Mouthwash (English Wikipedia)

Leukoplakia Archived 3 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, (pdf format) hosted by the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Page accessed on 19 December 2006.

ada.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ada.org

"Learn More About Mouthrinses". American Dental Association. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014.

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"Effect of hexetidine mouthwash - systematic review". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

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Szalai E, Tajti P, Szabó B, Hegyi P, Czumbel LM, Shojazadeh S, Varga G, Németh O, Keremi B (2023). "Daily use of chlorine dioxide effectively treats halitosis: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". PLOS ONE. 18 (1) e0280377. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1880377S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280377. PMC 9836286. PMID 36634129.
Rosenberg M (April 2002). "The science of bad breath". Scientific American. 286 (4): 72–9. Bibcode:2002SciAm.286d..72R. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0402-72. PMID 11905111.

alcoholrehabadvice.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Dangers of Drinking Mouthwash | Alcohol Rehab Advice". alcoholrehabadvice.com. Retrieved 1 December 2016.

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Philipp J (16 July 2015). "Medications, diseases among factors for dry mouth". azcentral.com.

bmj.com (Global: 1,341^st place; English: 1,425^th place)

sti.bmj.com

Chow, Eric PF; Howden, Benjamin P.; Walker, Sandra; Lee, David; Bradshaw, Catriona S.; Chen, Marcus Y.; Snow, Anthony; Cook, Stuart; Fehler, Glenda; Fairley, Christopher K. (1 March 2017). "Antiseptic mouthwash against pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a randomised controlled trial and an in vitro study". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 93 (2): 88–93. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2016-052753. ISSN 1368-4973. PMID 27998950. S2CID 3479567.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Oneschuk D, Hagen N, MacDonald N (2012). Palliative Medicine: A case-based manual (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-19-162873-3.
Keoke ED, Porterfield KM (2002). Encyclopedia of American Indian contributions to the world 15,000 years of inventions and innovations. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4381-0990-9.
Lax A (27 October 2005). Toxin: The cunning of bacterial poisons. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157850-2.
Toedt J, Koza D, Van Cleef-Toedt K (2005), Chemical composition of everyday products (illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 48–49, ISBN 978-0-313-32579-3
Edwards C, Stillman P (2006). Minor Illness or Major Disease?: The Clinical Pharmacist in the Community (4th ed.). London [u.a.]: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-85369-627-8.

brushflossandmouthwash.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jake (1 April 2015). "Should I use Mouthwash".

cbslocal.com (Global: 1,062^nd place; English: 552^nd place)

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Arbogast S (21 May 2014). "Does 'Oil-Pulling' Actually Have Health Benefits?". CBS Pittsburgh.

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"COLCORONA COVID19 Clinical Trial". www.colcorona.net. Retrieved 11 December 2022.

