Mountain (English Wikipedia)

Blyth, S.; Groombridge, B.; Lysenko, I.; Miles, L.; Newton, A. (2002). "Mountain Watch" (PDF). Cambridge: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2009.

archive.org

Gerrard, A. J. (1990). Mountain Environments: An Examination of the Physical Geography of Mountains. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-07128-4.
Butz, Stephen D. (2004). "Plate tectonics". Science of Earth Systems. Thompson. p. 136. ISBN 0-7668-3391-7.
Press, Frank; Siever, Raymond (1985). Earth (4th ed.). W.H. Freeman. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-7167-1743-0.
Ryan, Scott (2006). "Figure 13-1". CliffsQuickReview Earth Science. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-78937-2.
Tweit, Susan J. (1992). The Great Southwest Nature Factbook. Alaska Northwest Books. pp. 209–210. ISBN 0-88240-434-2.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Survey turns hill into a mountain". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
"Nepal and China agree on Mount Everest's height". BBC News. 8 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2010.

books.google.com

Cooke, Ronald Urwick; Warren, Andrew (1973). Geomorphology in Deserts. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02280-5.
"Mountain building". Science matters: earth and beyond; module 4. Pearson South Africa. 2002. p. 75. ISBN 0-7986-6059-7.
Butz, Stephen D. (2004). "Plate tectonics". Science of Earth Systems. Thompson. p. 136. ISBN 0-7668-3391-7.
Searle, Michael P. (2007). "Diagnostic features and processes in the construction and evolution of Oman-, Zagros-, Himalayan-, Karakoram-, and Tibetan type orogenic belts". In Hatcher, Robert D., Jr.; Carlson, M. P.; McBride, J. H.; Martinez Catalán, J. R. (eds.). 4-D framework of continental crust. Geological Society of America. pp. 41 ff. ISBN 978-0-8137-1200-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
Ryan, Scott (2006). "Figure 13-1". CliffsQuickReview Earth Science. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-78937-2.
Fraknoi, A.; Morrison, D.; Wolff, S. (2004). Voyages to the Planets (3rd ed.). Belmont: Thomson. ISBN 978-0-534-39567-4.
Thomas Kublak (8 June 2014). Mountaineering Methodology – Part 1 – The Basics. Tomas Kublak – MMPublishing. ISBN 978-80-87715-12-3.

britannica.com

"Alps – The economy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 July 2022.

colorado.edu

lasp.colorado.edu

Goody, Richard M.; Walker, James C. G. (1972). "Atmospheric Temperatures" (PDF). Atmospheres. Prentice-Hall. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2016.

confex.com

gsa.confex.com

Kaye, G. D. (2002). "Using GIS to estimate the total volume of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii". 98th Annual Meeting. Geological Society of America. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009.

dictionary.com

"Alpinism Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com".

