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Anthony J Cortese, Provocateur: Image of Women and Minorities in Advertising, 4th edn (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), p 94.
Harrison G Pope Jr, Katharine A Phillips & Roberto Olivardia, The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession (New York: Free Press, 2000) pp 156, 160,197.
American Psychiatric Association, "Body dysmorphic disorder", Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Brewster, ME; Sandil, R; DeBlaere, C; Breslow, A; Eklund, A (2017). ""Do you even lift, bro?" objectification, minority stress, and body image concerns for sexual minority men". Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 18 (7): 87–98. doi:10.1037/men0000043. S2CID34272538.
Kimmel, SB; Mahalik, JR (2005). "Body image concerns of gay men: The roles of minority stress and conformity to masculine norms". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 73 (6): 1185–1190. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1185. PMID16392992.
Griffiths, S; Murray, SB; Mitchison, D; Castle, D (2019). "Relative strength of the associations of body fat, muscularity, height, and penis size dissatisfaction with psychological quality of life impairment among sexual minority men". Psychology of Men & Masculinities. 20 (1): 55–60. doi:10.1037/men0000149. S2CID149433191.
Fabris, MA; Badenes=Ribera, L; Longobardi, C; Demuru, A; Konrad, SD; Settanni, M (2022). "Homophobic bullying victimization and muscle dysmorphic concerns in men having sex with men: The mediating role of paranoid ideation". Current Psychology. 41 (6): 3577–3584. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00857-3. S2CID255509015.
Kimmel, SB; Mahalik, JR (2005). "Body image concerns of gay men: The roles of minority stress and conformity to masculine norms". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 73 (6): 1185–1190. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1185. PMID16392992.
Brewster, ME; Sandil, R; DeBlaere, C; Breslow, A; Eklund, A (2017). ""Do you even lift, bro?" objectification, minority stress, and body image concerns for sexual minority men". Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 18 (7): 87–98. doi:10.1037/men0000043. S2CID34272538.
Griffiths, S; Murray, SB; Mitchison, D; Castle, D (2019). "Relative strength of the associations of body fat, muscularity, height, and penis size dissatisfaction with psychological quality of life impairment among sexual minority men". Psychology of Men & Masculinities. 20 (1): 55–60. doi:10.1037/men0000149. S2CID149433191.
Fabris, MA; Badenes=Ribera, L; Longobardi, C; Demuru, A; Konrad, SD; Settanni, M (2022). "Homophobic bullying victimization and muscle dysmorphic concerns in men having sex with men: The mediating role of paranoid ideation". Current Psychology. 41 (6): 3577–3584. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00857-3. S2CID255509015.