Myopia (English Wikipedia)

"Myopia (Nearsightedness)". www.aoa.org. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
American Optometric Association (1997). Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the Patient with Myopia (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

Sherwin J (25 October 2011). "Lack of outdoor play linked to short-sighted children". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.

birthstory.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Myopia – Birth Story". Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2020.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Ledford A, Nemeth SC, Ledford JK (2008). Ocular anatomy and physiology (2nd ed.). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-55642-792-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
Spaide RF, Ohno-Matsui KM, Yannuzzi LA, eds. (2013). Pathologic Myopia. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4614-8338-0.

bostonherald.com (Global: 2,221^st place; English: 1,103^rd place)

Perrone M (1 December 2025). "New FDA-approved glasses can slow nearsightedness in kids". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 4 December 2025.

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

"Benefits of Vision Correction with Contact Lenses | Contact Lenses | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 30 November 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
"Common Eye Disorders and Diseases | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 29 September 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

Guy J (25 September 2024). "1 in 3 children worldwide is now nearsighted, study shows". CNN. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

contactlenses.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Orthokeratology (Ortho-k) – Corneal Reshaping with GP Contacts". www.contactlenses.org.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Haarman AE, Enthoven CA, Tideman JW, Tedja MS, Verhoeven VJ, Klaver CC (9 April 2020). "The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 61 (4): 49. doi:10.1167/iovs.61.4.49. PMC 7401976. PMID 32347918.
Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw SM (November 2015). "A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence". Clinical & Experimental Optometry (Review). 98 (6): 497–506. doi:10.1111/cxo.12346. PMID 26497977.
Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Zang J, Zou H, Zhu J, et al. (September 2017). "Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review". Acta Ophthalmologica. 95 (6): 551–566. doi:10.1111/aos.13403. PMC 5599950. PMID 28251836.
Hobday R (January 2016). "Myopia and daylight in schools: a neglected aspect of public health?". Perspectives in Public Health. 136 (1): 50–5. doi:10.1177/1757913915576679. PMID 25800796.
Sims C (29 March 2025). "Simulating the outdoors inside schools seems to slow myopia". New Scientist. 265 (3536): 10. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(25)00487-7.
Chen X, Wang XY, Zhang X, Chen Z, Zhou XT (2016). "Implantable collamer lens for residual refractive error after corneal refractive surgery". International Journal of Ophthalmology. 9 (10): 1421–1426. doi:10.18240/ijo.2016.10.09. PMC 5075656. PMID 27803858.
Foster PJ, Jiang Y (February 2014). "Epidemiology of myopia". Eye. 28 (2): 202–8. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.280. PMC 3930282. PMID 24406412.
Holden B, Sankaridurg P, Smith E, Aller T, Jong M, He M (February 2014). "Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control". Eye. 28 (2): 142–6. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.256. PMC 3930268. PMID 24357836.
Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM (January 2012). "Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 32 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x. PMID 22150586.
Pan CW, Dirani M, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Saw SM (March 2015). "The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: a meta-analysis". Optometry and Vision Science. 92 (3): 258–66. doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000000516. PMID 25611765.
Dong L, Kang YK, Li Y, Wei WB, Jonas JB (March 2020). "Prevalence And Time Trends Of Myopia In Children And Adolescents In China: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis". Retina. 40 (3): 399–411. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000002590. PMID 31259808.
Fredrick DR (18 May 2002). "Myopia". BMJ. 324 (7347): 1195–1199. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1195. PMC 1123161. PMID 12016188.
Hennelly ML (2019). "How to detect myopia in the eye clinic". Community Eye Health. 32 (105): 15–16. doi:10.56920/cehj.49. PMC 6688402. PMID 31409949.
Coviltir V, Burcel M, Cherecheanu AP, Ionescu C, Dascalescu D, Potop V, Burcea M (2019). "Update on Myopia Risk Factors and Microenvironmental Changes". Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019 4960852. doi:10.1155/2019/4960852. PMC 6875023. PMID 31781378.
Wang YM, Lu SY, Zhang XJ, Chen LJ, Pang CP, Yam JC (9 March 2022). "Myopia Genetics and Heredity". Children. 9 (3): 382. doi:10.3390/children9030382. PMC 8947159. PMID 35327754.
Huang HM, Chang DS, Wu PC (2015). "The Association between Near Work Activities and Myopia in Children-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS ONE. 10 (10) e0140419. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1040419H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140419. PMC 4618477. PMID 26485393.
Shapira Y, Mimouni M, Machluf Y, Chaiter Y, Saab H, Mezer E (December 2019). "The Increasing Burden of Myopia in Israel among Young Adults over a Generation: Analysis of Predisposing Factors". Ophthalmology. 126 (12): 1617–1626. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.06.025. PMID 31474440.
Sivak J (November 2012). "The cause(s) of myopia and the efforts that have been made to prevent it". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 95 (6): 572–82. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00781.x. PMID 22845416.
Cai XB, Shen SR, Chen DF, Zhang Q, Jin ZB (1 November 2019). "An overview of myopia genetics". Experimental Eye Research. 188 107778. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2019.107778. PMID 31472110.
Polderman TJ, Benyamin B, de Leeuw CA, Sullivan PF, van Bochoven A, Visscher PM, Posthuma D (July 2015). "Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies". Nature Genetics. 47 (7): 702–709. Bibcode:2015NaGen..47..702P. doi:10.1038/ng.3285. PMID 25985137.
Dolgin E (March 2015). "The myopia boom". Nature. 519 (7543): 276–8. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..276D. doi:10.1038/519276a. PMID 25788077.
Medina A (June 2021). "The cause of myopia development and progression: Theory, evidence, and treatment". Survey of Ophthalmology. 67 (2): 488–509. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.06.005. PMID 34181975.
Biswas S, El Kareh A, Qureshi M, Lee DM, Sun CH, Lam JS, Saw SM, Najjar RP (31 January 2024). "The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia". Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 43 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7. PMC 10829372. PMID 38297353.
Jacobi FK, Pusch CM (January 2010). "A decade in search of myopia genes". Frontiers in Bioscience. 15 (1): 359–72. doi:10.2741/3625. PMID 20036825.
Verhoeven VJ, Hysi PG, Wojciechowski R, Fan Q, Guggenheim JA, Höhn R, et al. (March 2013). "Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia". Nature Genetics. 45 (3): 314–8. doi:10.1038/ng.2554. PMC 3740568. PMID 23396134.
Neitz M, Neitz J (August 2021). "Intermixing the OPN1LW and OPN1MW Genes Disrupts the Exonic Splicing Code Causing an Array of Vision Disorders". Genes. 12 (8): 1180. doi:10.3390/genes12081180. PMC 8391646. PMID 34440353.
Li J, Gao B, Guan L, Xiao X, Zhang J, Li S, et al. (June 2015). "Unique Variants in OPN1LW Cause Both Syndromic and Nonsyndromic X-Linked High Myopia Mapped to MYP1". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 56 (6): 4150–4155. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-16356. PMID 26114493.
Dirani M, Chamberlain M, Shekar SN, Islam AF, Garoufalis P, Chen CY, et al. (November 2006). "Heritability of refractive error and ocular biometrics: the Genes in Myopia (GEM) twin study". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 47 (11): 4756–61. doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0270. PMID 17065484.
Lopes MC, Andrew T, Carbonaro F, Spector TD, Hammond CJ (January 2009). "Estimating heritability and shared environmental effects for refractive error in twin and family studies". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 50 (1): 126–31. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2385. PMID 18757506.
Gusev A, Bhatia G, Zaitlen N, Vilhjalmsson BJ, Diogo D, Stahl EA, et al. (2013). "Quantifying missing heritability at known GWAS loci". PLOS Genetics. 9 (12) e1003993. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003993. PMC 3873246. PMID 24385918.
Dirani M, Tong L, Gazzard G, Zhang X, Chia A, Young TL, et al. (August 2009). "Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 93 (8): 997–1000. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.150979. PMID 19211608.
Rose KA, Morgan IG, Ip J, Kifley A, Huynh S, Smith W, Mitchell P (August 2008). "Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children". Ophthalmology. 115 (8): 1279–85. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.12.019. PMID 18294691.
Cui D, Trier K, Munk Ribel-Madsen S (May 2013). "Effect of day length on eye growth, myopia progression, and change of corneal power in myopic children". Ophthalmology. 120 (5): 1074–9. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.022. PMID 23380471.
Feldkaemper M, Schaeffel F (September 2013). "An updated view on the role of dopamine in myopia". Experimental Eye Research (review). 114: 106–19. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2013.02.007. PMID 23434455.
Nickla DL (September 2013). "Ocular diurnal rhythms and eye growth regulation: where we are 50 years after Lauber". Experimental Eye Research (Review). 114: 25–34. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2012.12.013. PMC 3742730. PMID 23298452.
Nickla DL, Jordan K, Yang J, Totonelly K (1 August 2017). "Brief hyperopic defocus or form deprivation have varying effects on eye growth and ocular rhythms depending on the time-of-day of exposure". Experimental Eye Research. 161: 132–142. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2017.06.003. PMC 5557081. PMID 28596085.
Peled A, Nitzan I, Megreli J, Derazne E, Tzur D, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Afek A, Twig G (August 2022). "Myopia and BMI: a nationwide study of 1.3 million adolescents". Obesity. 30 (8): 1691–1698. doi:10.1002/oby.23482. PMID 35894082.
Qu Y, Huang H, Zhang H (5 December 2023). "Association between body mass index and myopia in the United States population in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999 to 2008: a cross-sectional study". European Journal of Medical Research. 28 (1): 561. doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01542-4. PMC 10696841. PMID 38049883.
Lee DC, Lee SY, Kim YC (2018). "An epidemiological study of the risk factors associated with myopia in young adult men in Korea". Scientific Reports. 8 (1) 511. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8..511L. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18926-2. PMC 5764954. PMID 29323203.
Richards OW (October 1976). "Instrument myopia--microscopy". American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics. 53 (10): 658–63. doi:10.1097/00006324-197610000-00003. PMID 1015520.
Ong E, Ciuffreda KJ (1995). "Nearwork-induced transient myopia: a critical review". Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 91 (1): 57–85. doi:10.1007/BF01204624. PMID 8861637.
Ciuffreda KJ, Vasudevan B (March 2008). "Nearwork-induced transient myopia (NITM) and permanent myopia—is there a link?". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 28 (2): 103–14. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00550.x. PMID 18339041.
Young FA (February 1962). "The effect of nearwork illumination level on monkey refraction". American Journal of Optometry & Archives of American Academy of Optometry. 39 (2): 60–7. doi:10.1097/00006324-196202000-00002. PMID 14009334.
Zhu X, Park TW, Winawer J, Wallman J (July 2005). "In a matter of minutes, the eye can know which way to grow". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 46 (7): 2238–41. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0956. PMID 15980206.
Wallman J, Gottlieb MD, Rajaram V, Fugate-Wentzek LA (July 1987). "Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia". Science. 237 (4810): 73–7. Bibcode:1987Sci...237...73W. doi:10.1126/science.3603011. JSTOR 1699607. PMID 3603011.
Shen W, Vijayan M, Sivak JG (May 2005). "Inducing form-deprivation myopia in fish". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 46 (5): 1797–803. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-1318. PMID 15851585.
Grosvenor T (July 1987). "A review and a suggested classification system for myopia on the basis of age-related prevalence and age of onset". American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics. 64 (7): 545–54. doi:10.1097/00006324-198707000-00012. PMID 3307441.
