Multi-level marketing (English Wikipedia)

Xu, Lehman Lee. "Chinese Law | China: Direct Sale". www.lehmanlaw.com. Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Salinger, Lawrence M., ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime. Vol. 2. Sage Publishing. p. 880. ISBN 0-7619-3004-3.
"'Person to person' sales plans... "dream" opportunity or business nightmare? [Amway Ad]". Life. Vol. 68, no. 7. February 27, 1970. p. 51.
Jeffery, Lyn (March 21, 2001). "Placing Practices: Transnational Network Marketing in Mainland China". In Chen, Nancy N. (ed.). China Urban: Ethnographies of Contemporary Culture. Duke University Press. pp. 23–42. ISBN 978-0822326403.
Nestorović, Čedomir (2016). Islamic Marketing: Understanding the Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Politico-Legal Environment. Springer. p. 242. ISBN 978-3-319-32754-9. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad Saed (2004). Islam: Questions and Answers – Jurisprudence and Islamic Rulings: Transactions – Part 7. MSA Publication Limited. ISBN 978-1-86179-461-1. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

byu.edu (Global: 1,687^th place; English: 1,074^th place)

universe.byu.edu

Risk, Marinda (May 15, 2018). "Mormon moms balance MLMs, family life". BYU Daily Universe. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

chicagotribune.com (Global: 95^th place; English: 70^th place)

Karp, Gregory (August 24, 2021) [February 10, 2013]. "The fine line between legitimate businesses and pyramid schemes". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024.

china-briefing.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

O'Regan, Stephen (July 16, 2015). "Multi-Level Marketing: China Isn't Buying It". China Briefing. Dezan Shira & Associates. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

chinadaily.com.cn (Global: 831^st place; English: 730^th place)

Hu Yongqi (July 29, 2010). "Going against the slippery slope of a pyramid scheme". China Daily. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

cnbc.com (Global: 220^th place; English: 155^th place)

Herb, Greenberg (January 17, 2013). "From High Energy Clubs to Dashed Dreams: Herbalife Tales". CNBC. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
"Selling the American Dream". CNBC. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
Greenberg, Herb (January 9, 2013). "Multi-Level Marketing Critic: Beware 'Main Street Bubble'". CNBC. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

money.cnn.com

Eisenberg, Richard (June 1, 1987). "The Mess Called Multi-Level Marketing With celebrities etting the bait, hundreds of pyramid-style sales companies are raking in millions, often taking in the gullible". CNN. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

colorado.edu (Global: 2,526^th place; English: 1,796^th place)

McGrath, Orla. "Expert explains why Mormon women embrace multi-level marketing". Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine, University of Colorado Boulder. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

denverpost.com (Global: 770^th place; English: 472^nd place)

"Lewis: Herbalife selling 'dreams' and 'stories'". The Denver Post. January 8, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Vander Nat, Peter J.; Keep, William W. (2002). "Marketing Fraud: An Approach for Differentiating Multilevel Marketing from Pyramid Schemes". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 21 (1): 139–151. doi:10.1509/jppm.21.1.139.17603. S2CID 154490614.
Carl, Walter J. (2004). "The Interactional Business of Doing Business: Managing Legitimacy and Co-constructing Entrepreneurial Identities in E-Commerce Multilevel Marketing Discourse". Western Journal of Communication. 68 (1): 92–119. doi:10.1080/10570310409374790. S2CID 151564237.
Bloch, Brian (1996). "Multilevel marketing: what's the catch?". Journal of Consumer Marketing. 13 (4): 18–26. doi:10.1108/07363769610124519.

dsa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"US Direct Selling in 2009" (PDF). Direct Selling Association. 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
"Direct Selling Organization Membership". Direct Selling Association. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

dykaandrian.blogspot.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sandbek, Terry. "Brain Typing: The Pseudoscience of Cold Reading". American Board of Sport Psychology. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

factsaboutherbalife.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

assets.factsaboutherbalife.com

"The Bottom Line About Multilevel Marketing Plans and Pyramid Schemes" (PDF). FTC. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018. Not all multilevel marketing plans are legitimate. Some are pyramid schemes.

falseprofits.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"FalseProfitsHomePage". Falseprofits.com. Retrieved September 19, 2018.; Robert L. FitzPatrick & Joyce K. Reynolds, False Profits: Seeking Financial and Spiritual Deliverance in Multi-Level Marketing and Pyramid Schemes (Herald Pr, 1997).