doi.org

Wilson, Peter (2001). "Listing the Irish hills and mountains" (PDF). Irish Geography. 34 (1). Coleraine: University of Ulster: 89. doi:10.1080/00750770109555778. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
Hsü, Kenneth J.; Nachev, Ivan K.; Vuchev, Vassil T. (July 1977). "Geologic evolution of Bulgaria in light of plate tectonics". Tectonophysics. 40 (3–4): 245–256. Bibcode:1977Tectp..40..245H. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(77)90068-3.
Becker, Arnfried (June 2000). "The Jura Mountains — an active foreland fold-and-thrust belt?". Tectonophysics. 321 (4): 381–406. Bibcode:2000Tectp.321..381B. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00089-5.
Chorowicz, Jean (October 2005). "The East African rift system". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 43 (1–3): 379–410. Bibcode:2005JAfES..43..379C. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019.
Ziegler, P. A.; Dèzes, P. (July 2007). "Cenozoic uplift of Variscan Massifs in the Alpine foreland: Timing and controlling mechanisms". Global and Planetary Change. 58 (1–4): 237–269. Bibcode:2007GPC....58..237Z. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.12.004.
Ver Straeten, Charles A. (July 2013). "Beneath it all: bedrock geology of the Catskill Mountains and implications of its weathering: Bedrock geology and weathering of the Catskills". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1298: 1–29. doi:10.1111/nyas.12221. PMID 23895551. S2CID 19940868.
Lugo, Ariel E.; Brown, Sandra L.; Dodson, Rusty; Smith, Tom S.; Shugart, Hank H. (1999). "The Holdridge Life Zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping". Journal of Biogeography. 26 (5): 1025–1038. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26.1025L. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x. S2CID 11733879. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013.
Knight, Jasper (24 October 2022). "Scientists' warning of the impacts of climate change on mountains". PeerJ. 10: e14253. doi:10.7717/peerj.14253. PMC 9610668. PMID 36312749.
Pepin, N. C.; Arnone, E.; Gobiet, A.; Haslinger, K.; et al. (2022). "Climate Changes and Their Elevational Patterns in the Mountains of the World". Reviews of Geophysics. 60 (1). Bibcode:2022RvGeo..6000730P. doi:10.1029/2020RG000730. hdl:2318/1842344. S2CID 247008935.
Deline, Philip; Gruber, Stephan; Amann, Florian; Bodin, Xavier; et al. (2021). "Ice loss from glaciers and permafrost and related slope instability in high-mountain regions". In Haeberli, Wilfried; Whiteman, Colin (eds.). Snow and Ice-Related Hazards, Risks, and Disasters. Hazards and Disasters (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 501–540. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-817129-5.00015-9. ISBN 9780128171295. S2CID 234301790.
Viviroli, D.; Kummu, M.; Meybeck, M.; Kallio, M.; Wada, Y. (2020). "Increasing dependence of lowland populations on mountain water resources". Nature Sustainability. 3 (11): 917–928. Bibcode:2020NatSu...3..917V. doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0559-9. S2CID 220375949.
Chersich, S; Rejšek, K; Vranová, V.; Bordoni, M.; Meisina, C. (2015). "Climate change impacts on the Alpine ecosystem: an overview with focus on the soil". J. For. Sci. 61 (11): 496–514. doi:10.17221/47/2015-JFS.
Daubenmire, R. F. (June 1943). "Vegetational Zonation in the Rocky Mountains". Botanical Review. 9 (6): 325–393. Bibcode:1943BotRv...9..325D. doi:10.1007/BF02872481. S2CID 10413001.
West, J. B. (2002). "Highest permanent human habitation". High Altitude Medical Biology. 3 (4): 401–407. doi:10.1089/15270290260512882. PMID 12631426.
Moore, Lorna G. (2001). "Human Genetic Adaptation to High Altitude". High Alt Med Biol. 2 (2): 257–279. doi:10.1089/152702901750265341. PMID 11443005.
Cook, James D.; Boy, Erick; Flowers, Carol; del Carmen Daroca, Maria (2005). "The influence of high-altitude living on body iron". Blood. 106 (4): 1441–1446. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-12-4782. PMID 15870179.
Kolossov, V. (2005). "Border studies: changing perspectives and theoretical approaches". Geopolitics. 10 (4): 606–632. doi:10.1080/14650040500318415. S2CID 143213848.
Van Houtum, H. (2005). "The geopolitics of borders and boundaries". Geopolitics. 10 (4): 672–679. doi:10.1080/14650040500318522.
Pomfret, G. (2006). "Mountaineering adventure tourists: a conceptual framework for research". Tourism Management. 27 (1): 113–123. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.08.003.
Beedie, P.; Hudson, S. (2003). "Emergence of mountain-based adventure tourism". Annals of Tourism Research. 30 (3): 625–643. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00043-4.
Apollo, Michal (2017). "The true accessibility of mountaineering: The case of the High Himalaya". Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 17: 29–43. doi:10.1016/j.jort.2016.12.001.
Apollo, M. (2021). Environmental Impacts of Mountaineering. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6. ISBN 978-3-030-72666-9. S2CID 234774157.