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Greenwood V (2 February 2012). "Hacking the Microbiome for Fun and Profit: Can Killing Just One Mouth Bacterium Stop Cavities?". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 31 October 2012.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Matthews RW (July 2003). "Hot salt water mouth baths". British Dental Journal. 195 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4810318. PMID 12856008. S2CID 3995032.
Chesters RK, Huntington E, Burchell CK, Stephen KW (1992). "Effect of oral care habits on caries in adolescents". Caries Research. 26 (4): 299–304. doi:10.1159/000261456. PMID 1423447.
Zamataro CB, Tenuta LM, Cury JA (June 2008). "Low-fluoride dentifrice and the effect of postbrushing rinsing on fluoride availability in saliva". European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 9 (2): 90–3. doi:10.1007/BF03262616. PMID 18534177. S2CID 31708112.
Pitts N, Duckworth RM, Marsh P, Mutti B, Parnell C, Zero D (April 2012). "Post-brushing rinsing for the control of dental caries: exploration of the available evidence to establish what advice we should give our patients". British Dental Journal. 212 (7): 315–20. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.260. PMID 22498529.
Kozlovsky A, Goldberg S, Natour I, Rogatky-Gat A, Gelernter I, Rosenberg M (June 1996). "Efficacy of a 2-phase oil: water mouthrinse in controlling oral malodor, gingivitis, and plaque". Journal of Periodontology. 67 (6): 577–82. doi:10.1902/jop.1996.67.6.577. PMID 8794967.
Rosenberg M, Gelernter I, Barki M, Bar-Ness R (January 1992). "Day-long reduction of oral malodor by a two-phase oil:water mouthrinse as compared to chlorhexidine and placebo rinses". Journal of Periodontology. 63 (1): 39–43. doi:10.1902/jop.1992.63.1.39. PMID 1552460.
Gunsolley JC (December 2006). "A meta-analysis of six-month studies of antiplaque and antigingivitis agents". Journal of the American Dental Association. 137 (12): 1649–57. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0110. PMID 17138709. S2CID 9347082.
Tal H, Rosenberg M (June 1990). "Estimation of dental plaque levels and gingival inflammation using a simple oral rinse technique". Journal of Periodontology. 61 (6): 339–42. doi:10.1902/jop.1990.61.6.339. PMID 2366142.
Cortelli JR, Thénoux RE (2007). "The effect of mouthrinses against oral microorganisms". Brazilian Oral Research. 21: 23–8. doi:10.1590/S1806-83242007000500005.
Blot, Stijn (2021). "Antiseptic mouthwash, the nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway, and hospital mortality: a hypothesis generating review" (PDF). Intensive Care Medicine. 47 (1): 28–38. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06276-z. ISSN 0342-4642. PMC 7567004. PMID 33067640. Retrieved 29 April 2025.
Joshipura, Kaumudi; Muñoz-Torres, Francisco; Fernández-Santiago, Jeanpaul; Patel, Rakesh P.; Lopez-Candales, Angel (3 March 2020). "Over-the-counter mouthwash use, nitric oxide and hypertension risk". Blood Pressure. 29 (2): 103–112. doi:10.1080/08037051.2019.1680270. ISSN 0803-7051. PMC 7125030. PMID 31709856.
Boulares, Ayoub; Jdidi, Hela; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi (2025). "Impact of Mouthwash-Induced Oral Microbiome Disruption on Alzheimer's Disease Risk: A Perspective Review". International Dental Journal. 75 (1): 45–50. doi:10.1016/j.identj.2024.07.005. PMC 11806309. PMID 39379282.
Curran, James (5 April 2008). "The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine". BMJ. 336 (7647): 777.2–777. doi:10.1136/bmj.39527.472303.4E. PMC 2287209.
Fischman SL (October 1997). "The history of oral hygiene products: how far have we come in 6000 years?". Periodontology 2000. 15: 7–14. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00099.x. PMID 9643227.
Singh A, Purohit B (April 2011). "Tooth brushing, oil pulling and tissue regeneration: A review of holistic approaches to oral health". Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2 (2): 64–8. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.82525. PMC 3131773. PMID 21760690.
Van Zyl AW, Van Heerden WF (2014). "Mouthwash: A review for South African health care workers". South African Family Practice. 52 (2): 121–7. doi:10.1080/20786204.2010.10873950. hdl:2263/14207.
