Muhammad of Ghor (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Muhammad of Ghor" in English language version.

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Habibullah 1957, p. 21. Habibullah, A. B. M. (1957). The Foundation of Muslim rule in India.
Habibullah 1957, p. 21-22. Habibullah, A. B. M. (1957). The Foundation of Muslim rule in India.
Habibullah 1957, p. 22. Habibullah, A. B. M. (1957). The Foundation of Muslim rule in India.
www.islamicebay.com (1829). History Of The Rise Of The Mahomedan Power In India Volume 1, 2, 3. p. 95. ...led an army towards Mooltan, and having subdued that province, martched to Oocha. The Raja was besieged in his fort; but Mahomed Ghoori, finding it would be difficult to reduce the place, sent a private message to the Raja's wife, promising to marry her if she would deliver up her husband.
The base woman returned for answer, that she was rather too old herself to think of matrimony; but that she had a beautiful and young daughter, whom if he would promise to espouse, and leave her in free possession of her wealth, she would in a few days remove the Raja. Mahomed Ghoory accepted the proposal; and this Princess, in a few days, found means to assassinate her husband, and to open the gates to the enemy. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
www.islamicebay.com (1829). History Of The Rise Of The Mahomedan Power In India Volume 1, 2, 3. p. 95. Mahomed only partly performed his promise, by marrying the daughter, upon her embracing the true faith; but he made no scruple to depart from his engagements with the mother; for instead of trusting her with the country, he sent her to Ghazni, where she afterwards died of sorrow and disappointment. Nor did the daughter long survive, for in the space of two years she also fell a victim to grief. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Saran 2001, p. 119. Saran, Paramatma (2001) [1957]. "The Turkish Conquest of Northern India". In S. Ramakrishnan (ed.). History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
Saran 2001, p. 121. Saran, Paramatma (2001) [1957]. "The Turkish Conquest of Northern India". In S. Ramakrishnan (ed.). History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
Habibullah 1957, p. 23. Habibullah, A. B. M. (1957). The Foundation of Muslim rule in India.
Habibullah 1957, p. 24. Habibullah, A. B. M. (1957). The Foundation of Muslim rule in India.
Habibullah 1957, p. 25. Habibullah, A. B. M. (1957). The Foundation of Muslim rule in India.
Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor. London, Hutchinson. p. 166.
Al-Kāmil fī al-tārīkh by Ibn Athir. p. 90.
Al-Kāmil fī al-tārīkh by Ibn Athir. pp. 92–93.
Al-Kāmil fī al-tārīkh by Ibn Athir. p. 93. It is claimed that it was the Isma'ilis who killed him because they feared his expedition into Khurasan. He had an army that was besieging one of their fortresses, as we have related.
Al-Kāmil fī al-tārīkh by Ibn Athir. p. 93. Some troublemakers, people of Ghazna, came and said to the mamlukes, 'Fakhr al-Din al-Razi killed your master, because he 1s the one who sent the assassins, instigated by Khwarazm Shah. They rose up against him, meaning to kill him, but he fled and sought Muayyad al-Mulk, the vizier. After he had told him of his situation, the vizier sent him secretly to a safe place.
Saran 2001, p. 125. Saran, Paramatma (2001) [1957]. "The Turkish Conquest of Northern India". In S. Ramakrishnan (ed.). History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

Yasin, Aamir (8 October 2017). "The tomb of the man who conquered Delhi". Dawn newspaper. Archived from the original on 17 July 2025. Retrieved 17 July 2025.

atimes.com (Global: 5,506^th place; English: low place)