e-elgar.com

Apollo, M.; Andreychouk, V. (2022). Mountaineering Adventure Tourism and Local Communities: Social, Environmental and Economics Interactions. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781802209372.

ecn.ac.uk

"Factors affecting climate". The United Kingdom Environmental Change Network. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.

eos.org

Derouin, Sarah (7 November 2023). "Carbon Dioxide's Effect on Mountain Climate Systems". Eos.

epa.gov

Lugo, Ariel E.; Brown, Sandra L.; Dodson, Rusty; Smith, Tom S.; Shugart, Hank H. (1999). "The Holdridge Life Zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping". Journal of Biogeography. 26 (5): 1025–1038. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26.1025L. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x. S2CID 11733879. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013.

go4awalk.com

"A Mountain is a Mountain – isn't it?". www.go4awalk.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Pepin, N. C.; Arnone, E.; Gobiet, A.; Haslinger, K.; et al. (2022). "Climate Changes and Their Elevational Patterns in the Mountains of the World". Reviews of Geophysics. 60 (1). Bibcode:2022RvGeo..6000730P. doi:10.1029/2020RG000730. hdl:2318/1842344. S2CID 247008935.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Hsü, Kenneth J.; Nachev, Ivan K.; Vuchev, Vassil T. (July 1977). "Geologic evolution of Bulgaria in light of plate tectonics". Tectonophysics. 40 (3–4): 245–256. Bibcode:1977Tectp..40..245H. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(77)90068-3.
Becker, Arnfried (June 2000). "The Jura Mountains — an active foreland fold-and-thrust belt?". Tectonophysics. 321 (4): 381–406. Bibcode:2000Tectp.321..381B. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00089-5.
Chorowicz, Jean (October 2005). "The East African rift system". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 43 (1–3): 379–410. Bibcode:2005JAfES..43..379C. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019.
Ziegler, P. A.; Dèzes, P. (July 2007). "Cenozoic uplift of Variscan Massifs in the Alpine foreland: Timing and controlling mechanisms". Global and Planetary Change. 58 (1–4): 237–269. Bibcode:2007GPC....58..237Z. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.12.004.
Lugo, Ariel E.; Brown, Sandra L.; Dodson, Rusty; Smith, Tom S.; Shugart, Hank H. (1999). "The Holdridge Life Zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping". Journal of Biogeography. 26 (5): 1025–1038. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26.1025L. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x. S2CID 11733879. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013.
Pepin, N. C.; Arnone, E.; Gobiet, A.; Haslinger, K.; et al. (2022). "Climate Changes and Their Elevational Patterns in the Mountains of the World". Reviews of Geophysics. 60 (1). Bibcode:2022RvGeo..6000730P. doi:10.1029/2020RG000730. hdl:2318/1842344. S2CID 247008935.
Viviroli, D.; Kummu, M.; Meybeck, M.; Kallio, M.; Wada, Y. (2020). "Increasing dependence of lowland populations on mountain water resources". Nature Sustainability. 3 (11): 917–928. Bibcode:2020NatSu...3..917V. doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0559-9. S2CID 220375949.
Daubenmire, R. F. (June 1943). "Vegetational Zonation in the Rocky Mountains". Botanical Review. 9 (6): 325–393. Bibcode:1943BotRv...9..325D. doi:10.1007/BF02872481. S2CID 10413001.

hematologylibrary.org

bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org

Cook, James D.; Boy, Erick; Flowers, Carol; del Carmen Daroca, Maria (2005). "The influence of high-altitude living on body iron". Blood. 106 (4): 1441–1446. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-12-4782. PMID 15870179.

metricviews.org.uk

"What is a "Mountain"? Mynydd Graig Goch and all that..." Metric Views. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.

mountain.org

"The Mountain Institute". Archived from the original on 9 July 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

nationalgeographic.com

"How Mount Fuji became Japan's most sacred symbol". National Geographic. 6 February 2019. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019.

science.nationalgeographic.com

"Mountains: Highest Points on Earth". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.

nau.edu

cpluhna.nau.edu

"Biotic Communities of the Colorado Plateau: C. Hart Merriam and the Life Zones Concept". Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2010.