Jaiswal, YS; Williams, LL (January 2017). "A glimpse of Ayurveda - The forgotten history and principles of Indian traditional medicine". Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 7 (1): 50–53. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.02.002. PMC 5198827. PMID 28053888.
Budtz-Jörgensen E, Löe H (1972). "Chlorhexidine as a denture disinfectant in the treatment of denture stomatitis". Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research. 80 (6): 457–64. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1972.tb00314.x. PMID 4575037.
Aichner T, Coletti P (2013). "Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization". Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 15 (1): 20–35. doi:10.1057/dddmp.2013.34.
Bosy A, Kulkarni GV, Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA (January 1994). "Relationship of oral malodor to periodontitis: evidence of independence in discrete subpopulations". Journal of Periodontology. 65 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1902/jop.1994.65.1.37. PMID 8133414.
Loesche WJ, Kazor C (2002). "Microbiology and treatment of halitosis". Periodontology 2000. 28: 256–79. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.280111.x. PMID 12013345.
Chow, Eric PF; Howden, Benjamin P.; Walker, Sandra; Lee, David; Bradshaw, Catriona S.; Chen, Marcus Y.; Snow, Anthony; Cook, Stuart; Fehler, Glenda; Fairley, Christopher K. (1 March 2017). "Antiseptic mouthwash against pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a randomised controlled trial and an in vitro study". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 93 (2): 88–93. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2016-052753. ISSN 1368-4973. PMID 27998950. S2CID 3479567.
Williams, Eloise; Zhang, Bowen; Chow, Eric P. F.; Chea, Socheata; Phillips, Tiffany R.; Maddaford, Kate; Krysiak, Marcelina; Nong, Yi; Stefanatos, Helen; Pasricha, Shivani; Fairley, Christopher K.; Wiliamson, Deborah A. (21 June 2022). "Inhibitory Activity of Antibacterial Mouthwashes and Antiseptic Substances against Neisseria gonorrhoeae". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 66 (6): e0004222. doi:10.1128/aac.00042-22. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 9211398. PMID 35579459.
Chow, Eric P F; Williamson, Deborah A; Hocking, Jane S; Law, Matthew G; Maddaford, Kate; Bradshaw, Catriona S; McNulty, Anna; Templeton, David J; Moore, Richard; Murray, Gerald L; Danielewski, Jennifer A; Wigan, Rebecca; Chen, Marcus Y; Guy, Rebecca J; Zhang, Lei (May 2021). "Antiseptic mouthwash for gonorrhoea prevention (OMEGA): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre trial". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 21 (5): 647–656. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30704-0. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_81175. PMID 33676595. S2CID 232142254.
Van Dijck, Christophe; Tsoumanis, Achilleas; Rotsaert, Anke; Vuylsteke, Bea; Van den Bossche, Dorien; Paeleman, Elke; De Baetselier, Irith; Brosius, Isabel; Laumen, Jolein; Buyze, Jozefien; Wouters, Kristien; Lynen, Lutgarde; Van Esbroeck, Marjan; Herssens, Natacha; Abdellati, Said (May 2021). "Antibacterial mouthwash to prevent sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men taking HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PReGo): a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial S1473-3099(20)30778-7". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 21 (5): 657–667. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30778-7. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 33676596. S2CID 232142467.
Rao KN, Mehta R, Dange P, Nagarkar NM (8 May 2024). "Alcohol-Containing Mouthwash and the Risk of Oral Cancer: Exploring the Association". Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology. 15 (3): 553–556. doi:10.1007/s13193-024-01948-4. ISSN 0975-7651. PMC 11371988. PMID 39239449. There is some evidence for alcohol-containing mouthwash use which is associated with the potential risk of developing carcinoma of oral cavity. The results are inconclusive.
Kumbargere Nagraj, Sumanth; Eachempati, Prashanti; Uma, Eswara; Singh, Vijendra Pal; Ismail, Noorliza Mastura; Varghese, Eby (11 December 2019). Cochrane Oral Health Group (ed.). "Interventions for managing halitosis". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (12): CD006701. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012213.pub2. PMC 6905014. PMID 31825092.
