References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Nation of Islam" in the English version

books.google.com

doi.org

Austin 2003, p. 59. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380.

Gardell 1996, p. 185; Curtis IV 2002, p. 187; Keener & Usry 2005, p. 172; MacGregor 2007, p. 87; Oliver 2012, p. 28; Curtis IV 2016, p. 7. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488. Keener, Craig S.; Usry, Glenn (2005). "The Nation of Islam". In Ronald Enroth (ed.). A Guide to New Religious Movements. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. pp. 169–183. ISBN 9780739454954. MacGregor, Kirk R. (2007). "The Word-Faith Movement: A Theological Conflation of the Nation of Islam and Mormonism?". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 75 (1): 87–120. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfl063. Oliver, Paul (2012). New Religious Movements: A Guide for the Perplexed. London and New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-1-4411-0197-6. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Barker, Eileen (2015). "New Religious Movements". The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosn020. ISBN 978-1-4051-6551-8: "... although there were NRMs that attracted converts with different demographic profiles, such as the young black males who joined the Rastafarians or the Nation of Islam."{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

Tinaz 2000, p. 45; Tinaz 2006, p. 151. Tinaz, Nuri (2000). "Global Impacts of an Ethno-religious Movement: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Economic and Social Research. 4 (2): 45–71. Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/13602000600937580. S2CID 143231871.

Barnett 2006, p. 891; Izadi et al. 2020, p. 165. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. Izadi, Foad; Hosseini, Hassan; Mohammadi, Setareh Sadeqi; Anjomeruz, Susan (2020). "The Islamic Republic of Iran in the Rhetoric of the Nation of Islam". Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies. 4 (1): 133–175.

Curtis IV 2016, p. 7. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Austin 2003, p. 55. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380.

Gardell 1996, pp. 54, 181; Austin 2003, p. 59; Barnett 2006, p. 882; Soumahoro 2007, p. 40. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–48. ISBN 978-1-4039-7786-1.

Soumahoro 2007, p. 39; Fishman & Soage 2013, pp. 59, 60. Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–48. ISBN 978-1-4039-7786-1. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Berg 2005, p. 686. Berg, Herbert (2005). "Mythmaking in the African American Muslim Context: The Moorish Science Temple, the Nation of Islam, and the American Society of Muslims". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 73 (3): 685–703. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfi075.

Lincoln 1961, p. iv; Tinaz 1996, p. 193; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 62. Lincoln, C. Eric (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 422580. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Gardell 1996, p. 36; Tinaz 2000, p. 46; Tinaz 2006, p. 153. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (2000). "Global Impacts of an Ethno-religious Movement: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Economic and Social Research. 4 (2): 45–71. Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/13602000600937580. S2CID 143231871.

Curtis IV 2016, pp. 8–9. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Tsoukalas 2004, p. 456. Tsoukalas, Steven (2004). "Understanding the Nation of Islam: Toward a More Effective Evangelism". Missiology: An International Review. 32 (4): 449–464. doi:10.1177/009182960403200404. S2CID 158017571.

Akom 2003, pp. 307, 308. Akom, A. A. (2003). "Reexamining Resistance as Oppositional Behavior: The Nation of Islam and the Creation of a Black Achievement Ideology". Sociology of Education. 76 (4): 305–325. doi:10.2307/1519868. JSTOR 1519868.

Barrett 2001, p. 252; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 64. Barrett, David V. (2001). The New Believers: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions. London: Cassell and Co. ISBN 978-0304355921. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Berg 2005, p. 700. Berg, Herbert (2005). "Mythmaking in the African American Muslim Context: The Moorish Science Temple, the Nation of Islam, and the American Society of Muslims". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 73 (3): 685–703. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfi075.

Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 62. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Berg 2005, p. 699. Berg, Herbert (2005). "Mythmaking in the African American Muslim Context: The Moorish Science Temple, the Nation of Islam, and the American Society of Muslims". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 73 (3): 685–703. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfi075.

Allen 1996, p. 8. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810.

Gardell 1996, pp. 188, 195; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 62. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Gardell 1996, pp. 109, 322; Barnett 2006, p. 881; Akom 2007, p. 311. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. Akom, A. A. (2007). "Cities as Battlefields: Understanding how the Nation of Islam impacts Civic Engagement, Environmental Racism, and Community Development in a Low Income Neighborhood". International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 20 (6): 711–730. doi:10.1080/09518390701630858. S2CID 145201636.

