Multi-level marketing (English Wikipedia)

Xu, Lehman Lee. "Chinese Law | China: Direct Sale". www.lehmanlaw.com. Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

books.google.com

Salinger, Lawrence M., ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime. Vol. 2. Sage Publishing. p. 880. ISBN 0-7619-3004-3.
"'Person to person' sales plans... "dream" opportunity or business nightmare? [Amway Ad]". Life. Vol. 68, no. 7. February 27, 1970. p. 51.
Jeffery, Lyn (March 21, 2001). "Placing Practices: Transnational Network Marketing in Mainland China". In Chen, Nancy N. (ed.). China Urban: Ethnographies of Contemporary Culture. Duke University Press. pp. 23–42. ISBN 978-0822326403.
Nestorović, Čedomir (2016). Islamic Marketing: Understanding the Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Politico-Legal Environment. Springer. p. 242. ISBN 978-3-319-32754-9. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
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byu.edu

universe.byu.edu

Risk, Marinda (May 15, 2018). "Mormon moms balance MLMs, family life". BYU Daily Universe. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

chicagotribune.com

Karp, Gregory (August 24, 2021) [February 10, 2013]. "The fine line between legitimate businesses and pyramid schemes". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024.

china-briefing.com

O'Regan, Stephen (July 16, 2015). "Multi-Level Marketing: China Isn't Buying It". China Briefing. Dezan Shira & Associates. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

chinadaily.com.cn

Hu Yongqi (July 29, 2010). "Going against the slippery slope of a pyramid scheme". China Daily. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

cnbc.com

Herb, Greenberg (January 17, 2013). "From High Energy Clubs to Dashed Dreams: Herbalife Tales". CNBC. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
"Selling the American Dream". CNBC. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
Greenberg, Herb (January 9, 2013). "Multi-Level Marketing Critic: Beware 'Main Street Bubble'". CNBC. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

cnn.com

money.cnn.com

Eisenberg, Richard (June 1, 1987). "The Mess Called Multi-Level Marketing With celebrities etting the bait, hundreds of pyramid-style sales companies are raking in millions, often taking in the gullible". CNN. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

colorado.edu

McGrath, Orla. "Expert explains why Mormon women embrace multi-level marketing". Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine, University of Colorado Boulder. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

denverpost.com

"Lewis: Herbalife selling 'dreams' and 'stories'". The Denver Post. January 8, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

doi.org

Vander Nat, Peter J.; Keep, William W. (2002). "Marketing Fraud: An Approach for Differentiating Multilevel Marketing from Pyramid Schemes". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 21 (1): 139–151. doi:10.1509/jppm.21.1.139.17603. S2CID 154490614.
Carl, Walter J. (2004). "The Interactional Business of Doing Business: Managing Legitimacy and Co-constructing Entrepreneurial Identities in E-Commerce Multilevel Marketing Discourse". Western Journal of Communication. 68 (1): 92–119. doi:10.1080/10570310409374790. S2CID 151564237.
Bloch, Brian (1996). "Multilevel marketing: what's the catch?". Journal of Consumer Marketing. 13 (4): 18–26. doi:10.1108/07363769610124519.

dsa.org

"US Direct Selling in 2009" (PDF). Direct Selling Association. 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
"Direct Selling Organization Membership". Direct Selling Association. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

dykaandrian.blogspot.com

Sandbek, Terry. "Brain Typing: The Pseudoscience of Cold Reading". American Board of Sport Psychology. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

factsaboutherbalife.com

assets.factsaboutherbalife.com

"The Bottom Line About Multilevel Marketing Plans and Pyramid Schemes" (PDF). FTC. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018. Not all multilevel marketing plans are legitimate. Some are pyramid schemes.

falseprofits.com

"FalseProfitsHomePage". Falseprofits.com. Retrieved September 19, 2018.; Robert L. FitzPatrick & Joyce K. Reynolds, False Profits: Seeking Financial and Spiritual Deliverance in Multi-Level Marketing and Pyramid Schemes (Herald Pr, 1997).