Walline JJ, Walker MK, Mutti DO, Jones-Jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Giannoni AG, Bickle KM, Schulle KL, Nixon A, Pierce GE, Berntsen DA, BLINK Study Group (11 August 2020). "Effect of High Add Power, Medium Add Power, or Single-Vision Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children: The BLINK Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 324 (6): 571–580. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10834. PMC 7420158. PMID 32780139.
Ruiz-Pomeda A, Pérez-Sánchez B, Valls I, Prieto-Garrido FL, Gutiérrez-Ortega R, Villa-Collar C (May 2018). "MiSight Assessment Study Spain (MASS). A 2-year randomized clinical trial". Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 256 (5): 1011–1021. doi:10.1007/s00417-018-3906-z. PMID 29396662.
Garcia-Del Valle AM, Blázquez V, Gros-Otero J, Infante M, Culebras A, Verdejo A, Sebastián J, García M, Bueno S, Piñero DP (January 2021). "Efficacy and safety of a soft contact lens to control myopia progression". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 104 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1111/cxo.13077. PMID 32342559.
Morgan I, Rose K (January 2005). "How genetic is school myopia?". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 24 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.004. PMID 15555525.
Yam JC, Zhang XJ, Zaabaar E, Wang Y, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Kam KW, Tang F, Chu WK, Zhou X, Zhang W, He X, Wu PC, Rose KA, Morgan I, He M, Ohno-Matsui K, Jonas JB, Zhang M, Tham CC, Chen LJ, Pang CP (November 2025). "Interventions to reduce incidence and progression of myopia in children and adults". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 109 (Myopia special issue) 101410. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101410. hdl:10397/120303. PMID 41109517.
Zhang G, Jiang J, Qu C (November 2023). "Myopia prevention and control in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis". Eye. 37 (16): 3461–3469. doi:10.1038/s41433-023-02534-8. PMC 10630522. PMID 37106147.
Lawrenson JG, Huntjens B, Virgili G, Ng S, Dhakal R, Downie LE, Verkicharla PK, Kernohan A, Li T, Walline JJ (13 February 2025). "Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2025 (2) CD014758. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014758.pub3. PMC 11822883. PMID 39945354.
Mei Z, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Lam C, Luo S, Cai C, Luo S (August 2024). "Efficacy of outdoor interventions for myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Frontiers in Public Health. 12 1452567. Bibcode:2024FrPH...1252567M. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1452567. PMC 11347293. PMID 39193200.
Ong E, Grice K, Held R, Thorn F, Gwiazda J (June 1999). "Effects of spectacle intervention on the progression of myopia in children". Optometry and Vision Science. 76 (6): 363–9. doi:10.1097/00006324-199906000-00015. PMID 10416930.
Pärssinen O, Hemminki E, Klemetti A (July 1989). "Effect of spectacle use and accommodation on myopic progression: final results of a three-year randomised clinical trial among schoolchildren". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 73 (7): 547–51. doi:10.1136/bjo.73.7.547. PMC 1041798. PMID 2667638.
Wolffsohn JS, Flitcroft DI, Gifford KL, Jong M, Jones L, Klaver CC, Logan NS, Naidoo K, Resnikoff S, Sankaridurg P, Smith EL, Troilo D, Wildsoet CF (28 February 2019). "IMI - Myopia Control Reports Overview and Introduction". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 60 (3): M1–M19. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25980. PMC 6735780. PMID 30817825.
Walline JJ, Lindsley KB, Vedula SS, Cotter SA, Mutti DO, Ng SM, Twelker JD (2020). "Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD0O6460. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004916.pub4. PMC 6984636. PMID 31930781.
Smith MJ, Walline JJ (2015). "Controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents". Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 6: 133–40. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S55834. PMC 4542412. PMID 26316834.
Li FF, Yam JC (2019). "Low-Concentration Atropine Eye Drops for Myopia Progression". Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology. 8 (5): 360–365. doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000256. PMC 6784858. PMID 31478936.
Ward B, Tarutta EP, Mayer MJ (December 2009). "The efficacy and safety of posterior pole buckles in the control of progressive high myopia". Eye. 23 (12): 2169–74. doi:10.1038/eye.2008.433. PMID 19229272.
Wolffsohn JS, Flitcroft DI, Gifford KL, Jong M, Jones L, Klaver CC, Logan NS, Naidoo K, Resnikoff S, Sankaridurg P, Smith EL, Troilo D, Wildsoet CF (2019). "IMI – Myopia Control Reports Overview and Introduction". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 60 (3): 19. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25980. PMC 6735780. PMID 30817825.
Trokel SL, Srinivasan R, Braren B (December 1983). "Excimer laser surgery of the cornea". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 96 (6): 710–5. doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71911-7. PMID 6660257.
Seiler T, Bende T, Wollensak J, Trokel S (February 1988). "Excimer laser keratectomy for correction of astigmatism". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 105 (2): 117–24. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(88)90173-0. PMID 3341427.
Pallikaris IG, Siganos DS (1997). "Laser in situ keratomileusis to treat myopia: early experience". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 23 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(97)80149-6. PMID 9100106.
Pallikaris IG, Kymionis GD, Astyrakakis NI (November 2001). "Corneal ectasia induced by laser in situ keratomileusis". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 27 (11): 1796–802. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(01)01090-2. PMID 11709254.
Menezo JL, Peris-Martínez C, Cisneros-Lanuza AL, Martínez-Costa R (2004). "Rate of cataract formation in 343 highly myopic eyes after implantation of three types of phakic intraocular lenses". Journal of Refractive Surgery. 20 (4): 317–24. doi:10.3928/1081-597X-20040701-03. PMID 15307392.
Torun N, Bertelmann E, Klamann MK, Maier AK, Liekfeld A, Gonnermann J (July 2013). "Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens to correct myopia: long-term follow-up". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 39 (7): 1023–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2013.01.041. PMID 23664355.
Moshirfar M, Imbornoni LM, Ostler EM, Muthappan V (2014). "Incidence rate and occurrence of visually significant cataract formation and corneal decompensation after implantation of Verisyse/Artisan phakic intraocular lens". Clinical Ophthalmology. 8: 711–6. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S59878. PMC 3986296. PMID 24748765.
Vega-Estrada A, Alio JL (15 March 2016). "The use of intracorneal ring segments in keratoconus". Eye and Vision. 3 8. doi:10.1186/s40662-016-0040-z. PMC 4791885. PMID 26981548.
Rawstron JA, Burley CD, Elder MJ (2005). "A systematic review of the applicability and efficacy of eye exercises". Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 42 (2): 82–8. doi:10.3928/01913913-20050301-02. PMID 15825744.
Barrett BT (January 2009). "A critical evaluation of the evidence supporting the practice of behavioural vision therapy". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 29 (1): 4–25. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00607.x. PMID 19154276.
Fredrick DR (May 2002). "Myopia". BMJ. 324 (7347): 1195–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1195. PMC 1123161. PMID 12016188.
Sperduto RD, Seigel D, Roberts J, Rowland M (March 1983). "Prevalence of myopia in the United States". Archives of Ophthalmology. 101 (3): 405–7. doi:10.1001/archopht.1983.01040010405011. PMID 6830491.
Liang J, Pu Y, Chen J, Liu M, Ouyang B, Jin Z, Ge W, Wu Z, Yang X, Qin C, Wang C, Huang S, Jiang N, Hu L, Zhang Y, Gui Z, Pu X, Huang S, Chen Y (24 February 2025). "Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 109 (3): 362–371. doi:10.1136/bjo-2024-325427. PMID 39317432.
Morgan IG, French AN, Ashby RS, Guo X, Ding X, He M, Rose KA (January 2018). "The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 62: 134–149. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004. hdl:1885/139488. PMID 28951126.
Chandran S (June 1972). "Comparative study of refractive errors in West Malaysia". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 56 (6): 492–5. doi:10.1136/bjo.56.6.492. PMC 1208824. PMID 5069190.
Wu HM, Seet B, Yap EP, Saw SM, Lim TH, Chia KS (April 2001). "Does education explain ethnic differences in myopia prevalence? A population-based study of young adult males in Singapore". Optometry and Vision Science. 78 (4): 234–9. doi:10.1097/00006324-200104000-00012. PMID 11349931.
Mallen EA, Gammoh Y, Al-Bdour M, Sayegh FN (July 2005). "Refractive error and ocular biometry in Jordanian adults". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 25 (4): 302–9. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2005.00306.x. PMID 15953114.
Priscilla JJ, Verkicharla PK (May 2021). "Time trends on the prevalence of myopia in India – A prediction model for 2050". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics: The Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 41 (3): 466–474. doi:10.1111/opo.12806. PMID 33860952.
Saxena R, Vashist P, Tandon R, Pandey RM, Bhardawaj A, Gupta V, Menon V (2017). "Incidence and progression of myopia and associated factors in urban school children in Delhi: The North India Myopia Study (NIM Study)". PLOS ONE. 12 (12) e0189774. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1289774S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189774. PMC 5734754. PMID 29253002.
Williams KM, Bertelsen G, Cumberland P, Wolfram C, Verhoeven VJ, Anastasopoulos E, et al. (July 2015). "Increasing Prevalence of Myopia in Europe and the Impact of Education". Ophthalmology. 122 (7): 1489–97. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.018. PMC 4504030. PMID 25983215.
Logan NS, Davies LN, Mallen EA, Gilmartin B (April 2005). "Ametropia and ocular biometry in a U.K. university student population". Optometry and Vision Science. 82 (4): 261–6. doi:10.1097/01.OPX.0000159358.71125.95. PMID 15829853.
Kempen JH, Mitchell P, Lee KE, Tielsch JM, Broman AT, Taylor HR, et al. (April 2004). "The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia". Archives of Ophthalmology. 122 (4): 495–505. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.495. PMID 15078666.
Vitale S, Sperduto RD, Ferris FL (December 2009). "Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971–1972 and 1999–2004". Archives of Ophthalmology. 127 (12): 1632–9. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.303. PMID 20008719.
Kleinstein RN, Jones LA, Hullett S, Kwon S, Lee RJ, Friedman NE, et al. (August 2003). "Refractive error and ethnicity in children". Archives of Ophthalmology. 121 (8): 1141–7. doi:10.1001/archopht.121.8.1141. PMID 12912692.
Wensor M, McCarty CA, Taylor HR (May 1999). "Prevalence and risk factors of myopia in Victoria, Australia". Archives of Ophthalmology. 117 (5): 658–63. doi:10.1001/archopht.117.5.658. PMID 10326965.
Junghans BM, Crewther SG (February 2005). "Little evidence for an epidemic of myopia in Australian primary school children over the last 30 years". BMC Ophthalmology. 5 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-5-1. PMC 552307. PMID 15705207.
Thorn F, Cruz AA, Machado AJ, Carvalho RA (April 2005). "Refractive status of indigenous people in the northwestern Amazon region of Brazil". Optometry and Vision Science. 82 (4): 267–72. doi:10.1097/01.OPX.0000159371.25986.67. PMID 15829854.
Garcia CA, Oréfice F, Nobre GF, Souza D, Rocha ML, Vianna RN (June 2005). "[Prevalence of refractive errors in students in Northeastern Brazil]". Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia. 68 (3): 321–5. doi:10.1590/S0004-27492005000300009. PMID 16059562.
Dunphy EB (October 1970). "The biology of myopia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 283 (15): 796–800. doi:10.1056/NEJM197010082831507. PMID 4917270.
Jonas JB, Ang M, Cho P, Guggenheim JA, He MG, Jong M, Logan NS, Liu M, Morgan I, Ohno-Matsui K, Pärssinen O, Resnikoff S, Sankaridurg P, Saw SM, Smith EL, Tan DT, Walline JJ, Wildsoet CF, Wu PC, Zhu X, Wolffsohn JS (28 April 2021). "IMI Prevention of Myopia and Its Progression". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 62 (5): 6. doi:10.1167/iovs.62.5.6. PMC 8083117. PMID 33909032.
Williams KM, Hysi PG, Yonova-Doing E, Mahroo OA, Snieder H, Hammond CJ (April 2017). "Phenotypic and genotypic correlation between myopia and intelligence". Scientific Reports. 7 (1) 45977. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745977W. doi:10.1038/srep45977. PMC 5382686. PMID 28383074.
Verma A, Verma A (2015). "A novel review of the evidence linking myopia and high intelligence". Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015 271746. doi:10.1155/2015/271746. PMC 4306218. PMID 25653868.
Ghasia FF, Shaikh AG (April 2015). "Uncorrected Myopic Refractive Error Increases Microsaccade Amplitude". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 56 (4): 2531–5. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15882. PMID 25678690.
Alexander RG, Macknik SL, Martinez-Conde S (2018). "Microsaccade Characteristics in Neurological and Ophthalmic Disease". Frontiers in Neurology. 9 144. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00144. PMC 5859063. PMID 29593642.

