Motion Picture Association film rating system (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Motion Picture Association film rating system" in English language version.

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archive.org

Farber, Stephen (1972). The Movie Rating Game (Paperback ed.). Public Affairs Press. ISBN 978-0-8183-0181-0. Retrieved October 3, 2011.

bbc.co.uk

Masters, Tim (November 30, 2011). "Will Shame change the game for the NC-17 rating?". BBC. Retrieved January 10, 2021. The rating restricts anyone under the age of 18 from attending a film.

bloody-disgusting.com

"MPAA Creating 'Hard-R', A More PC Version of NC-17". Bloody Disgusting. Bloody Disgusting LLC. March 12, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.

books.google.com

Kennedy, Matthew (2014). Roadshow!: The Fall of Film Musicals in the 1960s. OUP USA. p. 183. ISBN 9780199925674.
Life, p. 55, May 30, 1969.
Krämer, Peter (2005). The New Hollywood: From Bonnie and Clyde to Star Wars. Short Cuts Series. Columbia University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-231-85005-6. OCLC 952779968.
Kroon, Richard W. (2014). A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms. McFarland & Company. p. 316. ISBN 9780786457403. OCLC 910109344.
"Brief Reviews: MPAA Rating Guide". New York: 64. February 2, 1981.
Video Watchdog. Tim & Donna Lucas. 1996. p. 80.
Sandler, Kevin (2007). The Naked Truth: Why Hollywood Doesn't Make X-rated Movies. Rutgers University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8135-4146-4.
Vaughn, Stephen (2006). Freedom and Entertainment: Rating the Movies in an Age of New Media. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–51. ISBN 978-0-521-85258-6.
Zinoman, Jason (2011). "Chapter Five: 'Shock or Awe'". Shock Value: How a Few Eccentric Outsiders Gave Us Nightmares, Conquered Hollywood, and Invented Modern Horror. Penguin Books. ISBN 9781101516966. Retrieved March 3, 2019.

boxofficemojo.com

"Bad Education". Box Office Mojo.

carolon.net

elr.carolon.net

Entertainment Law Reporter – Business Affairs for March 1984 Archived February 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

cbsnews.com

Sandy Cohen (March 8, 2012). "Teenager petitions to change R rating for 'Bully'". CBS News. CBS. Retrieved August 20, 2012.

chicagotribune.com

Phillips, Michael (November 4, 2010). "There's a word for the MPAA..." Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 8, 2012.

collider.com

Brown, Ben (November 12, 2010). "'How Do You Know' Likely to Be Re-cut to Avoid R-Rating for Language". Collider. Retrieved January 1, 2022.

commonsensemedia.org

"What are red-band trailers on YouTube?". Common Sense Media. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.

csmonitor.com

Paulson, Amanda (May 24, 2004). "Under 17 not admitted without R-card". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 26, 2007.

deadline.com

Brooks, Brian (February 28, 2012). "NATO Threatens Weinstein Co With NC-17 Rating For 'Bully'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 10, 2021. In most cases, that means enforcement as though the movies were rated NC-17 — where no one under the age of 18 can be admitted even with accompanying parents or guardians."

denofgeek.com

Byrd, Matthew (April 2, 2018). "Ready Player One's F-Bomb Is One of the Best Ever". Den of Geek. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
"Using the F-word in PG-13/12A movies". Den of Geek. March 25, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2022.

deseret.com

"R rating stuns 'Saints' makers". Deseret News. Retrieved March 15, 2008.^{[permanent dead link]}

dga.org

"DGA Task Force on Violence and Social Responsibility Statement in Response to FTC Report on Violence". Directors Guild of America. September 14, 2000. Retrieved May 1, 2018.

