Mughal Empire (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Mughal Empire" in English language version.

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Colin McEvedy; Richard Jones (1978). Atlas of World Population History (PDF). New York: Facts on File. pp. 184–185. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2017.

archive.org

Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (2002). Thackston, Wheeler M. (ed.). The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. New York: Modern Library. p. xlvi. ISBN 978-0-375-76137-9. In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temür's title Gurkân, the Persianized form of the Mongolian kürägän, 'son-in-law,' a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess.
Majumdar 1974, pp. 59, 65. Majumdar, R.C. (1974). The Mughul Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
Smith, Vincent Arthur (1917). Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542–1605. Oxford at The Clarendon Press. pp. 13–14.
Begum, Gulbadan (1902). The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-Nāma). Translated by Beveridge, Annette S. Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 237–239.
Pagadi, Setu Madhavarao (1970). "Maratha-Nizam Relations : Nizam-Ul-Mulk's Letters". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 51 (1/4): 94. The Mughal court was hostile to Nizam-ul-Mulk..... Nizam did not interfere with the Maratha activities in Malwa and Gujarat.....Nizam-ul-Mulk considered the Maratha army...
Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2004). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-203-71253-5.
Alter, Joseph S. (1992). The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India. University of California Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-520-07697-6. Wrestling in modern India is a synthesis of two different traditions: the Persian form of the art brought into South Asia by the Moguls, and an indigenous Hindu form.
Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1932). History Of Shahjahan Of Dihli 1932. Indian Press Limited. p. 4.
Streusand 2011. Streusand, Douglas E. (2011). Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Philadelphia: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-1359-7.
Streusand 2011, p. 255. Streusand, Douglas E. (2011). Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Philadelphia: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-1359-7.
Partington, James Riddick (1999) [First published 1960]. A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-8018-5954-0.
Partington, James Riddick (1999) [First published 1960]. A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-8018-5954-0.

archive.today

"Indian History Collective". 30 December 2023. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023.

asiaurangabad.in

"Name of the Monument/ site: Tomb of Aurangzeb" (PDF). asiaurangabad.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015.

bbc.co.uk

"BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism". BBC. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
"Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)". Religions. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.

books.google.com

József Böröcz (2009). The European Union and Global Social Change. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-135-25580-0. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
Richards 1995, pp. 73–74. Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Stein 2010, pp. 159–. Quote: "The realm so defined and governed was a vast territory of some 750,000 square miles [1,900,000 km²], ranging from the frontier with Central Asia in northern Afghanistan to the northern uplands of the Deccan plateau, and from the Indus basin on the west to the Assamese highlands in the east." Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, retrieved 15 July 2019
Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), South Asia in World History, Oxford University Press, p. 62, ISBN 978-0-19-066137-3, retrieved 15 July 2019 Quote: "Babur then adroitly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in return for their military aid, which he received in the form of the newest of battlefield inventions, the matchlock gun and cast cannons, as well as instructors to train his men to use them."
Stein 2010, pp. 159–. Quote: "Another possible date for the beginning of the Mughal regime is 1600 when the institutions that defined the regime were set firmly in place and when the heartland of the empire was defined; both of these were the accomplishment of Babur's grandson Akbar." Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, retrieved 15 July 2019
Stein 2010, pp. 159–. Quote: "The imperial career of the Mughal house is conventionally reckoned to have ended in 1707 when the emperor Aurangzeb, a fifth-generation descendant of Babur, died. His fifty-year reign began in 1658 with the Mughal state seeming as strong as ever or even stronger. But in Aurangzeb's later years the state was brought to the brink of destruction, over which it toppled within a decade and a half after his death; by 1720 imperial Mughal rule was largely finished and an epoch of two imperial centuries had closed." Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, retrieved 15 July 2019
Richards 1995, p. xv. Quote: "By the latter date (1720) the essential structure of the centralized state was disintegrated beyond repair." Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Stein 2010, pp. 159–. Quote: "The vaunting of such progenitors pointed up the central character of the Mughal regime as a warrior state: it was born in war and it was sustained by war until the eighteenth century when warfare destroyed it." Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, retrieved 15 July 2019
Robb 2011, pp. 108–. Quote: "The Mughal state was geared for war and succeeded while it won its battles. It controlled territory partly through its network of strongholds, from its fortified capitals in Agra, Delhi or Lahore, which defined its heartlands, to the converted and expanded forts of Rajasthan and the Deccan. The emperor's will be frequently enforced in battle. Hundreds of army scouts were an important source of information. But the empire's administrative structure too was defined by and directed at war. Local military checkpoints or thanas kept order. Directly appointed imperial military and civil commanders (faujdars) controlled the cavalry and infantry, or the administration, in each region. The peasantry in turn were often armed, able to provide supporters for regional powers, and liable to rebellion on their account: continual pacification was required of the rulers." Robb, Peter (2011), A History of India, Macmillan International Higher Education, ISBN 978-0-230-34424-2
Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), South Asia in World History, Oxford University Press, pp. 75–, ISBN 978-0-19-066137-3, archived from the original on 22 September 2023, retrieved 15 July 2019 Quote: "With Safavid and Ottoman aid, the Mughals would soon join these two powers in a triumvirate of warrior-driven, expansionist, and both militarily and bureaucratically efficient early modern states, now often called "gunpowder empires" due to their common proficiency is using such weapons to conquer lands they sought to control."
Robb 2011, pp. 99–100. Robb, Peter (2011), A History of India, Macmillan International Higher Education, ISBN 978-0-230-34424-2
Stein 2010, pp. 164–. Quote: "The resource base of Akbar's new order was land revenue" Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, retrieved 15 July 2019
Stein 2010, pp. 164–. Quote: "... well over half of the output from the fields in his realm, after the costs of production had been met, is estimated to have been taken from the peasant producers by way of official taxes and unofficial exactions. Moreover, payments were exacted in money, and this required a well-regulated silver currency." Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, retrieved 15 July 2019
Vanina, Eugenia (2012). Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man. Primus Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-93-80607-19-1. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
Hardy, P. (1979). "Modern European and Muslim Explanations of Conversion to Islam in South Asia: A Preliminary Survey of the Literature". In Levtzion, Nehemia (ed.). Conversion to Islam. Holmes & Meier. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8419-0343-2. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Mosca, Matthew (2013). From Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–94. ISBN 978-0-8047-8538-9. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
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Richards 1995, p. 8. Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Richards 1995, p. 12. Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Stein 2010, p. 162. Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, retrieved 15 July 2019
Mohammada, Malika (2007). The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India. Aakar Books. p. 300. ISBN 978-81-89833-18-3.
Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017). South Asia in World History. Oxford University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-19-976034-3. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Robb 2011, pp. 97–98. Robb, Peter (2011), A History of India, Macmillan International Higher Education, ISBN 978-0-230-34424-2
Singhal, Damodar P. (1983). A History of the Indian People. Methuen. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-413-48730-8. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
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Truschke 2017, p. 68. Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5.
Robb 2011, p. 98. Robb, Peter (2011), A History of India, Macmillan International Higher Education, ISBN 978-0-230-34424-2
Abhishek Kaicker (2020). The King and the People: Sovereignty and Popular Politics in Mughal Delhi. Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-19-007067-0. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Richards 1995, pp. 220–222. Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Richards 1995, p. 252. Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Truschke 2017, p. 58. Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5.
Audrey Truschke (2021). the Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule. Publisher:Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55195-3. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Muhammad Yasin (1958). A Social History of Islamic India, 1605–1748. Upper India Publishing House. p. 18. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023. became virtual rulers and 'de facto' sovereigns when they began to make and unmake emperors. They had developed a sort of common brotherhood among themselves
Columbia University Press (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. p. 309. ISBN 978-8131732021. Even more disturbing was the fact that the assertion of independence had spread to other part of the empire too, and the governors of Hyderabad, Bengal and Awadh soon established independent kingdoms as well.
Rathod, N.G. (1994). The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-85431-52-9.
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Streusand 2018, p. "...Mughal rulers pursued a more laissez-faire economic approach, benefiting from the prosperity of...". Streusand, Douglas E. (2018). Islamic Gunpowder Empires Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780429979217. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
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Richard M. Eaton (2013). Eaton, Richard M.; Faruqui, Munis D.; Gilmartin, David; Kumar, Sunil (eds.). Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History Essays in Honour of John F. Richards. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107300002. ISBN 978-1-107-03428-0. I consider all this army (Marathas) as my own.....I will enter into an understanding with them and entrust the Mulukgiri(raiding) on that side of the Narmada to them.