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

Bates, Wm H (1920) Sight Without Glasses Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Ch. 10, p. 106. ISBN 1479118540.

eye-care.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Eyecare Trust. Night Driving – The Facts. OR Eye care advice for driving in the dark Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine 26 January 2005.'

eyecaretrust.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Eyecare Trust. Night Driving – The Facts. OR Eye care advice for driving in the dark Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine 26 January 2005.'

eyemdlink.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Glaucoma." Archived 19 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine EyeMDLink.com. Retrieved 27 August 2006.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Yam JC, Zhang XJ, Zaabaar E, Wang Y, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Kam KW, Tang F, Chu WK, Zhou X, Zhang W, He X, Wu PC, Rose KA, Morgan I, He M, Ohno-Matsui K, Jonas JB, Zhang M, Tham CC, Chen LJ, Pang CP (November 2025). "Interventions to reduce incidence and progression of myopia in children and adults". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 109 (Myopia special issue) 101410. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101410. hdl:10397/120303. PMID 41109517.
Morgan IG, French AN, Ashby RS, Guo X, Ding X, He M, Rose KA (January 2018). "The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 62: 134–149. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004. hdl:1885/139488. PMID 28951126.

infocusonline.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Dunaway D, Berger I. "Worldwide Distribution of Visual Refractive Errors and What to Expect at a Particular Location" Archived 29 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. infocusonline.org.

inist.fr (Global: 3,275^th place; English: 4,190^th place)

pascal-francis.inist.fr

Zejmo M, Formińska-Kapuścik M, Pieczara E, Filipek E, Mrukwa-Kominek E, Samochowiec-Donocik E, Leszczyński R, Smuzyńska M (September 2009). "Etiopathogenesis and management of high-degree myopia. Part I". Medical Science Monitor. 15 (9): RA199-202. PMID 19721411. INIST 21992936.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Wallman J, Gottlieb MD, Rajaram V, Fugate-Wentzek LA (July 1987). "Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia". Science. 237 (4810): 73–7. Bibcode:1987Sci...237...73W. doi:10.1126/science.3603011. JSTOR 1699607. PMID 3603011.