ftc.gov (Global: 3,796^th place; English: 2,268^th place)

ftc.gov

Taylor, Jon. "Chapter 7: MLM's Abysmal Numbers" (PDF). Consumer Awareness Institute. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
Valentine, Debra A. (May 13, 1998). "Pyramid Schemes". FTC. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
FTC (November 8, 2016) "FTC Returns More Than $3.7 Million to People Harmed by Pyramid Scheme"
"FTC Consumer Alert; Lotions and Potions: The Bottom Line About Multilevel Marketing Plans" (PDF). FTC. January 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2004. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
In the Matter of Amway Corporation, Inc., et al., 93 F.T.C., Docket 9023 (1979).
"Multilevel Marketing Plans". FTC Consumer Alert. November 1996. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
"Vemma Agrees to Ban on Pyramid Scheme Practices to Settle FTC Charges". Federal Trade Commission. December 15, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

consumer.ftc.gov

"Multi-Level Marketing Businesses and Pyramid Schemes". FTC. July 2022.

business.ftc.gov

"Multi-Level Marketing". FTC, Bureau of Consumer Protection. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2020.

gov.cn (Global: 1,676^th place; English: 4,796^th place)

"MLM law of China 'Prohibition of Chuanxiao'". gov.cn. September 3, 2005. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

inquirer.net (Global: 437^th place; English: 260^th place)

business.inquirer.net

Monzon, Alden M. (October 24, 2022). "2 MLMs get DTI seal; several more under review". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 26, 2025.

ipsnews.net (Global: 6,190^th place; English: 4,693^rd place)

Berkowitz, Bill (January 28, 2009). "Republican Benefactor Launches Comeback". Inter press service. Retrieved September 19, 2018. (in reference to BERR vs Amway (Case No:2651, 2652 and 2653 of 2007) in point of objectionability"c")

islamhouse.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Manjur Elahi, Muhammad; Tajul Islam, Muhammad; Muhammad Zakaria, Abu Bakr (May 18, 2011). "The provisions of network marketing in Islamic jurisprudence – Bengali – Muhammad Manjur Elahi". IslamHouse.com (in Bengali). Retrieved June 8, 2020.

islamweb.net (Global: 662^nd place; English: 6,987^th place)

fatwa.islamweb.net

"فتوى اللجنة الدائمة بشأن التسويق الشبكي – إسلام ويب – مركز الفتوى". www.islamweb.net (in Arabic). Retrieved July 14, 2020.

kutv.com (Global: low place; English: 8,638^th place)

Lindsey, Daryl (September 8, 2016). "Follow the Profit: How Mormon Culture Made Utah a Hotbed for Multi-Level Marketers". KUTV. Retrieved March 28, 2023.

lehmanlaw.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Xu, Lehman Lee. "Chinese Law | China: Direct Sale". www.lehmanlaw.com. Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

mlm-thetruth.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Taylor, Jon M. (2002). "Comparing Recruiting MLMs with No-product Pyramid Schemes, and with Gambling". Consumers Awareness Institute. Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2018.

mlmwatchdog.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kohm, James A. (January 14, 2004). "RE: Staff Advisory Opinion – Pyramid Scheme Analysis" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original (reprint) on July 3, 2017.

motherjones.com (Global: 2,008^th place; English: 1,197^th place)

Mencimer, Stephanie. "Get-Rich-Quick Profiteers Love Mitt Romney, and He Loves Them Back". Mother Jones. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

network-experience.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"MLM History". network-experience.net. January 24, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

news.com.au (Global: 294^th place; English: 205^th place)

Chung, Frank (March 1, 2017). "WorldVentures multi-level marketing business claims to have 10,000 Australian members". News.com.au. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Dokoupil, Tony (August 2, 2008). "A Drink's Purple Reign". Newsweek. 152 (6): 45. PMID 18831083.

prothomalo.com (Global: 1,845^th place; English: 2,414^th place)

ফখরুল ইসলাম (Fakhrul Islam) (April 11, 2015). "সব এমএলএম অবৈধ (All MLMs are illegal.)". Prothom Alo. Retrieved May 29, 2020.