Radzki, Dominik; Wilhelm-Węglarz, Marta; Pruska, Katarzyna; Kusiak, Aida; Ordyniec-Kwaśnica, Iwona (January 2022). "A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes—What Is Inside and What Is It For?". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (7): 3926. doi:10.3390/ijerph19073926. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 8997378. PMID 35409608.
Ribeiro LG, Hashizume LN, Maltz M (May 2007). "The effect of different formulations of chlorhexidine in reducing levels of mutans streptococci in the oral cavity: A systematic review of the literature". Journal of Dentistry. 35 (5): 359–70. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2007.01.007. PMID 17391828.
James P, Worthington HV, Parnell C, Harding M, Lamont T, Cheung A, et al. (March 2017). "Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (12) CD008676. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008676.pub2. PMC 6464488. PMID 28362061.
Ennibi O, Lakhdar L, Bouziane A, Bensouda Y, Abouqal R (January 2013). "Chlorhexidine alcohol base mouthrinse versus Chlorhexidine formaldehyde base mouthrinse efficacy on plaque control: double blind, randomized clinical trials". Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 18 (1): e135-9. doi:10.4317/medoral.17863. PMC 3548633. PMID 23229237.
Herrera D (March 2013). "Chlorhexidine mouthwash reduces plaque and gingivitis". Evidence-Based Dentistry. 14 (1): 17–8. doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400915. PMID 23579302.
Daly, BJ; Sharif, MO; Jones, K; Worthington, HV; Beattie, A (26 September 2022). "Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (9) CD006968. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006968.pub3. PMC 9511819. PMID 36156769.
Swaaij, Bregje W. M.; van der Weijden, G. A. (Fridus); Bakker, Eric W. P.; Graziani, Filippo; Slot, Dagmar E. (August 2019). "Does chlorhexidine mouthwash, with an anti-discoloration system, reduce tooth surface discoloration without losing its efficacy? A systematic review and meta-analysis". International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 18 (1): 27–43. doi:10.1111/idh.12402. PMC 7003798. PMID 31054209.
Kerémi B, Márta K, Farkas K, Czumbel LM, Tóth B, Szakács Z, Csupor D, Czimmer J, Rumbus Z, Révész P, Németh A, Gerber G, Hegyi P, Varga G (2020). "Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Hygiene - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 26 (25): 3015–3025. doi:10.2174/1381612826666200515134450. PMC 8383470. PMID 32410557.
Szalai E, Tajti P, Szabó B, Hegyi P, Czumbel LM, Shojazadeh S, Varga G, Németh O, Keremi B (2023). "Daily use of chlorine dioxide effectively treats halitosis: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". PLOS ONE. 18 (1) e0280377. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1880377S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280377. PMC 9836286. PMID 36634129.
Asokan S, Emmadi P, Chamundeswari R (2009). "Effect of oil pulling on plaque induced gingivitis: a randomized, controlled, triple-blind study". Indian Journal of Dental Research. 20 (1): 47–51. doi:10.4103/0970-9290.49067. PMID 19336860.
Kim JY, Jung JW, Choi JC, Shin JW, Park IW, Choi BW (February 2014). "Recurrent lipoid pneumonia associated with oil pulling". The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 18 (2): 251–2. doi:10.5588/ijtld.13.0852. PMID 24429325.
Stoeken JE, Paraskevas S, van der Weijden GA (July 2007). "The long-term effect of a mouthrinse containing essential oils on dental plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review". Journal of Periodontology. 78 (7): 1218–28. doi:10.1902/jop.2007.060269. PMID 17608576.
Iha K, Suzuki N, Yoneda M, Takeshita T, Hirofuji T (October 2013). "Effect of mouth cleaning with hinokitiol-containing gel on oral malodor: a randomized, open-label pilot study". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 116 (4): 433–9. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2013.05.021. PMID 23969334.
Alshehri FA (January 2018). "The use of mouthwash containing essential oils (LISTERINE®) to improve oral health: A systematic review". The Saudi Dental Journal. 30 (1): 2–6. doi:10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.12.004. PMC 6112363. PMID 30166864.