medscape.com (Global: 1,078^th place; English: 916^th place)

emedicine.medscape.com

medscimonit.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Zejmo M, Formińska-Kapuścik M, Pieczara E, Filipek E, Mrukwa-Kominek E, Samochowiec-Donocik E, Leszczyński R, Smuzyńska M (September 2009). "Etiopathogenesis and management of high-degree myopia. Part I". Medical Science Monitor. 15 (9): RA199-202. PMID 19721411. INIST 21992936.

myopiaprevention.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Orthokeratology (Ortho-K) treatment for Myopia Prevention and Control". www.myopiaprevention.org. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.

nap.edu (Global: 2,540^th place; English: 1,815^th place)

National Research Council Commission (1989). Myopia: Prevalence and Progression Archived 6 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, ISBN 0-309-04081-7

nhs.uk (Global: 2,637^th place; English: 2,254^th place)

"Short-sightedness (myopia)". NHS. Retrieved 19 October 2026.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Haarman AE, Enthoven CA, Tideman JW, Tedja MS, Verhoeven VJ, Klaver CC (9 April 2020). "The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 61 (4): 49. doi:10.1167/iovs.61.4.49. PMC 7401976. PMID 32347918.
Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw SM (November 2015). "A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence". Clinical & Experimental Optometry (Review). 98 (6): 497–506. doi:10.1111/cxo.12346. PMID 26497977.
Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Zang J, Zou H, Zhu J, et al. (September 2017). "Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review". Acta Ophthalmologica. 95 (6): 551–566. doi:10.1111/aos.13403. PMC 5599950. PMID 28251836.
Hobday R (January 2016). "Myopia and daylight in schools: a neglected aspect of public health?". Perspectives in Public Health. 136 (1): 50–5. doi:10.1177/1757913915576679. PMID 25800796.
Chen X, Wang XY, Zhang X, Chen Z, Zhou XT (2016). "Implantable collamer lens for residual refractive error after corneal refractive surgery". International Journal of Ophthalmology. 9 (10): 1421–1426. doi:10.18240/ijo.2016.10.09. PMC 5075656. PMID 27803858.
Foster PJ, Jiang Y (February 2014). "Epidemiology of myopia". Eye. 28 (2): 202–8. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.280. PMC 3930282. PMID 24406412.
Holden B, Sankaridurg P, Smith E, Aller T, Jong M, He M (February 2014). "Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control". Eye. 28 (2): 142–6. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.256. PMC 3930268. PMID 24357836.
Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM (January 2012). "Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 32 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x. PMID 22150586.
Pan CW, Dirani M, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Saw SM (March 2015). "The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: a meta-analysis". Optometry and Vision Science. 92 (3): 258–66. doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000000516. PMID 25611765.
Dong L, Kang YK, Li Y, Wei WB, Jonas JB (March 2020). "Prevalence And Time Trends Of Myopia In Children And Adolescents In China: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis". Retina. 40 (3): 399–411. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000002590. PMID 31259808.
Fredrick DR (18 May 2002). "Myopia". BMJ. 324 (7347): 1195–1199. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1195. PMC 1123161. PMID 12016188.
Carr BJ, Stell WK (1995), Kolb H, Fernandez E, Nelson R (eds.), "The Science Behind Myopia", Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System, Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Health Sciences Center, PMID 29266913, retrieved 25 October 2023
Hennelly ML (2019). "How to detect myopia in the eye clinic". Community Eye Health. 32 (105): 15–16. doi:10.56920/cehj.49. PMC 6688402. PMID 31409949.
Coviltir V, Burcel M, Cherecheanu AP, Ionescu C, Dascalescu D, Potop V, Burcea M (2019). "Update on Myopia Risk Factors and Microenvironmental Changes". Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019 4960852. doi:10.1155/2019/4960852. PMC 6875023. PMID 31781378.
Recko M, Stahl ED (2015). "Childhood myopia: epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention". Missouri Medicine. 112 (2): 116–121. PMC 6170055. PMID 25958656.
Wang YM, Lu SY, Zhang XJ, Chen LJ, Pang CP, Yam JC (9 March 2022). "Myopia Genetics and Heredity". Children. 9 (3): 382. doi:10.3390/children9030382. PMC 8947159. PMID 35327754.
Li J, Zhang Q (2017). "Insight into the molecular genetics of myopia". Molecular Vision. 23: 1048–1080. PMC 5757860. PMID 29386878.
Huang HM, Chang DS, Wu PC (2015). "The Association between Near Work Activities and Myopia in Children-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS ONE. 10 (10) e0140419. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1040419H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140419. PMC 4618477. PMID 26485393.
Shapira Y, Mimouni M, Machluf Y, Chaiter Y, Saab H, Mezer E (December 2019). "The Increasing Burden of Myopia in Israel among Young Adults over a Generation: Analysis of Predisposing Factors". Ophthalmology. 126 (12): 1617–1626. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.06.025. PMID 31474440.
Sivak J (November 2012). "The cause(s) of myopia and the efforts that have been made to prevent it". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 95 (6): 572–82. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00781.x. PMID 22845416.
Cai XB, Shen SR, Chen DF, Zhang Q, Jin ZB (1 November 2019). "An overview of myopia genetics". Experimental Eye Research. 188 107778. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2019.107778. PMID 31472110.
Polderman TJ, Benyamin B, de Leeuw CA, Sullivan PF, van Bochoven A, Visscher PM, Posthuma D (July 2015). "Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies". Nature Genetics. 47 (7): 702–709. Bibcode:2015NaGen..47..702P. doi:10.1038/ng.3285. PMID 25985137.
Dolgin E (March 2015). "The myopia boom". Nature. 519 (7543): 276–8. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..276D. doi:10.1038/519276a. PMID 25788077.
Medina A (June 2021). "The cause of myopia development and progression: Theory, evidence, and treatment". Survey of Ophthalmology. 67 (2): 488–509. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.06.005. PMID 34181975.
Biswas S, El Kareh A, Qureshi M, Lee DM, Sun CH, Lam JS, Saw SM, Najjar RP (31 January 2024). "The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia". Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 43 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7. PMC 10829372. PMID 38297353.
Jacobi FK, Pusch CM (January 2010). "A decade in search of myopia genes". Frontiers in Bioscience. 15 (1): 359–72. doi:10.2741/3625. PMID 20036825.
Verhoeven VJ, Hysi PG, Wojciechowski R, Fan Q, Guggenheim JA, Höhn R, et al. (March 2013). "Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia". Nature Genetics. 45 (3): 314–8. doi:10.1038/ng.2554. PMC 3740568. PMID 23396134.
Neitz M, Neitz J (August 2021). "Intermixing the OPN1LW and OPN1MW Genes Disrupts the Exonic Splicing Code Causing an Array of Vision Disorders". Genes. 12 (8): 1180. doi:10.3390/genes12081180. PMC 8391646. PMID 34440353.
Li J, Gao B, Guan L, Xiao X, Zhang J, Li S, et al. (June 2015). "Unique Variants in OPN1LW Cause Both Syndromic and Nonsyndromic X-Linked High Myopia Mapped to MYP1". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 56 (6): 4150–4155. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-16356. PMID 26114493.
Dirani M, Chamberlain M, Shekar SN, Islam AF, Garoufalis P, Chen CY, et al. (November 2006). "Heritability of refractive error and ocular biometrics: the Genes in Myopia (GEM) twin study". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 47 (11): 4756–61. doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0270. PMID 17065484.
Lopes MC, Andrew T, Carbonaro F, Spector TD, Hammond CJ (January 2009). "Estimating heritability and shared environmental effects for refractive error in twin and family studies". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 50 (1): 126–31. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2385. PMID 18757506.
Gusev A, Bhatia G, Zaitlen N, Vilhjalmsson BJ, Diogo D, Stahl EA, et al. (2013). "Quantifying missing heritability at known GWAS loci". PLOS Genetics. 9 (12) e1003993. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003993. PMC 3873246. PMID 24385918.
Dirani M, Tong L, Gazzard G, Zhang X, Chia A, Young TL, et al. (August 2009). "Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 93 (8): 997–1000. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.150979. PMID 19211608.
Rose KA, Morgan IG, Ip J, Kifley A, Huynh S, Smith W, Mitchell P (August 2008). "Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children". Ophthalmology. 115 (8): 1279–85. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.12.019. PMID 18294691.
Cui D, Trier K, Munk Ribel-Madsen S (May 2013). "Effect of day length on eye growth, myopia progression, and change of corneal power in myopic children". Ophthalmology. 120 (5): 1074–9. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.022. PMID 23380471.
Feldkaemper M, Schaeffel F (September 2013). "An updated view on the role of dopamine in myopia". Experimental Eye Research (review). 114: 106–19. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2013.02.007. PMID 23434455.
Nickla DL (September 2013). "Ocular diurnal rhythms and eye growth regulation: where we are 50 years after Lauber". Experimental Eye Research (Review). 114: 25–34. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2012.12.013. PMC 3742730. PMID 23298452.
Nickla DL, Jordan K, Yang J, Totonelly K (1 August 2017). "Brief hyperopic defocus or form deprivation have varying effects on eye growth and ocular rhythms depending on the time-of-day of exposure". Experimental Eye Research. 161: 132–142. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2017.06.003. PMC 5557081. PMID 28596085.