saic.gov.cn (Global: low place; English: low place)

zxjg.saic.gov.cn

直销企业信息披露网站. zxjg.saic.gov.cn. State Administration for Industry and Commerce. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

scmp.com (Global: 362^nd place; English: 245^th place)

"Hong Kong multi-level marketing plan needs closer look (editorial)". South China Morning Post. October 31, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Vander Nat, Peter J.; Keep, William W. (2002). "Marketing Fraud: An Approach for Differentiating Multilevel Marketing from Pyramid Schemes". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 21 (1): 139–151. doi:10.1509/jppm.21.1.139.17603. S2CID 154490614.
Carl, Walter J. (2004). "The Interactional Business of Doing Business: Managing Legitimacy and Co-constructing Entrepreneurial Identities in E-Commerce Multilevel Marketing Discourse". Western Journal of Communication. 68 (1): 92–119. doi:10.1080/10570310409374790. S2CID 151564237.

sheffieldnet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sheffield, Michael L. (February–March 1999). "Comp Plan Conversion:Direct Sales to MLM Compensation Plans". Direct Sales Journal. Retrieved September 19, 2018. (citing Neil Offen, president of the Direct Selling Association)

skepdic.com (Global: 4,757^th place; English: 4,726^th place)

Carroll, Robert Todd (2003). The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 235–236. ISBN 0-471-27242-6.

skeptoid.com (Global: 5,748^th place; English: 3,460^th place)

Dunning, Brian (October 20, 2009). "Skeptoid #176: Network Marketing". Skeptoid. Retrieved October 24, 2020.

sltrib.com (Global: 1,427^th place; English: 792^nd place)

Banta, Megan. "Multilevel marketing in Utah and how it links to the LDS Church". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

substack.com (Global: 3,951^st place; English: 2,391^st place)

stevenhassan.substack.com

Hassan, Dr Steven (May 26, 2022). "Talking MLMs with Douglas Brooks". Dr. Steven Hassan. Retrieved December 27, 2024.

systemdynamics.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

proceedings.systemdynamics.org

Camilo, Olaya; Cruz, Joan Paola (2008). "A System Dynamics Model for Studying the Structure of Network Marketing Organizations" (PDF). Conference Proceedings – The 2008 International Conference of the System Dynamics Society.

timesplus.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Brown, David (November 27, 2007). "Marketing group merely 'selling a dream'". The Times. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

tpr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Perils Of Multi-Level Marketing Programs". Texas Public Radio. October 4, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.

upenn.edu (Global: 702^nd place; English: 520^th place)

knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu

"Amway: Selling the Dream of Financial Freedom". Knowledge@Wharton. May 5, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

usatoday.com (Global: 41^st place; English: 34^th place)

Peterecca, Laura (September 14, 2009). "What kind of business do you want to start?". USA Today. pp. 4B. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
O'Donnell, Jayne (October 15, 2010). "Fortune Hi-Tech: American dream or pyramid scheme?". USA Today. pp. 6B. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
O'Donnell, Jayne (February 10, 2011). "Multilevel marketing or 'pyramid?' Sales people find it hard to earn much". USA Today. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
"Multilevel marketing or 'pyramid?' Sales people find it hard to earn much". USA Today. February 10, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

valleynewslive.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Legging company, LuLaRoe accused of misleading consultants". Valley News. Retrieved February 16, 2018.

vandruff.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What's Wrong With Multi-Level Marketing?". Vandruff.com. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

vox.com (Global: 484^th place; English: 323^rd place)

Del Valle, Gaby (October 15, 2018). "Multilevel marketing companies say they can make you rich. Here's how much 7 sellers actually earned". Vox. Retrieved October 15, 2018.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

Singletary, Michelle. "Why multilevel marketing won't make you rich". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2018.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Karp, Gregory (August 24, 2021) [February 10, 2013]. "The fine line between legitimate businesses and pyramid schemes". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024.
"Multi-Level Marketing". FTC, Bureau of Consumer Protection. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
"The Bottom Line About Multilevel Marketing Plans and Pyramid Schemes" (PDF). FTC. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018. Not all multilevel marketing plans are legitimate. Some are pyramid schemes.
直销企业信息披露网站. zxjg.saic.gov.cn. State Administration for Industry and Commerce. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
Kohm, James A. (January 14, 2004). "RE: Staff Advisory Opinion – Pyramid Scheme Analysis" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original (reprint) on July 3, 2017.
Taylor, Jon M. (2002). "Comparing Recruiting MLMs with No-product Pyramid Schemes, and with Gambling". Consumers Awareness Institute. Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2018.