ftc.gov

Taylor, Jon. "Chapter 7: MLM's Abysmal Numbers" (PDF). Consumer Awareness Institute. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
Valentine, Debra A. (May 13, 1998). "Pyramid Schemes". FTC. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
FTC (November 8, 2016) "FTC Returns More Than $3.7 Million to People Harmed by Pyramid Scheme"
"FTC Consumer Alert; Lotions and Potions: The Bottom Line About Multilevel Marketing Plans" (PDF). FTC. January 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2004. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
In the Matter of Amway Corporation, Inc., et al., 93 F.T.C., Docket 9023 (1979).
"Multilevel Marketing Plans". FTC Consumer Alert. November 1996. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
"Vemma Agrees to Ban on Pyramid Scheme Practices to Settle FTC Charges". Federal Trade Commission. December 15, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

consumer.ftc.gov

"Multi-Level Marketing Businesses and Pyramid Schemes". FTC. July 2022.

business.ftc.gov

"Multi-Level Marketing". FTC, Bureau of Consumer Protection. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2020.

gov.cn

"MLM law of China 'Prohibition of Chuanxiao'". gov.cn. September 3, 2005. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

inquirer.net

business.inquirer.net

Monzon, Alden M. (October 24, 2022). "2 MLMs get DTI seal; several more under review". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 26, 2025.

ipsnews.net

Berkowitz, Bill (January 28, 2009). "Republican Benefactor Launches Comeback". Inter press service. Retrieved September 19, 2018. (in reference to BERR vs Amway (Case No:2651, 2652 and 2653 of 2007) in point of objectionability"c")

islamhouse.com

Manjur Elahi, Muhammad; Tajul Islam, Muhammad; Muhammad Zakaria, Abu Bakr (May 18, 2011). "The provisions of network marketing in Islamic jurisprudence – Bengali – Muhammad Manjur Elahi". IslamHouse.com (in Bengali). Retrieved June 8, 2020.

islamweb.net

fatwa.islamweb.net

"فتوى اللجنة الدائمة بشأن التسويق الشبكي – إسلام ويب – مركز الفتوى". www.islamweb.net (in Arabic). Retrieved July 14, 2020.

kutv.com

Lindsey, Daryl (September 8, 2016). "Follow the Profit: How Mormon Culture Made Utah a Hotbed for Multi-Level Marketers". KUTV. Retrieved March 28, 2023.

lehmanlaw.com

Xu, Lehman Lee. "Chinese Law | China: Direct Sale". www.lehmanlaw.com. Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

mlm-thetruth.com

Taylor, Jon M. (2002). "Comparing Recruiting MLMs with No-product Pyramid Schemes, and with Gambling". Consumers Awareness Institute. Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2018.

mlmwatchdog.com

Kohm, James A. (January 14, 2004). "RE: Staff Advisory Opinion – Pyramid Scheme Analysis" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original (reprint) on July 3, 2017.

motherjones.com

Mencimer, Stephanie. "Get-Rich-Quick Profiteers Love Mitt Romney, and He Loves Them Back". Mother Jones. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

network-experience.com

"MLM History". network-experience.net. January 24, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

news.com.au

Chung, Frank (March 1, 2017). "WorldVentures multi-level marketing business claims to have 10,000 Australian members". News.com.au. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Dokoupil, Tony (August 2, 2008). "A Drink's Purple Reign". Newsweek. 152 (6): 45. PMID 18831083.

prothomalo.com

ফখরুল ইসলাম (Fakhrul Islam) (April 11, 2015). "সব এমএলএম অবৈধ (All MLMs are illegal.)". Prothom Alo. Retrieved May 29, 2020.