Van Leeuwen MP, Slot DE, Van der Weijden GA (February 2011). "Essential oils compared to chlorhexidine with respect to plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review". Journal of Periodontology. 82 (2): 174–94. doi:10.1902/jop.2010.100266. PMID 21043801.
Yazicioglu O, Ucuncu MK, Guven K (April 2024). "Ingredients in Commercially Available Mouthwashes". International Dental Journal. 74 (2): 223–241. doi:10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.004. PMC 10988267. PMID 37709645. Amongst the mouthwashes included in our study, sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, and stannous fluoride were found.
Marinho VC, Chong LY, Worthington HV, Walsh T (July 2016). "Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7 (7) CD002284. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002284.pub2. PMC 6457869. PMID 27472005.
Giertsen E, Emberland H, Scheie AA (1999). "Effects of mouth rinses with xylitol and fluoride on dental plaque and saliva". Caries Research. 33 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1159/000016492. PMID 9831777. S2CID 46789673.
Wennström J, Lindhe J (April 1979). "Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 6 (2): 115–30. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.1979.tb02190.x. PMID 379049.
Yamashita S, Sato S, Kakiuchi Y, Miyabe M, Yamaguchi H (November 2002). "Lidocaine toxicity during frequent viscous lidocaine use for painful tongue ulcer". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 24 (5): 543–5. doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00498-0. PMID 12547053.
Elad S, Cohen G, Zylber-Katz E, Findler M, Galili D, Garfunkel AA, Or R (April 1999). "Systemic absorption of lidocaine after topical application for the treatment of oral mucositis in bone marrow transplantation patients". Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 28 (4): 170–2. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1999.tb02018.x. PMID 10235370.
Lynch MC, Perfekt R, McGuire JA, Milleman J, Gallob J, Amini P, Milleman K (July 2018). "Potassium oxalate mouthrinse reduces dentinal hypersensitivity: A randomized controlled clinical study". Journal of the American Dental Association. 149 (7): 608–618. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2018.02.027. PMID 29728195.
Satomura K, Kitamura T, Kawamura T, Shimbo T, Watanabe M, Kamei M, et al. (November 2005). "Prevention of upper respiratory tract infections by gargling: a randomized trial". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 29 (4): 302–7. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.013. PMID 16242593.
Kawana R, Kitamura T, Nakagomi O, Matsumoto I, Arita M, Yoshihara N, et al. (1997). "Inactivation of human viruses by povidone-iodine in comparison with other antiseptics". Dermatology. 195 Suppl 2 (2): 29–35. doi:10.1159/000246027. PMID 9403252.
Bidra AS, Pelletier JS, Westover JB, Frank S, Brown SM, Tessema B (August 2020). "Comparison of In Vitro Inactivation of SARS CoV-2 with Hydrogen Peroxide and Povidone-Iodine Oral Antiseptic Rinses". Journal of Prosthodontics. 29 (7): 599–603. doi:10.1111/jopr.13220. PMC 7361576. PMID 32608097.
Maurya RK, Singh H, Kapoor P, Sharma P, Srivastava D (March 2021). "Povidone-iodine preprocedural rinse-An evidence-based, second-line defense against severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in dental healthcare". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 43 (6): 822–824. doi:10.1017/ice.2021.90. PMC 7985894. PMID 33706836.
Rosenberg M (April 2002). "The science of bad breath". Scientific American. 286 (4): 72–9. Bibcode:2002SciAm.286d..72R. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0402-72. PMID 11905111.
Saunders DP, Epstein JB, Elad S, A Mario J, Bossi P, van de Wetering MD, et al. (November 2013). "Systematic review of antimicrobials, mucosal coating agents, anesthetics, and analgesics for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients". Supportive Care in Cancer. 21 (11): 3191–207. doi:10.1007/s00520-013-1871-y. PMID 23832272.
Yarom N, Zelig K, Epstein JB, Gorsky M (June 2017). "The efficacy of minocycline mouth rinses on the symptoms associated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study assessing different doses of oral rinse". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 123 (6): 675–679. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2017.02.013. PMID 28411006.