webharvest.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

"FTC Consumer Alert; Lotions and Potions: The Bottom Line About Multilevel Marketing Plans" (PDF). FTC. January 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2004. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

Multi-level marketing (English Wikipedia)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

archive.today (Global: 14th place; English: 14th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

byu.edu (Global: 1,687th place; English: 1,074th place)

universe.byu.edu

chicagotribune.com (Global: 95th place; English: 70th place)

china-briefing.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

chinadaily.com.cn (Global: 831st place; English: 730th place)

cnbc.com (Global: 220th place; English: 155th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28th place; English: 26th place)

money.cnn.com

colorado.edu (Global: 2,526th place; English: 1,796th place)

denverpost.com (Global: 770th place; English: 472nd place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

dsa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dykaandrian.blogspot.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

factsaboutherbalife.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

assets.factsaboutherbalife.com

falseprofits.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ftc.gov (Global: 3,796th place; English: 2,268th place)

ftc.gov

consumer.ftc.gov

business.ftc.gov

gov.cn (Global: 1,676th place; English: 4,796th place)

inquirer.net (Global: 437th place; English: 260th place)

business.inquirer.net

ipsnews.net (Global: 6,190th place; English: 4,693rd place)

islamhouse.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

islamweb.net (Global: 662nd place; English: 6,987th place)

fatwa.islamweb.net

kutv.com (Global: low place; English: 8,638th place)

lehmanlaw.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mlm-thetruth.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mlmwatchdog.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

motherjones.com (Global: 2,008th place; English: 1,197th place)

network-experience.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

news.com.au (Global: 294th place; English: 205th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

prothomalo.com (Global: 1,845th place; English: 2,414th place)

saic.gov.cn (Global: low place; English: low place)

zxjg.saic.gov.cn

scmp.com (Global: 362nd place; English: 245th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sheffieldnet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

skepdic.com (Global: 4,757th place; English: 4,726th place)

skeptoid.com (Global: 5,748th place; English: 3,460th place)

sltrib.com (Global: 1,427th place; English: 792nd place)

substack.com (Global: 3,951st place; English: 2,391st place)

stevenhassan.substack.com

systemdynamics.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

proceedings.systemdynamics.org

timesplus.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

tpr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

upenn.edu (Global: 702nd place; English: 520th place)

knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu

usatoday.com (Global: 41st place; English: 34th place)

valleynewslive.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

vandruff.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

vox.com (Global: 484th place; English: 323rd place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34th place; English: 27th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

webharvest.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

byu.edu (Global: 1,687^th place; English: 1,074^th place)

chicagotribune.com (Global: 95^th place; English: 70^th place)

chinadaily.com.cn (Global: 831^st place; English: 730^th place)

cnbc.com (Global: 220^th place; English: 155^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

colorado.edu (Global: 2,526^th place; English: 1,796^th place)

denverpost.com (Global: 770^th place; English: 472^nd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ftc.gov (Global: 3,796^th place; English: 2,268^th place)

gov.cn (Global: 1,676^th place; English: 4,796^th place)

inquirer.net (Global: 437^th place; English: 260^th place)

ipsnews.net (Global: 6,190^th place; English: 4,693^rd place)

islamweb.net (Global: 662^nd place; English: 6,987^th place)

kutv.com (Global: low place; English: 8,638^th place)

motherjones.com (Global: 2,008^th place; English: 1,197^th place)

news.com.au (Global: 294^th place; English: 205^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

prothomalo.com (Global: 1,845^th place; English: 2,414^th place)

scmp.com (Global: 362^nd place; English: 245^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

skepdic.com (Global: 4,757^th place; English: 4,726^th place)

skeptoid.com (Global: 5,748^th place; English: 3,460^th place)

sltrib.com (Global: 1,427^th place; English: 792^nd place)

substack.com (Global: 3,951^st place; English: 2,391^st place)

upenn.edu (Global: 702^nd place; English: 520^th place)

usatoday.com (Global: 41^st place; English: 34^th place)

vox.com (Global: 484^th place; English: 323^rd place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)