Barnett 2006, pp. 881–882. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Tinaz 1996, p. 193; Curtis IV 2016, p. 13. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Barnett 2006, pp. 877–878. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Gardell 1996, pp. 145, 171; Tsoukalas 2004, p. 455; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 62. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tsoukalas, Steven (2004). "Understanding the Nation of Islam: Toward a More Effective Evangelism". Missiology: An International Review. 32 (4): 449–464. doi:10.1177/009182960403200404. S2CID 158017571. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Barnett 2006, p. 876; Soumahoro 2007, p. 40. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–48. ISBN 978-1-4039-7786-1.

Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 63. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Barnett 2006, p. 876. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Tsoukalas 2004, p. 455. Tsoukalas, Steven (2004). "Understanding the Nation of Islam: Toward a More Effective Evangelism". Missiology: An International Review. 32 (4): 449–464. doi:10.1177/009182960403200404. S2CID 158017571.

Barnett 2006, p. 877. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 64. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Keener & Usry 2005, p. 175; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 64; Curtis IV 2016, p. 17. Keener, Craig S.; Usry, Glenn (2005). "The Nation of Islam". In Ronald Enroth (ed.). A Guide to New Religious Movements. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. pp. 169–183. ISBN 9780739454954. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Allen 1996, p. 9; Curtis IV 2016, p. 13. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Curtis IV 2016, p. 23. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Allen 1996, p. 10; Gardell 1996, p. 144. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453.

Gardell 1996, p. 145; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 63. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Barnett 2006, p. 882. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Allen 1996, p. 10; Austin 2003, p. 56; Soumahoro 2007, p. 42. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380. Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–48. ISBN 978-1-4039-7786-1.

Austin 2003, p. 57; Barnett 2006, p. 882; Soumahoro 2007, p. 42; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 63. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–48. ISBN 978-1-4039-7786-1. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Austin 2003, p. 57. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380.

Austin 2003, p. 57; Curtis IV 2016, p. 14. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Curtis IV 2016, p. 14. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Austin 2003, p. 57; Barnett 2006, p. 878. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Gardell 1996, p. 7; Austin 2003, p. 57. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380.

Austin 2003, p. 63. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380.

Austin 2003, p. 58. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380.

Gardell 1996, p. 147; Curtis IV 2016, p. 15. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 148; Tsoukalas 2004, pp. 453–454; Curtis IV 2016, p. 15. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tsoukalas, Steven (2004). "Understanding the Nation of Islam: Toward a More Effective Evangelism". Missiology: An International Review. 32 (4): 449–464. doi:10.1177/009182960403200404. S2CID 158017571. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 148; Tsoukalas 2004, p. 454; Curtis IV 2016, p. 22. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tsoukalas, Steven (2004). "Understanding the Nation of Islam: Toward a More Effective Evangelism". Missiology: An International Review. 32 (4): 449–464. doi:10.1177/009182960403200404. S2CID 158017571. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Taylor 2005, p. 61; Curtis IV 2016, p. 16. Taylor, Wayne (2005). "Premillennium Tension: Malcolm X and the Eschatology of the Nation of Islam". Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society. 7 (1): 52–65. doi:10.1080/10999940590910041. S2CID 143226936. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 151; Berg 2005, p. 692. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Berg, Herbert (2005). "Mythmaking in the African American Muslim Context: The Moorish Science Temple, the Nation of Islam, and the American Society of Muslims". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 73 (3): 685–703. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfi075.

Gardell 1996, p. 235; Curtis IV 2016, p. 16. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, pp. 59, 148; Tinaz 1996, p. 197; Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010, p. 139. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338. Acevado, Gabriel A.; Ordner, James; Thompson, Miriam (2010). "Narrative Inversion as a Tactical Framing Device: The Ideological Origins of the Nation of Islam". Narrative Inquiry. 20 (1): 124–152. doi:10.1075/ni.20.1.07ace.

Curtis IV 2016, p. 16. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 59, 16; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 63; Curtis IV 2016, p. 16. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Tinaz 2006, p. 160; Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010, p. 140; Colley 2014, p. 400. Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/13602000600937580. S2CID 143231871. Acevado, Gabriel A.; Ordner, James; Thompson, Miriam (2010). "Narrative Inversion as a Tactical Framing Device: The Ideological Origins of the Nation of Islam". Narrative Inquiry. 20 (1): 124–152. doi:10.1075/ni.20.1.07ace. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Barnett 2006, p. 882; Soumahoro 2007, p. 46. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–48. ISBN 978-1-4039-7786-1.