doi.org

Friedman, Jane M. (1973). "The Motion Picture Rating System of 1968: A Constitutional Analysis of Self-Regulation by the Film Industry". Columbia Law Review. 73 (2): 185–240. doi:10.2307/1121227. JSTOR 1121227.
Austin, Bruce A. (September 1980). "The Influence of the MPAA's Film-Rating System on Motion Picture Attendance: A Pilot Study". The Journal of Psychology. 106 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1080/00223980.1980.9915174. ISSN 0022-3980. S2CID 144395298.
Antunes, Filipa (Spring 2017). "Rethinking PG-13: Ratings and the Boundaries of Childhood and Horror" (PDF). Journal of Film and Video. 69 (1): 11. doi:10.5406/jfilmvideo.69.1.0027. S2CID 152216521. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2020.
Cressman, Dale L.; Callister, Mark; Robinson, Tom; Near, Chris (May 2009). "Swearing in the cinema: An analysis of profanity in US teen-oriented movies, 1980–2006". Journal of Children and Media. 3 (2): 117–135. doi:10.1080/17482790902772257. ISSN 1748-2798. S2CID 38118008.
Bozzuto, James C. (July 1, 1975). "Cinematic neurosis following "The Exorcist": Report of four cases". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 161 (1): 43–48. doi:10.1097/00005053-197507000-00005. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 1151359. S2CID 9570535.

ew.com

Josh Wolk (November 19, 1999). "The Backstreet Boys plan a new album and tour". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 6, 2018.

filmratings.com

"Classification and Rating Rules" (PDF). Classification and Rating Administration. January 1, 2010. pp. 6–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
"History".
"Advertising Administration Rules" (PDF). Motion Picture Association of America. January 1, 2014. pp. 1–7 & 21–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2014.

filmsite.org

Dirks, Tim (2012). "Greatest Box-Office Bombs, Disasters and Film Flops: The Most Notable Examples 1995 – 2". filmsite. AMC Network Entertainment LLC. Retrieved October 1, 2012.

findlaw.com

writ.news.findlaw.com

Hilden, Julie (July 16, 2007). "Free Speech and the Concept of "Torture Porn": Why are Critics So Hostile to "Hostel II"?". FindLaw's Writ. Retrieved March 22, 2011.

forbes.com

Mendelson, Scott (May 11, 2016). "'Finding Dory' And 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2' Get Surprising Ratings". Forbes. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
Mendelson, Scott (November 26, 2013). "Disney's 'Frozen' Proves Failure Of PG Rating". Forbes. Retrieved October 11, 2023.

gawker.com

Rich Juzwiak (December 18, 2013). "G.B.F. Was Rated R for Being Gay". Gawker.com. Retrieved December 20, 2013.

go.com

abcnews.go.com

Pinto, Barbara (June 1, 2004). "'R-Cards' Let Teens See Racy Movies: Some in Industry Say Cards Defeat Purpose of Ratings". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2018.

harvard.edu

hsph.harvard.edu

Thompson, Kimberly M.; Yokota, Fumie (2004). "Violence, sex and profanity in films: correlation of movie ratings with content". MedGenMed. 6 (3): 3. PMC 1435631. PMID 15520625.
- "Study Finds "Ratings Creep": Movie Ratings Categories Contain More Violence, Sex, Profanity than Decade Ago". Harvard School of Public Health (Press release). July 13, 2004.

hollywoodreporter.com

Fernandez, Jay A.; Borys Kit (July 8, 2008). "'Red Dawn' redo lands director, scribe; MGM will remake the 1984 action drama". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
"MPAA ratings: June 30, 2010". The Hollywood Reporter. June 30, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
"MPAA ratings: Sept. 1, 2010". The Hollywood Reporter. September 1, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
McClintock, Pamela (April 5, 2012). "Weinstein Co. Changes Course, Edits 'Bully' for PG-13 Rating". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
"Foreign affairs". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009.

joblo.com

Tassi, Paul (December 14, 2010). "Roger Ebert thinks the MPAA's ratings are useless". Time.

jstor.org

Friedman, Jane M. (1973). "The Motion Picture Rating System of 1968: A Constitutional Analysis of Self-Regulation by the Film Industry". Columbia Law Review. 73 (2): 185–240. doi:10.2307/1121227. JSTOR 1121227.

justia.com

trademarks.justia.com

"PG-13 Parents Strongly Cautioned Some Material May Be Inappropriate for Children Under 13 – Trademark Details". Justia. Retrieved October 7, 2016.