Sudha Ramachandran (3 September 2005). "Asia's missiles strike at the heart". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2021.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Khan 2008, p. 38-39. Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
Lal 1992, p. 27. Lal, Kishori Sharan (1992). The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-85689-03-6.
Nizami 1970, p. 155-156. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Flood 2009, p. 95. Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7.
Habib 1981, p. 108. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Thomas 2018, p. 59. Thomas, David (2018). The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire. Sydney University Press. ISBN 978-1-74332-542-1.
Wink 1991, p. 138. Wink, Andre (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 9004102361.
Habib 1981, p. 109. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Habib 1981, p. 135. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Thomas 2018, p. 47-48. Thomas, David (2018). The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire. Sydney University Press. ISBN 978-1-74332-542-1.
Bosworth 1968, p. 163. Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Habib 1981, p. 135-136. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Wink 1991, p. 143. Wink, Andre (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 9004102361.
Bosworth 1968, p. 168-169. Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Flood 2009, p. 89. Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7.
Wink 1991, p. 142. Wink, Andre (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 9004102361.
Hooja 2006, p. 262. Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0.
Chandra 2007, p. 68. Chandra, Satish (2007). History of Medieval India:800-1700. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7.
Khan 2008, p. 116. Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
Wink 1991, p. 245. Wink, Andre (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 9004102361.
Hooja 2006, p. 261. Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0.
Lal 1992, p. 109. Lal, Kishori Sharan (1992). The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-85689-03-6.
Nizami 1970, p. 156. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj (1881). Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muḥammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindūstān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals Into Islām. Gilbert & Rivington. pp. 453–454.
Nizami 1970, p. 158. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1981, p. 112. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Wink 1991, p. 144. Wink, Andre (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 9004102361.
Khan 2008, p. 141-142. Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
Khan 2008, p. 102. Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
Lal 1992, p. 111. Lal, Kishori Sharan (1992). The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-85689-03-6.
Roy 2004, p. 41. Roy, Kaushik (2004). India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-7824-109-8.
Ray 2019, p. 42. Ray, Aniruddha (2019). The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-00729-9.
Habib 1981, p. 113. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Roy 2004, p. 40–42: "Cavalry was not suited for laying siege to forts and Rajputs lacked both the siege machines and infantry to storm and destroy fortress walls. Tulaki was able to keep Prithviraj at bay for thirteen months. Within this time, Muhammad had raised 120,000 cavalry" Roy, Kaushik (2004). India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-7824-109-8.
Lal 1992, p. 110. Lal, Kishori Sharan (1992). The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-85689-03-6.
Lal 1992, p. 110-111. Lal, Kishori Sharan (1992). The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-85689-03-6.
Nizami 1970, p. 162. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Wink 1991, p. 145-146. Wink, Andre (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 9004102361.
Wink 1991, p. 145. Wink, Andre (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 9004102361.
Chandra 2006, p. 25. Chandra, Satish (2006). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
Wink 1991, p. 109, 141. Wink, Andre (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 9004102361.
Singh, R. B. (1964). History of the Chāhamānas. Varanasi: N. Kishore. pp. 199–202, 461.
Eaton 2000, p. 108: "From Ajmer in Rajasthan, the former capital of the defeated Cahamana Rajputs – also, significantly, the wellspring of Chishti piety the post-1192 pattern of temple desecration moved swiftly down the Gangetic Plain" Eaton, Richard (2000). Essays on Islam and Indian History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-565114-0.
Sharma 1959, p. 87. Sharma, Dasharatha (1959). Early Chauhān Dynasties. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9780842606189. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Sharma 1959, p. 100. Sharma, Dasharatha (1959). Early Chauhān Dynasties. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9780842606189. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Chandra 2006, p. 26-27. Chandra, Satish (2006). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
Kumar 2002, p. 9. Kumar, Sunil (2002). The Present in Delhi's Pasts. Three Essays Press. ISBN 978-81-88394-00-5.
Chandra 2006, p. 27. Chandra, Satish (2006). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
Thomas 2018, p. 63. Thomas, David (2018). The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire. Sydney University Press. ISBN 978-1-74332-542-1.
Kumar 2002, p. 20. Kumar, Sunil (2002). The Present in Delhi's Pasts. Three Essays Press. ISBN 978-81-88394-00-5.
