learning Morse code". Arrl.org. Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
Howeth, Linwood S. (1963). History of Communications-Electronics in the United States: Early Navy efforts to develop aircraft radio. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govt. Print. Off. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
"K2TQN vintage radio column". K2tqn.com (blog). Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
"How the Zeppelin raiders are guided by radio signals". Popular Science Monthly. April 1918. pp. 632–634. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
"An obituary for Morse code". The Economist. 23 January 1999. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
"Maritime Radio Historical Society". radiomarine.org. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
"Morse code training in the Air Force". Swling.com. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
Perez, Philippe (31 December 2025). "Morse code lovers and navy trainers help skill live on in a world of digital technology". ABC News (Australia). Archived from the original on 31 December 2025. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
"Amendments to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual" (PDF). USCG.mil. 2011. Circ 1367, Amd. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
"Radiotelegraph Operator License (T)". fcc.gov. Federal Communications Commission. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
"Maritime Radio Historical Society". radiomarine.org. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
Perera, Tom. "The "Morse" code and the continental code". W1TP Telegraph & Scientific Instruments Museums. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
Pierpont, William G. (13 May 2004) [2002]. The Art & Skill of Radio Telegraphy (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013 – via pcpractice.com.
"Extremely High Speed Club official web page". Morsecode.nl. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
"Chapter 1. Air Navigation". faa.gov. 3 January 2015. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
"COM 3.2" (PDF). Canadian AIM. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2013.
"WG - Winnipeg". Pilotnav.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
"rel 2003-07-03 att-2". IARU web (iaru.org) (Press release). The International Amateur Radio Union. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012.
"Italy joins no-code ranks as FCC revives Morse debate in the U.S." The ARRL Letter. Vol. 24, no. 31. 12 August 2005. Archived from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
"Amendment of Part 97 of the Commission's Amateur Service Rules" (PDF). 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review. c. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2005.
"A standard for Morse timing using the Farnsworth technique" (PDF). ARRL.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
"Custom Farnsworth spacing configuration". Winmorse.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
"Chapter 1". Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
"Prosigns". QTH.Com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015 – via QSL.net.
NATO phonetic alphabet, codes & signals (PDF) (poster). Communications Services, Public Diplomacy Division. Brussels, Belgium: NATO Headquarters. 11 January 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2025 – via nato.int.
"Fastest speed for a Morse code transmission". Guinnessworldrecords.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
"W1AW code practice schedule". ARRL (arrl.org). American Radio Relay League. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
Linton, Tanja (30 April 2015). "Fort Huachuca bids farewell to Morse code training". Army News Service (ARNEWS). United States Army. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021 – via army.mil/article.
Baden-Powell, Robert (1938). "Girl Guiding" (PDF). Pearson. p. 61. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015. Some people find it easier to remember the [dots] and dashes by picturing them as forming the letters ...^{(page 61)}
"International Morse code gets a new ITU home, new character". ARRL.org/news. Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. 10 December 2003. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
"Morse". homepages.cwi.nl/~dik. Codes. Archived from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
Wythoff, Grant (July 2014). "The Invention of Wireless Cryptography". The Appendix: Futures of the Past. Vol. 2, no. 3. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
"Welcome! - Reverse Beacon Network". Reversebeacon.net. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
Ziegenhain, Gerolf (20 May 2013). "Morse decoder test – iPhone / iPad". Gerolfziegenhain.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2016.

winmorse.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Custom Farnsworth spacing configuration". Winmorse.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2013.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

King, Thomas W. (2000). Modern Morse code in rehabilitation and education: New applications in assistive technology. Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 9780205287512. OCLC 41070880.

Morse code (English Wikipedia)

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