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Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). "East–West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 219–229. doi:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369. ISSN 1076-156X.
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Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 158–. Quote: "The Mughal empire was based in the interior of a large land mass and derived the vast majority of its revenues from agriculture." Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 152–. Quote: "His stipulation that land taxes be paid in cash forced peasants into market networks, where they could obtain the necessary money, while the standardization of imperial currency made the exchange of goods for money easier." Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
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Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 186–. Quote: "All these factors resulted in greater patronage of the arts, including textiles, paintings, architecture, jewellery, and weapons to meet the ceremonial requirements of kings and princes." Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
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worldcat.org

Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 115. Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 152–. Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 158–. Quote: "The Mughal empire was based in the interior of a large land mass and derived the vast majority of its revenues from agriculture." Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 152–. Quote: "His stipulation that land taxes be paid in cash forced peasants into market networks, where they could obtain the necessary money, while the standardization of imperial currency made the exchange of goods for money easier." Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 152–. Quote: "Above all, the long period of relative peace ushered in by Akbar's power, and maintained by his successors, contributed to India's economic expansion." Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 186–. Quote: "As the European presence in India grew, their demands for Indian goods and trading rights increased, thus bringing even greater wealth to the already flush Indian courts." Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 186–. Quote: "The elite spent more and more money on luxury goods and sumptuous lifestyles, and the rulers built entire new capital cities at times." Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 186–. Quote: "All these factors resulted in greater patronage of the arts, including textiles, paintings, architecture, jewellery, and weapons to meet the ceremonial requirements of kings and princes." Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Parvez, Aslam; Fārūqī, At̤har (2017). The life & poetry of Bahadur Shah Zafar. New Delhi, India: Hay House India. ISBN 978-93-85827-47-1. OCLC 993093699.
Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 116. Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 117. Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 128. Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 267. Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 225. Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2008). Historic cities of the Islamic world. Brill. p. 127. ISBN 978-90-04-15388-2. OCLC 231801473.
Eaton, Richard M. (2019). India in the Persianate Age : 1000–1765. University of California Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-520-97423-4. OCLC 1243310832.
Alam, Muzaffar (2004). The languages of political Islam : India 1200–1800. University of Chicago Press. pp. 134, 144. ISBN 0-226-01100-3. OCLC 469379391.

youtube.com

MughalistanSipahi (19 June 2010). "Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2012 – via YouTube.