Habib 1981, p. 117. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Khan 2008, p. 17,105. Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
Chandra 2006, p. 36. Chandra, Satish (2006). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
Chandra 2007, p. 71. Chandra, Satish (2007). History of Medieval India:800-1700. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7.
Asher, Frederick M. (25 February 2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Getty Publications. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-60606-616-4. And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth
Asher, Frederick M. (25 February 2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Getty Publications. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-60606-616-4.
Ray 2019, p. 44:"Shihabuddin again came to India in 1195-1196. This time he attacked Biyana, Kumarpal king of Bayana was a Rajput of the Yaddo Bhatti sect. Once the attack of Shihabuddin started, the king went to Thankar and camped there. After some time, he was forced to submit. Bahauddin Turghil was given the charge of Thankar" Ray, Aniruddha (2019). The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-00729-9.
Hooja 2006, p. 276:"Nizami's Taj-ul-Maasir informs us that in the year 592 of the Hijri calendar (i.e. AD 1196), Muhammad bin-Sam Ghori, and his lieutenant Qutb-ud-din Aibak marched towards Thangar [Tahangarh]. Thereafter, noted Nizami, that centre of idolatry became the abode of [God's] glory, following the taking of the hitherto impregnable fortress and the defeat of the local ruler, Kunwarpal (Kumarapal), whose life was spared. The administration of the fort and area around it was then conferred on Baha-ud-din Tughril by the Sultan. In a like manner, the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri records that Sultan Ghazi Muizzuddin conquered the fortress of Thankar [Tahangarh] in the country of Bayana, and after dealing with the Rai [i.e. Raja], gave the governance of it into the hands of Baha-ud-din Tughril. The latter improved the condition of the land so much that merchants and men of credit came to it from many parts of Hindustan and Khorasan. To encourage them to settle, they were given houses and goods in the area. Baha-ud-din Tughril later established Sultankot (near Bayana), and made that his military-base and reside" Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0.
Nizami 1970, p. 171: "In 592/1195-96 Muizzuddin again carme to India. He attacked Bayana, which was under Kumarapala, a Jadon Bhatti Rajput. The ruler avoided a confrontation at Bayana, his capital, but went to Thankar and entrenched himself there. He vas, howvever, compelled to surrender. Thankar and Vijayamandirgarh were occupied and put under Bahauddin Tughril. Mu'izzuddin - next marched towards Gwalior. Sallakhanapala of the Parihara dynasty, however, acknowledged the suzerainty of Muizzuddin" Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Khan 2008, p. 33. Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
Habib 1992, p. 41-42. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1981, p. 117-118. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Habib 1981, p. 118. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Habib 1981, p. 119. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Habib 1992, p. 43. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1992, p. 43-44. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1992, p. 44:"At this juncture Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghuri died at Herat on 27 Jamadi I.A. H 599 (13 March A.D 1203)" Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Flood 2009, p. 94. Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7.
Flood 2009, pp. 106, 289. Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7.
Flood 2009, p. 106-107. Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7.
Habib 1992, p. 45. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Ray 2019, p. 53-54. Ray, Aniruddha (2019). The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-00729-9.
Biran 2005, p. 68. Biran, Michael (2005). The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84226-6.
Habib 1981, p. 132-133. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Habib 1992, p. 46. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Nizami 1970, p. 178. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj (1881). Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muḥammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindūstān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals Into Islām. Gilbert & Rivington. pp. 481–482.
Biran 2005, p. 69. Biran, Michael (2005). The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84226-6.
Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj (1881). Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muḥammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindūstān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals Into Islām. Gilbert & Rivington. p. 483.
Nizami 1970, p. 212-213. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj (1881). Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muḥammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindūstān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals Into Islām. Gilbert & Rivington. p. 486.
Bibliotheca Indica. Asiatic Society. 1881. p. 485.
Habib 1981, p. 145. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Nizami 1970, p. 200. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Thomas 2018, p. 64. Thomas, David (2018). The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire. Sydney University Press. ISBN 978-1-74332-542-1.
Habib 1981, p. 145-146. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Nizami 1970, p. 201. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Wink 1991, p. 188. Wink, Andre (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 9004102361.