newyorker.com

Finnegan, William (20 April 2015). "Tears of the Sun". The New Yorker.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ver Straeten, Charles A. (July 2013). "Beneath it all: bedrock geology of the Catskill Mountains and implications of its weathering: Bedrock geology and weathering of the Catskills". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1298: 1–29. doi:10.1111/nyas.12221. PMID 23895551. S2CID 19940868.
Knight, Jasper (24 October 2022). "Scientists' warning of the impacts of climate change on mountains". PeerJ. 10: e14253. doi:10.7717/peerj.14253. PMC 9610668. PMID 36312749.
West, J. B. (2002). "Highest permanent human habitation". High Altitude Medical Biology. 3 (4): 401–407. doi:10.1089/15270290260512882. PMID 12631426.
Moore, Lorna G. (2001). "Human Genetic Adaptation to High Altitude". High Alt Med Biol. 2 (2): 257–279. doi:10.1089/152702901750265341. PMID 11443005.
Cook, James D.; Boy, Erick; Flowers, Carol; del Carmen Daroca, Maria (2005). "The influence of high-altitude living on body iron". Blood. 106 (4): 1441–1446. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-12-4782. PMID 15870179.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Knight, Jasper (24 October 2022). "Scientists' warning of the impacts of climate change on mountains". PeerJ. 10: e14253. doi:10.7717/peerj.14253. PMC 9610668. PMID 36312749.

npr.org

"The 'Highest' Spot on Earth". Npr.org. 7 April 2007. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2012.

panos.org.uk

Panos (2002). "High Stakes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2009.

pbs.org

"Everest: The Death Zone". Nova. PBS. 24 February 1998. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017.

pilgrimagemedievalireland.com

"Mount Brandon". Pilgrimage in Medieval Ireland. 6 June 2016.

reference.com

dictionary.reference.com

"mountain". Dictionary.reference.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.

routledge.com

Apollo, M.; Wengel, Y. (1 October 2021). "Mountaineering Tourism: A Critical Perspective". Routledge.

sacredsites.com

"Mt. Olympus". Sacred Sites: World Pilgrimage Guide.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Ver Straeten, Charles A. (July 2013). "Beneath it all: bedrock geology of the Catskill Mountains and implications of its weathering: Bedrock geology and weathering of the Catskills". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1298: 1–29. doi:10.1111/nyas.12221. PMID 23895551. S2CID 19940868.
Lugo, Ariel E.; Brown, Sandra L.; Dodson, Rusty; Smith, Tom S.; Shugart, Hank H. (1999). "The Holdridge Life Zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping". Journal of Biogeography. 26 (5): 1025–1038. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26.1025L. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x. S2CID 11733879. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013.
Pepin, N. C.; Arnone, E.; Gobiet, A.; Haslinger, K.; et al. (2022). "Climate Changes and Their Elevational Patterns in the Mountains of the World". Reviews of Geophysics. 60 (1). Bibcode:2022RvGeo..6000730P. doi:10.1029/2020RG000730. hdl:2318/1842344. S2CID 247008935.
Deline, Philip; Gruber, Stephan; Amann, Florian; Bodin, Xavier; et al. (2021). "Ice loss from glaciers and permafrost and related slope instability in high-mountain regions". In Haeberli, Wilfried; Whiteman, Colin (eds.). Snow and Ice-Related Hazards, Risks, and Disasters. Hazards and Disasters (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 501–540. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-817129-5.00015-9. ISBN 9780128171295. S2CID 234301790.
Viviroli, D.; Kummu, M.; Meybeck, M.; Kallio, M.; Wada, Y. (2020). "Increasing dependence of lowland populations on mountain water resources". Nature Sustainability. 3 (11): 917–928. Bibcode:2020NatSu...3..917V. doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0559-9. S2CID 220375949.
Daubenmire, R. F. (June 1943). "Vegetational Zonation in the Rocky Mountains". Botanical Review. 9 (6): 325–393. Bibcode:1943BotRv...9..325D. doi:10.1007/BF02872481. S2CID 10413001.
Kolossov, V. (2005). "Border studies: changing perspectives and theoretical approaches". Geopolitics. 10 (4): 606–632. doi:10.1080/14650040500318415. S2CID 143213848.
Apollo, M. (2021). Environmental Impacts of Mountaineering. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6. ISBN 978-3-030-72666-9. S2CID 234774157.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Apollo, M. (2021). Environmental Impacts of Mountaineering. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6. ISBN 978-3-030-72666-9. S2CID 234774157.