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Chow, Eric P F; Williamson, Deborah A; Hocking, Jane S; Law, Matthew G; Maddaford, Kate; Bradshaw, Catriona S; McNulty, Anna; Templeton, David J; Moore, Richard; Murray, Gerald L; Danielewski, Jennifer A; Wigan, Rebecca; Chen, Marcus Y; Guy, Rebecca J; Zhang, Lei (May 2021). "Antiseptic mouthwash for gonorrhoea prevention (OMEGA): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre trial". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 21 (5): 647–656. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30704-0. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_81175. PMID 33676595. S2CID 232142254.

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Chow, Eric P F; Williamson, Deborah A; Hocking, Jane S; Law, Matthew G; Maddaford, Kate; Bradshaw, Catriona S; McNulty, Anna; Templeton, David J; Moore, Richard; Murray, Gerald L; Danielewski, Jennifer A; Wigan, Rebecca; Chen, Marcus Y; Guy, Rebecca J; Zhang, Lei (May 2021). "Antiseptic mouthwash for gonorrhoea prevention (OMEGA): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre trial". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 21 (5): 647–656. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30704-0. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_81175. PMID 33676595. S2CID 232142254.

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McNamara M. "Zinc for Bad Breath (Halitosis)". LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved 1 December 2016.

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Matthews RW (July 2003). "Hot salt water mouth baths". British Dental Journal. 195 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4810318. PMID 12856008. S2CID 3995032.
Mystikos C, Yoshino T, Ramberg P, Birkhed D (2011). "Effect of post-brushing mouthrinse solutions on salivary fluoride retention". Swedish Dental Journal. 35 (1): 17–24. PMID 21591596.
Chesters RK, Huntington E, Burchell CK, Stephen KW (1992). "Effect of oral care habits on caries in adolescents". Caries Research. 26 (4): 299–304. doi:10.1159/000261456. PMID 1423447.
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Jaiswal, YS; Williams, LL (January 2017). "A glimpse of Ayurveda - The forgotten history and principles of Indian traditional medicine". Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 7 (1): 50–53. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.02.002. PMC 5198827. PMID 28053888.
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Kumbargere Nagraj, Sumanth; Eachempati, Prashanti; Uma, Eswara; Singh, Vijendra Pal; Ismail, Noorliza Mastura; Varghese, Eby (11 December 2019). Cochrane Oral Health Group (ed.). "Interventions for managing halitosis". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (12): CD006701. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012213.pub2. PMC 6905014. PMID 31825092.
Radzki, Dominik; Wilhelm-Węglarz, Marta; Pruska, Katarzyna; Kusiak, Aida; Ordyniec-Kwaśnica, Iwona (January 2022). "A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes—What Is Inside and What Is It For?". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (7): 3926. doi:10.3390/ijerph19073926. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 8997378. PMID 35409608.
James P, Worthington HV, Parnell C, Harding M, Lamont T, Cheung A, et al. (March 2017). "Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (12) CD008676. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008676.pub2. PMC 6464488. PMID 28362061.
Ennibi O, Lakhdar L, Bouziane A, Bensouda Y, Abouqal R (January 2013). "Chlorhexidine alcohol base mouthrinse versus Chlorhexidine formaldehyde base mouthrinse efficacy on plaque control: double blind, randomized clinical trials". Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 18 (1): e135-9. doi:10.4317/medoral.17863. PMC 3548633. PMID 23229237.
Daly, BJ; Sharif, MO; Jones, K; Worthington, HV; Beattie, A (26 September 2022). "Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (9) CD006968. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006968.pub3. PMC 9511819. PMID 36156769.
Swaaij, Bregje W. M.; van der Weijden, G. A. (Fridus); Bakker, Eric W. P.; Graziani, Filippo; Slot, Dagmar E. (August 2019). "Does chlorhexidine mouthwash, with an anti-discoloration system, reduce tooth surface discoloration without losing its efficacy? A systematic review and meta-analysis". International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 18 (1): 27–43. doi:10.1111/idh.12402. PMC 7003798. PMID 31054209.
Kerémi B, Márta K, Farkas K, Czumbel LM, Tóth B, Szakács Z, Csupor D, Czimmer J, Rumbus Z, Révész P, Németh A, Gerber G, Hegyi P, Varga G (2020). "Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Hygiene - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 26 (25): 3015–3025. doi:10.2174/1381612826666200515134450. PMC 8383470. PMID 32410557.
Szalai E, Tajti P, Szabó B, Hegyi P, Czumbel LM, Shojazadeh S, Varga G, Németh O, Keremi B (2023). "Daily use of chlorine dioxide effectively treats halitosis: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". PLOS ONE. 18 (1) e0280377. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1880377S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280377. PMC 9836286. PMID 36634129.
Alshehri FA (January 2018). "The use of mouthwash containing essential oils (LISTERINE®) to improve oral health: A systematic review". The Saudi Dental Journal. 30 (1): 2–6. doi:10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.12.004. PMC 6112363. PMID 30166864.
Yazicioglu O, Ucuncu MK, Guven K (April 2024). "Ingredients in Commercially Available Mouthwashes". International Dental Journal. 74 (2): 223–241. doi:10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.004. PMC 10988267. PMID 37709645. Amongst the mouthwashes included in our study, sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, and stannous fluoride were found.
Marinho VC, Chong LY, Worthington HV, Walsh T (July 2016). "Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7 (7) CD002284. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002284.pub2. PMC 6457869. PMID 27472005.
Bidra AS, Pelletier JS, Westover JB, Frank S, Brown SM, Tessema B (August 2020). "Comparison of In Vitro Inactivation of SARS CoV-2 with Hydrogen Peroxide and Povidone-Iodine Oral Antiseptic Rinses". Journal of Prosthodontics. 29 (7): 599–603. doi:10.1111/jopr.13220. PMC 7361576. PMID 32608097.
Maurya RK, Singh H, Kapoor P, Sharma P, Srivastava D (March 2021). "Povidone-iodine preprocedural rinse-An evidence-based, second-line defense against severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in dental healthcare". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 43 (6): 822–824. doi:10.1017/ice.2021.90. PMC 7985894. PMID 33706836.