Khan 2008, p. 17. Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
C. E. Bosworth (1998). "The Seljuk and the Khwarazm Shah". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.). History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : (part one) The historical, social and economic setting. UNESCO. p. 171. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1.
Thomas 2018, p. 65. Thomas, David (2018). The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire. Sydney University Press. ISBN 978-1-74332-542-1.
Alka Patel (2017). "Periphery as Centre: The Ghurids between the Persianate and Indic Worlds". In Morgan, David; Stewart, Sarah (eds.). The Coming of the Mongols. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-1788312851.
Habib 1992, p. 47. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Khan 2008, p. 77. Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
Nizami 1970, p. 198-199. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Kumar 2006, p. 83-84. Kumar, Sunil (2006). "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". In Indrani Chatterjee; Richard Eaton (eds.). Slavery and South Asian History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11671-0.
Kumar 2006, p. 86. Kumar, Sunil (2006). "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". In Indrani Chatterjee; Richard Eaton (eds.). Slavery and South Asian History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11671-0.
Kumar 2006, p. 90-91. Kumar, Sunil (2006). "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". In Indrani Chatterjee; Richard Eaton (eds.). Slavery and South Asian History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11671-0.
Kumar 2006, p. 92. Kumar, Sunil (2006). "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". In Indrani Chatterjee; Richard Eaton (eds.). Slavery and South Asian History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11671-0.
Jackson, Peter (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
David Thomas (2016). "Ghurid Sultanate". In John Mackenzie (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Empire, 4 Volume Set. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-44064-3. At its peak, the Ghurid empire, or perhaps more accurately the region across which its armies campaigned, briefly stretched for over 3000 km from east to west – from Nishapur in eastern Iran to Benares and Bengal and from the foothills of the Himalaya south to Sind
Habib 1981, p. 144. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Khan 2008, p. 116-117. Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
Habib 1981, p. 132. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4. The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his army
Sugata Bose; Ayesha Jalal (2004). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. Psychology Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-415-30786-4. It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhmmad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of the first Muslim sultanate
Chandra 2007, p. 73:"Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam has often been compared to Mahmud of Ghazni. As a warrior, Mahmud Ghazni was more successful than Muizzuddin, having never suffered a defeat in India or in Central Asia. He also ruled over a larger empire outside India. But it has to be kept in mind that Muizzuddin had to contend with larger and better organised states in India than Mahmud. Though less successful in Central Asia, his political achievements in India were greater" Chandra, Satish (2007). History of Medieval India:800-1700. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7.
Ray 2019, p. 48. Ray, Aniruddha (2019). The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-00729-9.
Chandra 2007, p. 84. Chandra, Satish (2007). History of Medieval India:800-1700. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7.
Chandra 2006, p. 22. Chandra, Satish (2006). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
Bosworth 1968, p. 164. Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Nizami 1970, p. 182:"Muizzuddin's contribution to the cultural development of Ghur was not negligible. In fact it was he and his brother, Ghiyasuddin, who brought about a transformation in the culture-pattern of Ghur. He provided facilities to scholars, like Maulana Fakhruddin Razi, to spread religious education in those backward areas and helped in the emergence of Ghur as a centre of culture and learning. He made some note-worthy contribution ín the sphere of architectural traditions also. U. Scretto ascribes a unique type of glazed tile found at Ghazni to the period of Mu'izzuddin" Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1981, p. 134. Habib, Mohammad (1981). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. People's Publishing House.
Flood 2009, p. 103. Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7.
Flood 2009, p. 104. Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7.
Eaton 2000, p. 49-50. Eaton, Richard (2000). Essays on Islam and Indian History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-565114-0.
Flood 2009, p. 115-116. Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7.
Kumar 2002, p. 30. Kumar, Sunil (2002). The Present in Delhi's Pasts. Three Essays Press. ISBN 978-81-88394-00-5.
Kumar 2002, p. 29-30. Kumar, Sunil (2002). The Present in Delhi's Pasts. Three Essays Press. ISBN 978-81-88394-00-5.
Flood 2009, p. 116. Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7.
Kumar 2002, p. 30: "As the hoard evidence from north India confirms, Mu'izzi coins were valued as much as the earlier Rajput currencies and were fully assimilated within an economic world unimpressed with transitions in the political realm" Kumar, Sunil (2002). The Present in Delhi's Pasts. Three Essays Press. ISBN 978-81-88394-00-5.