thecompletepilgrim.com

"Nanda Devi". Complete Pilgrim. 11 August 2015.

theuiaa.org

"UIAA Activities". UIAA. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2015.

tpub.com

meteorologytraining.tpub.com

"Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate". tpub.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.

ucd.ie

Wilson, Peter (2001). "Listing the Irish hills and mountains" (PDF). Irish Geography. 34 (1). Coleraine: University of Ulster: 89. doi:10.1080/00750770109555778. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.

unep-wcmc.org

Blyth, S.; Groombridge, B.; Lysenko, I.; Miles, L.; Newton, A. (2002). "Mountain Watch" (PDF). Cambridge: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2009.

unibe.ch

boris.unibe.ch

Pepin, N. C.; Arnone, E.; Gobiet, A.; Haslinger, K.; et al. (2022). "Climate Changes and Their Elevational Patterns in the Mountains of the World". Reviews of Geophysics. 60 (1). Bibcode:2022RvGeo..6000730P. doi:10.1029/2020RG000730. hdl:2318/1842344. S2CID 247008935.

upsidedownworld.org

"El Alto, Bolivia: A New World Out of Differences". Archived from the original on 16 May 2015.

usgs.gov

"What is the difference between "mountain", "hill", and "peak"; "lake" and "pond"; or "river" and "creek?"". US Geological Survey.

gallery.usgs.gov

"What is the difference between lake and pond; mountain and hill; or river and creek?". USGS. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.

wateryear2003.org

"International Year of Freshwater 2003". Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

web.archive.org

"The 'Highest' Spot on Earth". Npr.org. 7 April 2007. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
"Survey turns hill into a mountain". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
"A Mountain is a Mountain – isn't it?". www.go4awalk.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
"mountain". Dictionary.reference.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
Wilson, Peter (2001). "Listing the Irish hills and mountains" (PDF). Irish Geography. 34 (1). Coleraine: University of Ulster: 89. doi:10.1080/00750770109555778. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
"What is a "Mountain"? Mynydd Graig Goch and all that..." Metric Views. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
"What is the difference between lake and pond; mountain and hill; or river and creek?". USGS. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Panos (2002). "High Stakes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
Goody, Richard M.; Walker, James C. G. (1972). "Atmospheric Temperatures" (PDF). Atmospheres. Prentice-Hall. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2016.
"Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate". tpub.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
"Factors affecting climate". The United Kingdom Environmental Change Network. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
Lugo, Ariel E.; Brown, Sandra L.; Dodson, Rusty; Smith, Tom S.; Shugart, Hank H. (1999). "The Holdridge Life Zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping". Journal of Biogeography. 26 (5): 1025–1038. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26.1025L. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x. S2CID 11733879. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013.
"Biotic Communities of the Colorado Plateau: C. Hart Merriam and the Life Zones Concept". Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
"Everest: The Death Zone". Nova. PBS. 24 February 1998. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017.
"El Alto, Bolivia: A New World Out of Differences". Archived from the original on 16 May 2015.
"International Year of Freshwater 2003". Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
"The Mountain Institute". Archived from the original on 9 July 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
"UIAA Activities". UIAA. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
"How Mount Fuji became Japan's most sacred symbol". National Geographic. 6 February 2019. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019.
"Nepal and China agree on Mount Everest's height". BBC News. 8 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
"Mountains: Highest Points on Earth". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
Kaye, G. D. (2002). "Using GIS to estimate the total volume of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii". 98th Annual Meeting. Geological Society of America. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009.