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Blot, Stijn (2021). "Antiseptic mouthwash, the nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway, and hospital mortality: a hypothesis generating review" (PDF). Intensive Care Medicine. 47 (1): 28–38. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06276-z. ISSN 0342-4642. PMC 7567004. PMID 33067640. Retrieved 29 April 2025.
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Williams, Eloise; Zhang, Bowen; Chow, Eric P. F.; Chea, Socheata; Phillips, Tiffany R.; Maddaford, Kate; Krysiak, Marcelina; Nong, Yi; Stefanatos, Helen; Pasricha, Shivani; Fairley, Christopher K.; Wiliamson, Deborah A. (21 June 2022). "Inhibitory Activity of Antibacterial Mouthwashes and Antiseptic Substances against Neisseria gonorrhoeae". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 66 (6): e0004222. doi:10.1128/aac.00042-22. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 9211398. PMID 35579459.
Van Dijck, Christophe; Tsoumanis, Achilleas; Rotsaert, Anke; Vuylsteke, Bea; Van den Bossche, Dorien; Paeleman, Elke; De Baetselier, Irith; Brosius, Isabel; Laumen, Jolein; Buyze, Jozefien; Wouters, Kristien; Lynen, Lutgarde; Van Esbroeck, Marjan; Herssens, Natacha; Abdellati, Said (May 2021). "Antibacterial mouthwash to prevent sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men taking HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PReGo): a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial S1473-3099(20)30778-7". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 21 (5): 657–667. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30778-7. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 33676596. S2CID 232142467.
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Radzki, Dominik; Wilhelm-Węglarz, Marta; Pruska, Katarzyna; Kusiak, Aida; Ordyniec-Kwaśnica, Iwona (January 2022). "A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes—What Is Inside and What Is It For?". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (7): 3926. doi:10.3390/ijerph19073926. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 8997378. PMID 35409608.

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