Peled A, Nitzan I, Megreli J, Derazne E, Tzur D, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Afek A, Twig G (August 2022). "Myopia and BMI: a nationwide study of 1.3 million adolescents". Obesity. 30 (8): 1691–1698. doi:10.1002/oby.23482. PMID 35894082.
Qu Y, Huang H, Zhang H (5 December 2023). "Association between body mass index and myopia in the United States population in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999 to 2008: a cross-sectional study". European Journal of Medical Research. 28 (1): 561. doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01542-4. PMC 10696841. PMID 38049883.
Lee DC, Lee SY, Kim YC (2018). "An epidemiological study of the risk factors associated with myopia in young adult men in Korea". Scientific Reports. 8 (1) 511. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8..511L. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18926-2. PMC 5764954. PMID 29323203.
Summanen P, Kivitie-Kallio S, Norio R, Raitta C, Kivelä T (May 2002). "Mechanisms of myopia in Cohen syndrome mapped to chromosome 8q22". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 43 (5): 1686–93. PMID 11980891.
Panday VA, Rhee DJ (September 2007). "Review of sulfonamide-induced acute myopia and acute bilateral angle-closure glaucoma". Comprehensive Ophthalmology Update (Review). 8 (5): 271–6. PMID 18201514.
Richards OW (October 1976). "Instrument myopia--microscopy". American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics. 53 (10): 658–63. doi:10.1097/00006324-197610000-00003. PMID 1015520.
Li CY, Lin KK, Lin YC, Lee JS (March 2002). "Low vision and methods of rehabilitation: a comparison between the past and present". Chang Gung Medical Journal. 25 (3): 153–61. PMID 12022735.
Ong E, Ciuffreda KJ (1995). "Nearwork-induced transient myopia: a critical review". Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 91 (1): 57–85. doi:10.1007/BF01204624. PMID 8861637.
Ciuffreda KJ, Vasudevan B (March 2008). "Nearwork-induced transient myopia (NITM) and permanent myopia—is there a link?". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 28 (2): 103–14. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00550.x. PMID 18339041.
Bennett MH, Cooper JS (21 June 2022). "Hyperbaric Cataracts". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. StatPearls Publishing LLC. PMID 29261974. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
Vukojević N, Šikić J, Ćurković T, Juratovac Z, Katušić D, Šarić B, Jukić T (20 June 2005). "Axial Eye Length after Retinal Detachment Surgery". Collegium Antropologicum. 29 – Supplement 1 (1): 25–27. PMID 16193671.
Metge P, Donnadieu M (September 1993). "Myopie et cataracte" [Myopia and cataract]. La Revue du Praticien (in French). 43 (14): 1784–6. OCLC 116851621. PMID 8310218.
Young FA (February 1962). "The effect of nearwork illumination level on monkey refraction". American Journal of Optometry & Archives of American Academy of Optometry. 39 (2): 60–7. doi:10.1097/00006324-196202000-00002. PMID 14009334.
Zhu X, Park TW, Winawer J, Wallman J (July 2005). "In a matter of minutes, the eye can know which way to grow". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 46 (7): 2238–41. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0956. PMID 15980206.
Wallman J, Gottlieb MD, Rajaram V, Fugate-Wentzek LA (July 1987). "Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia". Science. 237 (4810): 73–7. Bibcode:1987Sci...237...73W. doi:10.1126/science.3603011. JSTOR 1699607. PMID 3603011.
Shen W, Vijayan M, Sivak JG (May 2005). "Inducing form-deprivation myopia in fish". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 46 (5): 1797–803. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-1318. PMID 15851585.
Grosvenor T (July 1987). "A review and a suggested classification system for myopia on the basis of age-related prevalence and age of onset". American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics. 64 (7): 545–54. doi:10.1097/00006324-198707000-00012. PMID 3307441.
Zejmo M, Formińska-Kapuścik M, Pieczara E, Filipek E, Mrukwa-Kominek E, Samochowiec-Donocik E, Leszczyński R, Smuzyńska M (September 2009). "Etiopathogenesis and management of high-degree myopia. Part I". Medical Science Monitor. 15 (9): RA199-202. PMID 19721411. INIST 21992936.
Messmer DE (May 1992). "[Retinal detachment]". Schweizerische Rundschau für Medizin Praxis = Revue Suisse de Médecine Praxis (in German). 81 (19): 622–5. PMID 1589678.
Banerjee S, Horton J (2021). Lenses and Spectacles to Prevent Myopia Worsening in Children. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. PMID 34255449.
Walline JJ, Walker MK, Mutti DO, Jones-Jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Giannoni AG, Bickle KM, Schulle KL, Nixon A, Pierce GE, Berntsen DA, BLINK Study Group (11 August 2020). "Effect of High Add Power, Medium Add Power, or Single-Vision Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children: The BLINK Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 324 (6): 571–580. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10834. PMC 7420158. PMID 32780139.
Ruiz-Pomeda A, Pérez-Sánchez B, Valls I, Prieto-Garrido FL, Gutiérrez-Ortega R, Villa-Collar C (May 2018). "MiSight Assessment Study Spain (MASS). A 2-year randomized clinical trial". Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 256 (5): 1011–1021. doi:10.1007/s00417-018-3906-z. PMID 29396662.
Garcia-Del Valle AM, Blázquez V, Gros-Otero J, Infante M, Culebras A, Verdejo A, Sebastián J, García M, Bueno S, Piñero DP (January 2021). "Efficacy and safety of a soft contact lens to control myopia progression". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 104 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1111/cxo.13077. PMID 32342559.
Morgan I, Rose K (January 2005). "How genetic is school myopia?". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 24 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.004. PMID 15555525.
Yam JC, Zhang XJ, Zaabaar E, Wang Y, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Kam KW, Tang F, Chu WK, Zhou X, Zhang W, He X, Wu PC, Rose KA, Morgan I, He M, Ohno-Matsui K, Jonas JB, Zhang M, Tham CC, Chen LJ, Pang CP (November 2025). "Interventions to reduce incidence and progression of myopia in children and adults". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 109 (Myopia special issue) 101410. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101410. hdl:10397/120303. PMID 41109517.
Zhang G, Jiang J, Qu C (November 2023). "Myopia prevention and control in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis". Eye. 37 (16): 3461–3469. doi:10.1038/s41433-023-02534-8. PMC 10630522. PMID 37106147.
Lawrenson JG, Huntjens B, Virgili G, Ng S, Dhakal R, Downie LE, Verkicharla PK, Kernohan A, Li T, Walline JJ (13 February 2025). "Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2025 (2) CD014758. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014758.pub3. PMC 11822883. PMID 39945354.
Mei Z, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Lam C, Luo S, Cai C, Luo S (August 2024). "Efficacy of outdoor interventions for myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Frontiers in Public Health. 12 1452567. Bibcode:2024FrPH...1252567M. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1452567. PMC 11347293. PMID 39193200.
Ong E, Grice K, Held R, Thorn F, Gwiazda J (June 1999). "Effects of spectacle intervention on the progression of myopia in children". Optometry and Vision Science. 76 (6): 363–9. doi:10.1097/00006324-199906000-00015. PMID 10416930.
Pärssinen O, Hemminki E, Klemetti A (July 1989). "Effect of spectacle use and accommodation on myopic progression: final results of a three-year randomised clinical trial among schoolchildren". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 73 (7): 547–51. doi:10.1136/bjo.73.7.547. PMC 1041798. PMID 2667638.
Wolffsohn JS, Flitcroft DI, Gifford KL, Jong M, Jones L, Klaver CC, Logan NS, Naidoo K, Resnikoff S, Sankaridurg P, Smith EL, Troilo D, Wildsoet CF (28 February 2019). "IMI - Myopia Control Reports Overview and Introduction". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 60 (3): M1–M19. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25980. PMC 6735780. PMID 30817825.
Walline JJ, Lindsley KB, Vedula SS, Cotter SA, Mutti DO, Ng SM, Twelker JD (2020). "Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD0O6460. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004916.pub4. PMC 6984636. PMID 31930781.
Smith MJ, Walline JJ (2015). "Controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents". Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 6: 133–40. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S55834. PMC 4542412. PMID 26316834.
Li FF, Yam JC (2019). "Low-Concentration Atropine Eye Drops for Myopia Progression". Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology. 8 (5): 360–365. doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000256. PMC 6784858. PMID 31478936.
Ward B, Tarutta EP, Mayer MJ (December 2009). "The efficacy and safety of posterior pole buckles in the control of progressive high myopia". Eye. 23 (12): 2169–74. doi:10.1038/eye.2008.433. PMID 19229272.
Wolffsohn JS, Flitcroft DI, Gifford KL, Jong M, Jones L, Klaver CC, Logan NS, Naidoo K, Resnikoff S, Sankaridurg P, Smith EL, Troilo D, Wildsoet CF (2019). "IMI – Myopia Control Reports Overview and Introduction". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 60 (3): 19. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25980. PMC 6735780. PMID 30817825.
Trokel SL, Srinivasan R, Braren B (December 1983). "Excimer laser surgery of the cornea". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 96 (6): 710–5. doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71911-7. PMID 6660257.