saic.gov.cn

zxjg.saic.gov.cn

直销企业信息披露网站. zxjg.saic.gov.cn. State Administration for Industry and Commerce. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

scmp.com

"Hong Kong multi-level marketing plan needs closer look (editorial)". South China Morning Post. October 31, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Vander Nat, Peter J.; Keep, William W. (2002). "Marketing Fraud: An Approach for Differentiating Multilevel Marketing from Pyramid Schemes". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 21 (1): 139–151. doi:10.1509/jppm.21.1.139.17603. S2CID 154490614.
Carl, Walter J. (2004). "The Interactional Business of Doing Business: Managing Legitimacy and Co-constructing Entrepreneurial Identities in E-Commerce Multilevel Marketing Discourse". Western Journal of Communication. 68 (1): 92–119. doi:10.1080/10570310409374790. S2CID 151564237.

sheffieldnet.com

Sheffield, Michael L. (February–March 1999). "Comp Plan Conversion:Direct Sales to MLM Compensation Plans". Direct Sales Journal. Retrieved September 19, 2018. (citing Neil Offen, president of the Direct Selling Association)

skepdic.com

Carroll, Robert Todd (2003). The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 235–236. ISBN 0-471-27242-6.

skeptoid.com

Dunning, Brian (October 20, 2009). "Skeptoid #176: Network Marketing". Skeptoid. Retrieved October 24, 2020.

sltrib.com

Banta, Megan. "Multilevel marketing in Utah and how it links to the LDS Church". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

substack.com

stevenhassan.substack.com

Hassan, Dr Steven (May 26, 2022). "Talking MLMs with Douglas Brooks". Dr. Steven Hassan. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

systemdynamics.org

proceedings.systemdynamics.org

Camilo, Olaya; Cruz, Joan Paola (2008). "A System Dynamics Model for Studying the Structure of Network Marketing Organizations" (PDF). Conference Proceedings – The 2008 International Conference of the System Dynamics Society.

timesplus.co.uk

Brown, David (November 27, 2007). "Marketing group merely 'selling a dream'". The Times. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

tpr.org

"The Perils Of Multi-Level Marketing Programs". Texas Public Radio. October 4, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.

upenn.edu

knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu

"Amway: Selling the Dream of Financial Freedom". Knowledge@Wharton. May 5, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

usatoday.com

Peterecca, Laura (September 14, 2009). "What kind of business do you want to start?". USA Today. pp. 4B. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
O'Donnell, Jayne (October 15, 2010). "Fortune Hi-Tech: American dream or pyramid scheme?". USA Today. pp. 6B. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
O'Donnell, Jayne (February 10, 2011). "Multilevel marketing or 'pyramid?' Sales people find it hard to earn much". USA Today. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
"Multilevel marketing or 'pyramid?' Sales people find it hard to earn much". USA Today. February 10, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

valleynewslive.com

"Legging company, LuLaRoe accused of misleading consultants". Valley News. Retrieved February 16, 2018.

vandruff.com

"What's Wrong With Multi-Level Marketing?". Vandruff.com. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

vox.com

Del Valle, Gaby (October 15, 2018). "Multilevel marketing companies say they can make you rich. Here's how much 7 sellers actually earned". Vox. Retrieved October 15, 2018.

washingtonpost.com

Singletary, Michelle. "Why multilevel marketing won't make you rich". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2018.

web.archive.org

Karp, Gregory (August 24, 2021) [February 10, 2013]. "The fine line between legitimate businesses and pyramid schemes". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024.
"Multi-Level Marketing". FTC, Bureau of Consumer Protection. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
"The Bottom Line About Multilevel Marketing Plans and Pyramid Schemes" (PDF). FTC. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018. Not all multilevel marketing plans are legitimate. Some are pyramid schemes.
直销企业信息披露网站. zxjg.saic.gov.cn. State Administration for Industry and Commerce. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
Kohm, James A. (January 14, 2004). "RE: Staff Advisory Opinion – Pyramid Scheme Analysis" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original (reprint) on July 3, 2017.
Taylor, Jon M. (2002). "Comparing Recruiting MLMs with No-product Pyramid Schemes, and with Gambling". Consumers Awareness Institute. Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2018.

webharvest.gov

"FTC Consumer Alert; Lotions and Potions: The Bottom Line About Multilevel Marketing Plans" (PDF). FTC. January 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2004. Retrieved September 19, 2018.