latimes.com

David J. Fox (September 27, 1990). "X Film Rating Dropped and Replaced by NC-17 : Movies: Designation would bar children under 17. Move expected to clear the way for strong adult themes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
Jack Mathews (August 27, 1990). "Henry Miller Meets the MPAA : Movies: Philip Kaufman's very adult 'Henry & June,' a tale of the controversial author's days in Paris, apparently is the latest recipient of the dreaded X rating. Its U.S. release is in limbo". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
Zeitchik, Steven (August 18, 2012). "High hopes, low notes for film world's NC-17 rating". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 10, 2021. Formally instituted in 1990, the restrictive rating aimed to signal moviegoers that a film included adult-oriented — but not necessarily pornographic — content and made those movies off-limits to anyone under 18.
Dutka, Elaine (April 20, 2004). "NC-17 comes out from hiding". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 1, 2012.

latimesblogs.latimes.com

"To the MPAA ratings board, 'The King's Speech' is just as bad as 'Saw 3D'". November 1, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2022.

medscape.com

Thompson, Kimberly M.; Yokota, Fumie (2004). "Violence, sex and profanity in films: correlation of movie ratings with content". MedGenMed. 6 (3): 3. PMC 1435631. PMID 15520625.
- "Study Finds "Ratings Creep": Movie Ratings Categories Contain More Violence, Sex, Profanity than Decade Ago". Harvard School of Public Health (Press release). July 13, 2004.

meridianmagazine.com

Baggaley, Thomas. "LDS Cinema Gets Better and Gets a Bum Rating". meridianmagazine.com. Archived from the original on February 29, 2004.

motionpictures.org

"Film Ratings". Motion Picture Association of America. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
"Changes in the Rating System". Motion Picture Association of America. Archived from the original on May 30, 2009.

moviefone.com

blog.moviefone.com

"'The Hip Hop Project' Rated PG-13, Despite 17 F-Words – The Moviefone Blog". April 27, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
Stewart, Ryan (March 10, 2007). "MPAA Wants New Rating For 'Hard R'". Moviefone. AOL Inc. Retrieved October 1, 2012.

mpaa.org

"Film Rating Board to Consider Smoking as a Factor" (PDF). MPAA. May 10, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.

mtv.com

Vena, Jocelyn (December 8, 2010). "Ryan Gosling Says NC-17 Rating 'Stigmatizes' 'Blue Valentine'". MTV News. Viacom International Inc. Retrieved June 4, 2015.

ncregister.com

Greydanus, Steven D. (October 24, 2004). "'Ratings Creep' – or a Case of 'Once Bitten, Twice Shy'?". National Catholic Register. Retrieved September 6, 2010.

news.google.com

"Questionable ratings to gain patronge". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). (The Moviegoer). October 31, 1968. p. 10A.
"Dealers will label ratings on cassettes". Eugene Register-Guard. August 11, 1984. Retrieved January 31, 2014.

newspapers.com

"The Robesonian". February 11, 1972. Retrieved November 5, 2017.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bozzuto, James C. (July 1, 1975). "Cinematic neurosis following "The Exorcist": Report of four cases". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 161 (1): 43–48. doi:10.1097/00005053-197507000-00005. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 1151359. S2CID 9570535.
Thompson, Kimberly M.; Yokota, Fumie (2004). "Violence, sex and profanity in films: correlation of movie ratings with content". MedGenMed. 6 (3): 3. PMC 1435631. PMID 15520625.
- "Study Finds "Ratings Creep": Movie Ratings Categories Contain More Violence, Sex, Profanity than Decade Ago". Harvard School of Public Health (Press release). July 13, 2004.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Thompson, Kimberly M.; Yokota, Fumie (2004). "Violence, sex and profanity in films: correlation of movie ratings with content". MedGenMed. 6 (3): 3. PMC 1435631. PMID 15520625.
  - "Study Finds "Ratings Creep": Movie Ratings Categories Contain More Violence, Sex, Profanity than Decade Ago". Harvard School of Public Health (Press release). July 13, 2004.

nytimes.com

Halbfinger, David M. (June 13, 2007). "Attention, Web Surfers: The Following Film Trailer May Be Racy or Graphic". The New York Times. p. E1. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
Barnes, Brooks (February 23, 2010). "Cat-and-Mouse for a Trashy Trailer". The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
Weinraub, Bernard (July 21, 1995). "First Major Film With an NC-17 Rating Is Embraced by the Studio". New York Times.
Klemesrud, Judy (January 27, 1974). "They Wait Hours to Be Shocked". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
Meacham, Roy (February 3, 1974). "How Did 'The Exorcist' Escape an X Rating?". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
Bahr, Sarah (June 21, 2021). "'The Hunchback of Notre Dame' at 25: 'The Most R-Rated G You Will Ever See'". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2023.