brill.com (Global: 1,840^th place; English: 1,115^th place)

Jackson 2000, p. 210. Jackson, Peter (2000). The Fall of the Ghurid Dynasty. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-49199-1.
Jackson 2000, p. 207. Jackson, Peter (2000). The Fall of the Ghurid Dynasty. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-49199-1.

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Shriparna Saha. "Akshay Kumar starrer biopic on Prithviraj Chauhan to see Sanjay Dutt as Muhammad Ghori?". NewsNation.com TV website. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2025.

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Nizami 1998, p. 181. Nizami, K. A. (1998). "The Ghurids". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.). History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : (part one) The historical, social and economic setting. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1.
Nizami 1998, p. 182. Nizami, K. A. (1998). "The Ghurids". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.). History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : (part one) The historical, social and economic setting. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1.
Nizami 1998, p. 185. Nizami, K. A. (1998). "The Ghurids". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.). History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : (part one) The historical, social and economic setting. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1.
Nizami 1998, p. 184. Nizami, K. A. (1998). "The Ghurids". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.). History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : (part one) The historical, social and economic setting. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1.

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Nizami 1970, p. 155-156. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Nizami 1970, p. 156. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Nizami 1970, p. 158. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Nizami 1970, p. 162. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Nizami 1970, p. 171: "In 592/1195-96 Muizzuddin again carme to India. He attacked Bayana, which was under Kumarapala, a Jadon Bhatti Rajput. The ruler avoided a confrontation at Bayana, his capital, but went to Thankar and entrenched himself there. He vas, howvever, compelled to surrender. Thankar and Vijayamandirgarh were occupied and put under Bahauddin Tughril. Mu'izzuddin - next marched towards Gwalior. Sallakhanapala of the Parihara dynasty, however, acknowledged the suzerainty of Muizzuddin" Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1992, p. 41-42. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1992, p. 43. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1992, p. 43-44. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1992, p. 44:"At this juncture Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghuri died at Herat on 27 Jamadi I.A. H 599 (13 March A.D 1203)" Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1992, p. 45. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1992, p. 46. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Nizami 1970, p. 178. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Nizami 1970, p. 212-213. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Nizami 1970, p. 200. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Nizami 1970, p. 201. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Habib 1992, p. 47. Habib, Mohammad (1992) [1970]. "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Nizami 1970, p. 198-199. Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) [First published 1948]. The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 8. OCLC 924890. Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the ... city of Gaur before the year 599 A.H.
Nizami 1970, p. 182:"Muizzuddin's contribution to the cultural development of Ghur was not negligible. In fact it was he and his brother, Ghiyasuddin, who brought about a transformation in the culture-pattern of Ghur. He provided facilities to scholars, like Maulana Fakhruddin Razi, to spread religious education in those backward areas and helped in the emergence of Ghur as a centre of culture and learning. He made some note-worthy contribution ín the sphere of architectural traditions also. U. Scretto ascribes a unique type of glazed tile found at Ghazni to the period of Mu'izzuddin" Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.

Muhammad of Ghor (English Wikipedia)

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