Seiler T, Bende T, Wollensak J, Trokel S (February 1988). "Excimer laser keratectomy for correction of astigmatism". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 105 (2): 117–24. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(88)90173-0. PMID 3341427.
Pallikaris IG, Siganos DS (1997). "Laser in situ keratomileusis to treat myopia: early experience". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 23 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(97)80149-6. PMID 9100106.
Pallikaris IG, Kymionis GD, Astyrakakis NI (November 2001). "Corneal ectasia induced by laser in situ keratomileusis". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 27 (11): 1796–802. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(01)01090-2. PMID 11709254.
Menezo JL, Peris-Martínez C, Cisneros-Lanuza AL, Martínez-Costa R (2004). "Rate of cataract formation in 343 highly myopic eyes after implantation of three types of phakic intraocular lenses". Journal of Refractive Surgery. 20 (4): 317–24. doi:10.3928/1081-597X-20040701-03. PMID 15307392.
Torun N, Bertelmann E, Klamann MK, Maier AK, Liekfeld A, Gonnermann J (July 2013). "Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens to correct myopia: long-term follow-up". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 39 (7): 1023–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2013.01.041. PMID 23664355.
Moshirfar M, Imbornoni LM, Ostler EM, Muthappan V (2014). "Incidence rate and occurrence of visually significant cataract formation and corneal decompensation after implantation of Verisyse/Artisan phakic intraocular lens". Clinical Ophthalmology. 8: 711–6. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S59878. PMC 3986296. PMID 24748765.
Vega-Estrada A, Alio JL (15 March 2016). "The use of intracorneal ring segments in keratoconus". Eye and Vision. 3 8. doi:10.1186/s40662-016-0040-z. PMC 4791885. PMID 26981548.
Rawstron JA, Burley CD, Elder MJ (2005). "A systematic review of the applicability and efficacy of eye exercises". Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 42 (2): 82–8. doi:10.3928/01913913-20050301-02. PMID 15825744.
Barrett BT (January 2009). "A critical evaluation of the evidence supporting the practice of behavioural vision therapy". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 29 (1): 4–25. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00607.x. PMID 19154276.
Fredrick DR (May 2002). "Myopia". BMJ. 324 (7347): 1195–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1195. PMC 1123161. PMID 12016188.
Sperduto RD, Seigel D, Roberts J, Rowland M (March 1983). "Prevalence of myopia in the United States". Archives of Ophthalmology. 101 (3): 405–7. doi:10.1001/archopht.1983.01040010405011. PMID 6830491.
Liang J, Pu Y, Chen J, Liu M, Ouyang B, Jin Z, Ge W, Wu Z, Yang X, Qin C, Wang C, Huang S, Jiang N, Hu L, Zhang Y, Gui Z, Pu X, Huang S, Chen Y (24 February 2025). "Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 109 (3): 362–371. doi:10.1136/bjo-2024-325427. PMID 39317432.
Morgan IG, French AN, Ashby RS, Guo X, Ding X, He M, Rose KA (January 2018). "The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 62: 134–149. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004. hdl:1885/139488. PMID 28951126.
Chandran S (June 1972). "Comparative study of refractive errors in West Malaysia". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 56 (6): 492–5. doi:10.1136/bjo.56.6.492. PMC 1208824. PMID 5069190.
Wu HM, Seet B, Yap EP, Saw SM, Lim TH, Chia KS (April 2001). "Does education explain ethnic differences in myopia prevalence? A population-based study of young adult males in Singapore". Optometry and Vision Science. 78 (4): 234–9. doi:10.1097/00006324-200104000-00012. PMID 11349931.
Mallen EA, Gammoh Y, Al-Bdour M, Sayegh FN (July 2005). "Refractive error and ocular biometry in Jordanian adults". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 25 (4): 302–9. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2005.00306.x. PMID 15953114.
Priscilla JJ, Verkicharla PK (May 2021). "Time trends on the prevalence of myopia in India – A prediction model for 2050". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics: The Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 41 (3): 466–474. doi:10.1111/opo.12806. PMID 33860952.
Saxena R, Vashist P, Tandon R, Pandey RM, Bhardawaj A, Gupta V, Menon V (2017). "Incidence and progression of myopia and associated factors in urban school children in Delhi: The North India Myopia Study (NIM Study)". PLOS ONE. 12 (12) e0189774. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1289774S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189774. PMC 5734754. PMID 29253002.
Williams KM, Bertelsen G, Cumberland P, Wolfram C, Verhoeven VJ, Anastasopoulos E, et al. (July 2015). "Increasing Prevalence of Myopia in Europe and the Impact of Education". Ophthalmology. 122 (7): 1489–97. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.018. PMC 4504030. PMID 25983215.
Logan NS, Davies LN, Mallen EA, Gilmartin B (April 2005). "Ametropia and ocular biometry in a U.K. university student population". Optometry and Vision Science. 82 (4): 261–6. doi:10.1097/01.OPX.0000159358.71125.95. PMID 15829853.
Kempen JH, Mitchell P, Lee KE, Tielsch JM, Broman AT, Taylor HR, et al. (April 2004). "The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia". Archives of Ophthalmology. 122 (4): 495–505. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.495. PMID 15078666.
Vitale S, Sperduto RD, Ferris FL (December 2009). "Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971–1972 and 1999–2004". Archives of Ophthalmology. 127 (12): 1632–9. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.303. PMID 20008719.
Kleinstein RN, Jones LA, Hullett S, Kwon S, Lee RJ, Friedman NE, et al. (August 2003). "Refractive error and ethnicity in children". Archives of Ophthalmology. 121 (8): 1141–7. doi:10.1001/archopht.121.8.1141. PMID 12912692.
Wensor M, McCarty CA, Taylor HR (May 1999). "Prevalence and risk factors of myopia in Victoria, Australia". Archives of Ophthalmology. 117 (5): 658–63. doi:10.1001/archopht.117.5.658. PMID 10326965.
Junghans BM, Crewther SG (February 2005). "Little evidence for an epidemic of myopia in Australian primary school children over the last 30 years". BMC Ophthalmology. 5 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-5-1. PMC 552307. PMID 15705207.
Thorn F, Cruz AA, Machado AJ, Carvalho RA (April 2005). "Refractive status of indigenous people in the northwestern Amazon region of Brazil". Optometry and Vision Science. 82 (4): 267–72. doi:10.1097/01.OPX.0000159371.25986.67. PMID 15829854.
Garcia CA, Oréfice F, Nobre GF, Souza D, Rocha ML, Vianna RN (June 2005). "[Prevalence of refractive errors in students in Northeastern Brazil]". Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia. 68 (3): 321–5. doi:10.1590/S0004-27492005000300009. PMID 16059562.
Dunphy EB (October 1970). "The biology of myopia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 283 (15): 796–800. doi:10.1056/NEJM197010082831507. PMID 4917270.
Jonas JB, Ang M, Cho P, Guggenheim JA, He MG, Jong M, Logan NS, Liu M, Morgan I, Ohno-Matsui K, Pärssinen O, Resnikoff S, Sankaridurg P, Saw SM, Smith EL, Tan DT, Walline JJ, Wildsoet CF, Wu PC, Zhu X, Wolffsohn JS (28 April 2021). "IMI Prevention of Myopia and Its Progression". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 62 (5): 6. doi:10.1167/iovs.62.5.6. PMC 8083117. PMID 33909032.
Williams KM, Hysi PG, Yonova-Doing E, Mahroo OA, Snieder H, Hammond CJ (April 2017). "Phenotypic and genotypic correlation between myopia and intelligence". Scientific Reports. 7 (1) 45977. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745977W. doi:10.1038/srep45977. PMC 5382686. PMID 28383074.
Verma A, Verma A (2015). "A novel review of the evidence linking myopia and high intelligence". Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015 271746. doi:10.1155/2015/271746. PMC 4306218. PMID 25653868.
Ghasia FF, Shaikh AG (April 2015). "Uncorrected Myopic Refractive Error Increases Microsaccade Amplitude". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 56 (4): 2531–5. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15882. PMID 25678690.
Alexander RG, Macknik SL, Martinez-Conde S (2018). "Microsaccade Characteristics in Neurological and Ophthalmic Disease". Frontiers in Neurology. 9 144. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00144. PMC 5859063. PMID 29593642.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Haarman AE, Enthoven CA, Tideman JW, Tedja MS, Verhoeven VJ, Klaver CC (9 April 2020). "The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 61 (4): 49. doi:10.1167/iovs.61.4.49. PMC 7401976. PMID 32347918.
Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Zang J, Zou H, Zhu J, et al. (September 2017). "Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review". Acta Ophthalmologica. 95 (6): 551–566. doi:10.1111/aos.13403. PMC 5599950. PMID 28251836.
Chen X, Wang XY, Zhang X, Chen Z, Zhou XT (2016). "Implantable collamer lens for residual refractive error after corneal refractive surgery". International Journal of Ophthalmology. 9 (10): 1421–1426. doi:10.18240/ijo.2016.10.09. PMC 5075656. PMID 27803858.
Foster PJ, Jiang Y (February 2014). "Epidemiology of myopia". Eye. 28 (2): 202–8. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.280. PMC 3930282. PMID 24406412.
Holden B, Sankaridurg P, Smith E, Aller T, Jong M, He M (February 2014). "Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control". Eye. 28 (2): 142–6. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.256. PMC 3930268. PMID 24357836.
Fredrick DR (18 May 2002). "Myopia". BMJ. 324 (7347): 1195–1199. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1195. PMC 1123161. PMID 12016188.
Carr BJ, Stell WK (1995), Kolb H, Fernandez E, Nelson R (eds.), "The Science Behind Myopia", Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System, Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Health Sciences Center, PMID 29266913, retrieved 25 October 2023