rialtocinemas.com

Rialto Cinemas (2012). "Frequently Asked Questions". Rialto Cinemas. Rialto Cinemas™. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2012.

rogerebert.com

Roger Ebert (January 1, 1999). "The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (No MPAA Rating)". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
Ebert, Roger (September 14, 1990). "Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (Unrated)". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
Ebert, Roger (November 16, 2003). "Movie Answer Man". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
Ebert, Roger (September 24, 2000). "Ugly reality in movie ratings". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Ebert, Roger (February 24, 2004). "The Passion of the Christ". Time.

screened.com

Rorie, Matt (June 27, 2011). "Was Cars 2 Too Violent For A G-Rating?". Screened. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2014.

screenit.com

"Screen It! Parental Review: Gunner Palace". screenit.com. March 11, 2005. Retrieved July 26, 2007.

screenrant.com

Sharpe, Lynn (March 15, 2024). "Every F-Bomb In Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour Movie & Timestamps For When They Happen". ScreenRant. Retrieved May 16, 2024.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Austin, Bruce A. (September 1980). "The Influence of the MPAA's Film-Rating System on Motion Picture Attendance: A Pilot Study". The Journal of Psychology. 106 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1080/00223980.1980.9915174. ISSN 0022-3980. S2CID 144395298.
Antunes, Filipa (Spring 2017). "Rethinking PG-13: Ratings and the Boundaries of Childhood and Horror" (PDF). Journal of Film and Video. 69 (1): 11. doi:10.5406/jfilmvideo.69.1.0027. S2CID 152216521. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2020.
Cressman, Dale L.; Callister, Mark; Robinson, Tom; Near, Chris (May 2009). "Swearing in the cinema: An analysis of profanity in US teen-oriented movies, 1980–2006". Journal of Children and Media. 3 (2): 117–135. doi:10.1080/17482790902772257. ISSN 1748-2798. S2CID 38118008.
Bozzuto, James C. (July 1, 1975). "Cinematic neurosis following "The Exorcist": Report of four cases". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 161 (1): 43–48. doi:10.1097/00005053-197507000-00005. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 1151359. S2CID 9570535.

skepticfiles.org

vbcsc03l@vax.csun.edu (snopes) (May 25, 1993). "Re: The MPAA". The Skeptic Tank. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

slashfilm.com

Chen, David (November 8, 2010). "Why the MPAA Should Be Ashamed of Itself". slashfilm.com. Retrieved October 3, 2011.

spanglemagazine.com

Thompson, Brian (October 11, 2010). "Spangle Magazine". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.

theguardian.com

Pulver, Andrew (November 14, 2013). "Philomena: Weinsteins win MPAA appeal against R rating". The Guardian. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
"Dead cert: the NC-17 rating". The Guardian. July 25, 1999. Retrieved May 1, 2018.

theverge.com

Alexander, Julia (June 23, 2020). "Hamilton drops two uses of "fuck" to land on Disney Plus". The Verge. Retrieved January 1, 2022.

time.com

Richard Zoglin; Meg Grant/Los Angeles; Timothy Loughran/New York (June 25, 1984). "Show Business: Gremlins in the Rating System". Time. Time Inc. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
Cruz, Gilbert (October 30, 2008). "Happy 40th Birthday, Movie Ratings". Time. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008.

tn.gov

Cooper, Robert E. Jr.; Young, William E.; Gaylord, James E. (December 6, 2013). "Opinion No. 13-101 – Constitutionality of Criminal Statute Regarding Admission of Minors to Movies" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Attorney General. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.

ucla.edu

lasr.cs.ucla.edu

"The MPAA Rating Systems". September 16, 1994.

uea.ac.uk

ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk

Antunes, Filipa (Spring 2017). "Rethinking PG-13: Ratings and the Boundaries of Childhood and Horror" (PDF). Journal of Film and Video. 69 (1): 11. doi:10.5406/jfilmvideo.69.1.0027. S2CID 152216521. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2020.

universalpictures.com

"Universal Pictures Policy Regarding Tobacco Depictions in Films". Universal Studios. April 16, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2008.