Hennelly ML (2019). "How to detect myopia in the eye clinic". Community Eye Health. 32 (105): 15–16. doi:10.56920/cehj.49. PMC 6688402. PMID 31409949.
Coviltir V, Burcel M, Cherecheanu AP, Ionescu C, Dascalescu D, Potop V, Burcea M (2019). "Update on Myopia Risk Factors and Microenvironmental Changes". Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019 4960852. doi:10.1155/2019/4960852. PMC 6875023. PMID 31781378.
Recko M, Stahl ED (2015). "Childhood myopia: epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention". Missouri Medicine. 112 (2): 116–121. PMC 6170055. PMID 25958656.
Wang YM, Lu SY, Zhang XJ, Chen LJ, Pang CP, Yam JC (9 March 2022). "Myopia Genetics and Heredity". Children. 9 (3): 382. doi:10.3390/children9030382. PMC 8947159. PMID 35327754.
Li J, Zhang Q (2017). "Insight into the molecular genetics of myopia". Molecular Vision. 23: 1048–1080. PMC 5757860. PMID 29386878.
Huang HM, Chang DS, Wu PC (2015). "The Association between Near Work Activities and Myopia in Children-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS ONE. 10 (10) e0140419. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1040419H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140419. PMC 4618477. PMID 26485393.
Biswas S, El Kareh A, Qureshi M, Lee DM, Sun CH, Lam JS, Saw SM, Najjar RP (31 January 2024). "The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia". Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 43 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7. PMC 10829372. PMID 38297353.
Verhoeven VJ, Hysi PG, Wojciechowski R, Fan Q, Guggenheim JA, Höhn R, et al. (March 2013). "Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia". Nature Genetics. 45 (3): 314–8. doi:10.1038/ng.2554. PMC 3740568. PMID 23396134.
Neitz M, Neitz J (August 2021). "Intermixing the OPN1LW and OPN1MW Genes Disrupts the Exonic Splicing Code Causing an Array of Vision Disorders". Genes. 12 (8): 1180. doi:10.3390/genes12081180. PMC 8391646. PMID 34440353.
Gusev A, Bhatia G, Zaitlen N, Vilhjalmsson BJ, Diogo D, Stahl EA, et al. (2013). "Quantifying missing heritability at known GWAS loci". PLOS Genetics. 9 (12) e1003993. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003993. PMC 3873246. PMID 24385918.
Nickla DL (September 2013). "Ocular diurnal rhythms and eye growth regulation: where we are 50 years after Lauber". Experimental Eye Research (Review). 114: 25–34. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2012.12.013. PMC 3742730. PMID 23298452.
Nickla DL, Jordan K, Yang J, Totonelly K (1 August 2017). "Brief hyperopic defocus or form deprivation have varying effects on eye growth and ocular rhythms depending on the time-of-day of exposure". Experimental Eye Research. 161: 132–142. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2017.06.003. PMC 5557081. PMID 28596085.
Qu Y, Huang H, Zhang H (5 December 2023). "Association between body mass index and myopia in the United States population in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999 to 2008: a cross-sectional study". European Journal of Medical Research. 28 (1): 561. doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01542-4. PMC 10696841. PMID 38049883.
Lee DC, Lee SY, Kim YC (2018). "An epidemiological study of the risk factors associated with myopia in young adult men in Korea". Scientific Reports. 8 (1) 511. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8..511L. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18926-2. PMC 5764954. PMID 29323203.
Bennett MH, Cooper JS (21 June 2022). "Hyperbaric Cataracts". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. StatPearls Publishing LLC. PMID 29261974. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
Banerjee S, Horton J (2021). Lenses and Spectacles to Prevent Myopia Worsening in Children. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. PMID 34255449.
Walline JJ, Walker MK, Mutti DO, Jones-Jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Giannoni AG, Bickle KM, Schulle KL, Nixon A, Pierce GE, Berntsen DA, BLINK Study Group (11 August 2020). "Effect of High Add Power, Medium Add Power, or Single-Vision Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children: The BLINK Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 324 (6): 571–580. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10834. PMC 7420158. PMID 32780139.
Zhang G, Jiang J, Qu C (November 2023). "Myopia prevention and control in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis". Eye. 37 (16): 3461–3469. doi:10.1038/s41433-023-02534-8. PMC 10630522. PMID 37106147.
Lawrenson JG, Huntjens B, Virgili G, Ng S, Dhakal R, Downie LE, Verkicharla PK, Kernohan A, Li T, Walline JJ (13 February 2025). "Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2025 (2) CD014758. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014758.pub3. PMC 11822883. PMID 39945354.
Mei Z, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Lam C, Luo S, Cai C, Luo S (August 2024). "Efficacy of outdoor interventions for myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Frontiers in Public Health. 12 1452567. Bibcode:2024FrPH...1252567M. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1452567. PMC 11347293. PMID 39193200.
Pärssinen O, Hemminki E, Klemetti A (July 1989). "Effect of spectacle use and accommodation on myopic progression: final results of a three-year randomised clinical trial among schoolchildren". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 73 (7): 547–51. doi:10.1136/bjo.73.7.547. PMC 1041798. PMID 2667638.
Wolffsohn JS, Flitcroft DI, Gifford KL, Jong M, Jones L, Klaver CC, Logan NS, Naidoo K, Resnikoff S, Sankaridurg P, Smith EL, Troilo D, Wildsoet CF (28 February 2019). "IMI - Myopia Control Reports Overview and Introduction". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 60 (3): M1–M19. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25980. PMC 6735780. PMID 30817825.
Walline JJ, Lindsley KB, Vedula SS, Cotter SA, Mutti DO, Ng SM, Twelker JD (2020). "Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD0O6460. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004916.pub4. PMC 6984636. PMID 31930781.
Smith MJ, Walline JJ (2015). "Controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents". Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 6: 133–40. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S55834. PMC 4542412. PMID 26316834.
Li FF, Yam JC (2019). "Low-Concentration Atropine Eye Drops for Myopia Progression". Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology. 8 (5): 360–365. doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000256. PMC 6784858. PMID 31478936.
Wolffsohn JS, Flitcroft DI, Gifford KL, Jong M, Jones L, Klaver CC, Logan NS, Naidoo K, Resnikoff S, Sankaridurg P, Smith EL, Troilo D, Wildsoet CF (2019). "IMI – Myopia Control Reports Overview and Introduction". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 60 (3): 19. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25980. PMC 6735780. PMID 30817825.
Moshirfar M, Imbornoni LM, Ostler EM, Muthappan V (2014). "Incidence rate and occurrence of visually significant cataract formation and corneal decompensation after implantation of Verisyse/Artisan phakic intraocular lens". Clinical Ophthalmology. 8: 711–6. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S59878. PMC 3986296. PMID 24748765.
Vega-Estrada A, Alio JL (15 March 2016). "The use of intracorneal ring segments in keratoconus". Eye and Vision. 3 8. doi:10.1186/s40662-016-0040-z. PMC 4791885. PMID 26981548.
Fredrick DR (May 2002). "Myopia". BMJ. 324 (7347): 1195–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1195. PMC 1123161. PMID 12016188.
Chandran S (June 1972). "Comparative study of refractive errors in West Malaysia". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 56 (6): 492–5. doi:10.1136/bjo.56.6.492. PMC 1208824. PMID 5069190.
Saxena R, Vashist P, Tandon R, Pandey RM, Bhardawaj A, Gupta V, Menon V (2017). "Incidence and progression of myopia and associated factors in urban school children in Delhi: The North India Myopia Study (NIM Study)". PLOS ONE. 12 (12) e0189774. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1289774S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189774. PMC 5734754. PMID 29253002.
Williams KM, Bertelsen G, Cumberland P, Wolfram C, Verhoeven VJ, Anastasopoulos E, et al. (July 2015). "Increasing Prevalence of Myopia in Europe and the Impact of Education". Ophthalmology. 122 (7): 1489–97. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.018. PMC 4504030. PMID 25983215.
Junghans BM, Crewther SG (February 2005). "Little evidence for an epidemic of myopia in Australian primary school children over the last 30 years". BMC Ophthalmology. 5 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-5-1. PMC 552307. PMID 15705207.
Jonas JB, Ang M, Cho P, Guggenheim JA, He MG, Jong M, Logan NS, Liu M, Morgan I, Ohno-Matsui K, Pärssinen O, Resnikoff S, Sankaridurg P, Saw SM, Smith EL, Tan DT, Walline JJ, Wildsoet CF, Wu PC, Zhu X, Wolffsohn JS (28 April 2021). "IMI Prevention of Myopia and Its Progression". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 62 (5): 6. doi:10.1167/iovs.62.5.6. PMC 8083117. PMID 33909032.
Williams KM, Hysi PG, Yonova-Doing E, Mahroo OA, Snieder H, Hammond CJ (April 2017). "Phenotypic and genotypic correlation between myopia and intelligence". Scientific Reports. 7 (1) 45977. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745977W. doi:10.1038/srep45977. PMC 5382686. PMID 28383074.
Verma A, Verma A (2015). "A novel review of the evidence linking myopia and high intelligence". Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015 271746. doi:10.1155/2015/271746. PMC 4306218. PMID 25653868.
Alexander RG, Macknik SL, Martinez-Conde S (2018). "Microsaccade Characteristics in Neurological and Ophthalmic Disease". Frontiers in Neurology. 9 144. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00144. PMC 5859063. PMID 29593642.