usatoday.com

Bowles, Scott (April 16, 2013). "Film-rating descriptors to add detail". USA Today. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
Rubin, Rita (March 8, 2011). "PG-rated 'Rango' has anti-smoking advocates fuming". USA Today.

vanityfair.com

Windolf, Jim (January 2, 2008), "Q&A: Steven Spielberg on Indiana Jones", Vanity Fair

vimeo.com

Joan Graves (October 23, 2018). "Rating Nudity" (Interview). Motion Picture Association. Retrieved June 18, 2021.

vulture.com

Keith Coogan (December 12, 2011). "Keith Coogan, Star of Adventures in Babysitting and Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead, Indulges Our Nostalgia". Vulture.com (Interview). Interviewed by Patti Greco. Retrieved August 3, 2014.

web.archive.org

Rialto Cinemas (2012). "Frequently Asked Questions". Rialto Cinemas. Rialto Cinemas™. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
"Classification and Rating Rules" (PDF). Classification and Rating Administration. January 1, 2010. pp. 6–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
"Advertising Administration Rules" (PDF). Motion Picture Association of America. January 1, 2014. pp. 1–7 & 21–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
"What are red-band trailers on YouTube?". Common Sense Media. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
vbcsc03l@vax.csun.edu (snopes) (May 25, 1993). "Re: The MPAA". The Skeptic Tank. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Richard Zoglin; Meg Grant/Los Angeles; Timothy Loughran/New York (June 25, 1984). "Show Business: Gremlins in the Rating System". Time. Time Inc. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
Antunes, Filipa (Spring 2017). "Rethinking PG-13: Ratings and the Boundaries of Childhood and Horror" (PDF). Journal of Film and Video. 69 (1): 11. doi:10.5406/jfilmvideo.69.1.0027. S2CID 152216521. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2020.
Entertainment Law Reporter – Business Affairs for March 1984 Archived February 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
Cooper, Robert E. Jr.; Young, William E.; Gaylord, James E. (December 6, 2013). "Opinion No. 13-101 – Constitutionality of Criminal Statute Regarding Admission of Minors to Movies" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Attorney General. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
"Changes in the Rating System". Motion Picture Association of America. Archived from the original on May 30, 2009.
Ebert, Roger (November 16, 2003). "Movie Answer Man". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
"Film Rating Board to Consider Smoking as a Factor" (PDF). MPAA. May 10, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
Thompson, Brian (October 11, 2010). "Spangle Magazine". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
"Foreign affairs". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009.
"MPAA Creating 'Hard-R', A More PC Version of NC-17". Bloody Disgusting. Bloody Disgusting LLC. March 12, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
Pinto, Barbara (June 1, 2004). "'R-Cards' Let Teens See Racy Movies: Some in Industry Say Cards Defeat Purpose of Ratings". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
Cruz, Gilbert (October 30, 2008). "Happy 40th Birthday, Movie Ratings". Time. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008.
Baggaley, Thomas. "LDS Cinema Gets Better and Gets a Bum Rating". meridianmagazine.com. Archived from the original on February 29, 2004.
Rorie, Matt (June 27, 2011). "Was Cars 2 Too Violent For A G-Rating?". Screened. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
Tobias, Patricia Eliot (November 1999). "Who Put the Sin in Cinema?". Written by. Archived from the original on April 16, 2003. Retrieved September 6, 2010.

wga.org

Tobias, Patricia Eliot (November 1999). "Who Put the Sin in Cinema?". Written by. Archived from the original on April 16, 2003. Retrieved September 6, 2010.

wmcactionnews5.com

"TN Law: 18 to buy R-rated movie tickets". Action News. Tennessee: WMC-TV. February 19, 2009. Retrieved February 21, 2015.

worldcat.org

Krämer, Peter (2005). The New Hollywood: From Bonnie and Clyde to Star Wars. Short Cuts Series. Columbia University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-231-85005-6. OCLC 952779968.
Kroon, Richard W. (2014). A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms. McFarland & Company. p. 316. ISBN 9780786457403. OCLC 910109344.
Austin, Bruce A. (September 1980). "The Influence of the MPAA's Film-Rating System on Motion Picture Attendance: A Pilot Study". The Journal of Psychology. 106 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1080/00223980.1980.9915174. ISSN 0022-3980. S2CID 144395298.
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