nei.nih.gov

"Nearsightedness (Myopia)". National Eye Institute. Retrieved 8 October 2026.

nus.edu.sg (Global: 2,453^rd place; English: 1,629^th place)

scholarbank.nus.edu.sg

Dirani M, Tong L, Gazzard G, Zhang X, Chia A, Young TL, et al. (August 2009). "Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 93 (8): 997–1000. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.150979. PMID 19211608.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Brooks, David (19 March 2009). Perverse Cosmic Myopia Archived 7 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. New York Times.

odcommunity.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

fluorescene.odcommunity.com

Fitoussi S (23 May 2023). "The World Record of Myopia".

ophthalmologyweb.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Orthokeratology: A Heated Debate Continues". www.ophthalmologyweb.com.

optometrystudents.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

https://www.optometrystudents.com/pearl/over-minus-you-probably-do-itstop-it/ Archived 2 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine^{[unreliable medical source?]}^{[full citation needed]}

rcaap.pt (Global: low place; English: low place)

Garcia CA, Oréfice F, Nobre GF, Souza D, Rocha ML, Vianna RN (June 2005). "[Prevalence of refractive errors in students in Northeastern Brazil]". Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia. 68 (3): 321–5. doi:10.1590/S0004-27492005000300009. PMID 16059562.

reviewofoptometry.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Overminus Lenses Associated with Myopia Progression".
Daniels K. "Consider Ortho-K For Myopia Control". www.reviewofoptometry.com.

smj.org.sg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"School based program". Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.

srce.hr (Global: 1,163^rd place; English: 1,174^th place)

hrcak.srce.hr

Vukojević N, Šikić J, Ćurković T, Juratovac Z, Katušić D, Šarić B, Jukić T (20 June 2005). "Axial Eye Length after Retinal Detachment Surgery". Collegium Antropologicum. 29 – Supplement 1 (1): 25–27. PMID 16193671.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Davis N (20 February 2025). "Every hour children spend on screens raises chance of myopia, study finds". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
Davidson H (28 February 2025). "Shortsighted Taiwan may have lessons for the world as a preventable disease skyrockets". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 March 2025.

visioncenter.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Myopia: Statistics, Trends, Causes, & Solutions (2025)". Vision Center. Retrieved 18 March 2026.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Ledford A, Nemeth SC, Ledford JK (2008). Ocular anatomy and physiology (2nd ed.). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-55642-792-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
Sherwin J (25 October 2011). "Lack of outdoor play linked to short-sighted children". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
https://www.optometrystudents.com/pearl/over-minus-you-probably-do-itstop-it/ Archived 2 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine^{[unreliable medical source?]}^{[full citation needed]}
The Eyecare Trust. Night Driving – The Facts. OR Eye care advice for driving in the dark Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine 26 January 2005.'
American Optometric Association (1997). Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the Patient with Myopia (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
"Glaucoma." Archived 19 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine EyeMDLink.com. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
"More Information on Glaucoma." AgingEye Times. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
"School based program". Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
"Orthokeratology (Ortho-K) treatment for Myopia Prevention and Control". www.myopiaprevention.org. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
Bates, Wm H (1920) Sight Without Glasses Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Ch. 10, p. 106. ISBN 1479118540.
Dunaway D, Berger I. "Worldwide Distribution of Visual Refractive Errors and What to Expect at a Particular Location" Archived 29 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. infocusonline.org.
National Research Council Commission (1989). Myopia: Prevalence and Progression Archived 6 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, ISBN 0-309-04081-7
"Myopia – Birth Story". Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
Brooks, David (19 March 2009). Perverse Cosmic Myopia Archived 7 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. New York Times.
Thompson C (17 September 2009). "Don't Work All the Time". Wired. Vol. 17, no. 8. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.

who.int (Global: 213^th place; English: 314^th place)

"Vision impairment and blindness". www.who.int. Retrieved 25 October 2023.

wired.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 178^th place)

Katwala A. "The World Is Going Blind. Taiwan Offers a Warning, and a Cure". Wired. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
Thompson C (17 September 2009). "Don't Work All the Time". Wired. Vol. 17, no. 8. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Goss DA, Eskridge JB (1988). "Myopia". In Amos JB (ed.). Diagnosis and management in vision care. Boston: Butterworths. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-409-95082-3. OCLC 14967262.
Metge P, Donnadieu M (September 1993). "Myopie et cataracte" [Myopia and cataract]. La Revue du Praticien (in French). 43 (14): 1784–6. OCLC 116851621. PMID 8310218.

Myopia (English Wikipedia)

aao.org (Global: low place; English: 8,410th place)

aao.org

eyewiki.aao.org

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

amsterdamumc.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

pure.amsterdamumc.nl

aoa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

birthstory.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

bostonherald.com (Global: 2,221st place; English: 1,103rd place)

cdc.gov (Global: 251st place; English: 248th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36th place; English: 26th place)

contactlenses.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82nd place; English: 41st place)

eye-care.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

eyecaretrust.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

eyemdlink.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

infocusonline.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

inist.fr (Global: 3,275th place; English: 4,190th place)

pascal-francis.inist.fr

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

medscape.com (Global: 1,078th place; English: 916th place)

emedicine.medscape.com

medscimonit.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

myopiaprevention.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

nap.edu (Global: 2,540th place; English: 1,815th place)

nhs.uk (Global: 2,637th place; English: 2,254th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nei.nih.gov

nus.edu.sg (Global: 2,453rd place; English: 1,629th place)

scholarbank.nus.edu.sg

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

odcommunity.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

fluorescene.odcommunity.com

ophthalmologyweb.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

optometrystudents.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

rcaap.pt (Global: low place; English: low place)

reviewofoptometry.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

smj.org.sg (Global: low place; English: low place)

srce.hr (Global: 1,163rd place; English: 1,174th place)

hrcak.srce.hr

theguardian.com (Global: 16th place; English: 11th place)

visioncenter.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

who.int (Global: 213th place; English: 314th place)

wired.com (Global: 254th place; English: 178th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

aao.org (Global: low place; English: 8,410^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

bostonherald.com (Global: 2,221^st place; English: 1,103^rd place)

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

inist.fr (Global: 3,275^th place; English: 4,190^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

medscape.com (Global: 1,078^th place; English: 916^th place)

nap.edu (Global: 2,540^th place; English: 1,815^th place)

nhs.uk (Global: 2,637^th place; English: 2,254^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nus.edu.sg (Global: 2,453^rd place; English: 1,629^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

srce.hr (Global: 1,163^rd place; English: 1,174^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

who.int (Global: 213^th place; English: 314^th place)

wired.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 178^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)