Allen 1996, p. 8; Wojcik 2003, p. 280; Barnett 2006, p. 874. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Wojcik, Daniel (2003). "Apocalyptic and Millenarian Aspects of American UFOism". In Partridge, Christopher (ed.). UFO Religions. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 274–300. ISBN 978-0415263245. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Gardell 1996, p. 158; Taylor 2005, p. 63. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Taylor, Wayne (2005). "Premillennium Tension: Malcolm X and the Eschatology of the Nation of Islam". Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society. 7 (1): 52–65. doi:10.1080/10999940590910041. S2CID 143226936.

Curtis IV 2016, p. 20. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 158; Barrett 2001, p. 253; Tsoukalas 2004, p. 456; Taylor 2005, p. 57. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barrett, David V. (2001). The New Believers: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions. London: Cassell and Co. ISBN 978-0304355921. Tsoukalas, Steven (2004). "Understanding the Nation of Islam: Toward a More Effective Evangelism". Missiology: An International Review. 32 (4): 449–464. doi:10.1177/009182960403200404. S2CID 158017571. Taylor, Wayne (2005). "Premillennium Tension: Malcolm X and the Eschatology of the Nation of Islam". Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society. 7 (1): 52–65. doi:10.1080/10999940590910041. S2CID 143226936.

Gardell 1996, pp. 159, 164; Curtis IV 2016, pp. 19–20. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, pp. 59, 164; Tsoukalas 2004, p. 456. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tsoukalas, Steven (2004). "Understanding the Nation of Islam: Toward a More Effective Evangelism". Missiology: An International Review. 32 (4): 449–464. doi:10.1177/009182960403200404. S2CID 158017571.

Curtis IV 2016, p. 22. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 182; Soumahoro 2007, p. 40; Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010, pp. 124, 147; McCutcheon 2013, p. 61; Curtis IV 2016, p. 6. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–48. ISBN 978-1-4039-7786-1. Acevado, Gabriel A.; Ordner, James; Thompson, Miriam (2010). "Narrative Inversion as a Tactical Framing Device: The Ideological Origins of the Nation of Islam". Narrative Inquiry. 20 (1): 124–152. doi:10.1075/ni.20.1.07ace. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013). ""Returning Home to Our Rightful Place": The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms". Geoforum. 49: 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.05.001. S2CID 7188105. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Barrett 2001, p. 252; Jeffries 2019, p. 2. Barrett, David V. (2001). The New Believers: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions. London: Cassell and Co. ISBN 978-0304355921. Jeffries, Bayyinah S. (2019). "Black Religion and Black Power: The Nation of Islam's Internationalism". Genealogy. 3 (3): 34. doi:10.3390/genealogy3030034.

Barnett 2006, p. 874. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Barnett 2006, p. 875. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Austin 2003, p. 58; Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010, p. 142; Boaz 2018, p. 24. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380. Acevado, Gabriel A.; Ordner, James; Thompson, Miriam (2010). "Narrative Inversion as a Tactical Framing Device: The Ideological Origins of the Nation of Islam". Narrative Inquiry. 20 (1): 124–152. doi:10.1075/ni.20.1.07ace. Boaz, Danielle N. (2018). "The Voodoo Cult of Detroit: Race, Human Sacrifice, and the Nation of Islam from the 1930s to the 1970s". Journal of Interreligious Studies. 23: 17–30.

McCutcheon 2013, p. 69. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013). ""Returning Home to Our Rightful Place": The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms". Geoforum. 49: 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.05.001. S2CID 7188105.

Allen 1996, p. 4; Gardell 1996, p. 60; Soumahoro 2007, p. 40. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–48. ISBN 978-1-4039-7786-1.

Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010, p. 145; Haywood 2017, p. 12. Acevado, Gabriel A.; Ordner, James; Thompson, Miriam (2010). "Narrative Inversion as a Tactical Framing Device: The Ideological Origins of the Nation of Islam". Narrative Inquiry. 20 (1): 124–152. doi:10.1075/ni.20.1.07ace. Haywood, D'Weston L. (2017). ""A Superb Sales Force… the Men of Muhammad:" The Nation of Islam, Black Masculinity, and Selling Muhammad Speaks in the Black Power Era". In Gibson Dawn-Marie and Herbert Berg (ed.). New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam. New York and Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 9–30. ISBN 978-0367875176.

Gardell 1996, p. 60; McCutcheon 2013, p. 62. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013). ""Returning Home to Our Rightful Place": The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms". Geoforum. 49: 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.05.001. S2CID 7188105.

Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010, p. 145. Acevado, Gabriel A.; Ordner, James; Thompson, Miriam (2010). "Narrative Inversion as a Tactical Framing Device: The Ideological Origins of the Nation of Islam". Narrative Inquiry. 20 (1): 124–152. doi:10.1075/ni.20.1.07ace.

McCutcheon 2013, p. 65. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013). ""Returning Home to Our Rightful Place": The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms". Geoforum. 49: 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.05.001. S2CID 7188105.

Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010, p. 147. Acevado, Gabriel A.; Ordner, James; Thompson, Miriam (2010). "Narrative Inversion as a Tactical Framing Device: The Ideological Origins of the Nation of Islam". Narrative Inquiry. 20 (1): 124–152. doi:10.1075/ni.20.1.07ace.

Soumahoro 2007, p. 42; Barnett 2006, p. 882. Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–48. ISBN 978-1-4039-7786-1. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Austin 2003, p. 66. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380.

Austin 2003, p. 65; Soumahoro 2007, p. 42. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380. Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–48. ISBN 978-1-4039-7786-1.

Barnett 2006, p. 883. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Austin 2003, p. 65. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380.

Gardell 1996, p. 330; Barnett 2006, p. 879; Turman 2015, p. 140. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. Turman, Eboni Marshall (2015). ""The Greatest Tool of the Devil:" Mamie, Malcolm X, and the PolitiX of the Black Madonna in Black Churches and the Nation of Islam in the United States". Journal of Africana Religions. 3 (1): 130–150. doi:10.5325/jafrireli.3.1.0130. JSTOR 10.5325/jafrireli.3.1.0130. S2CID 144861867.

Barnett 2006, p. 879. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

West 1996, p. 42. West, Cynthia S'thembile (1996). "Revisting [sic] Female Activism in the 1960s: The Newark Branch Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 41–48. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430812.

Curtis IV 2002, p. 171. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488.

Gardell 1996, p. 330; Barnett 2006, p. 879. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Gardell 1996, p. 330; West 1996, p. 42; Barnett 2006, p. 879; Colley 2014, p. 409. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. West, Cynthia S'thembile (1996). "Revisting [sic] Female Activism in the 1960s: The Newark Branch Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 41–48. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430812. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

West 1996, p. 41. West, Cynthia S'thembile (1996). "Revisting [sic] Female Activism in the 1960s: The Newark Branch Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 41–48. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430812.

Curtis IV 2016, p. 18. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Curtis IV 2002, pp. 171, 172. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488.

Gardell 1996, p. 335; Gibson 2012, p. 103; Curtis IV 2016, p. 16. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2012). A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-39807-0. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 336; Barnett 2006, p. 879. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Curtis IV 2016, p. 10. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Akom 2007, p. 722. Akom, A. A. (2007). "Cities as Battlefields: Understanding how the Nation of Islam impacts Civic Engagement, Environmental Racism, and Community Development in a Low Income Neighborhood". International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 20 (6): 711–730. doi:10.1080/09518390701630858. S2CID 145201636.

Curtis IV 2002, p. 173. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488.

Gardell 1996, p. 191; Barnett 2006, p. 879. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 65. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Curtis IV 2002, p. 174. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488.

Curtis IV 2002, p. 183. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488.

Curtis IV 2002, pp. 183–184. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488.

Gardell 1996, p. 63; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 60. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Gardell 1996, p. 54; Barnett 2006, p. 886. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Barnett 2006, p. 886. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Tinaz 1996, p. 197. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Colley 2014, p. 405; Curtis IV 2016, p. 17. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Lincoln 1961, p. 17; Curtis IV 2016, p. 18. Lincoln, C. Eric (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 422580. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Barnett 2006, p. 888. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Barnett 2006, pp. 888–889. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Gardell 1996, p. 61; Barnett 2006, p. 889. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Barnett 2006, p. 889. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Barnett 2006, p. 877; McCutcheon 2013b, p. 574. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013b). "Community Food Security "For Us, By Us": The Nation of Islam and the Pan African Orthodox Christian Church". In Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik (ed.). Food and Culture: A Reader (third ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 572–586. ISBN 978-0-415-52103-1.

Gardell 1996, p. 62; Curtis IV 2016, p. 18. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 61; McCutcheon 2013b, p. 575; Colley 2014, p. 400; Curtis IV 2016, p. 18. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013b). "Community Food Security "For Us, By Us": The Nation of Islam and the Pan African Orthodox Christian Church". In Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik (ed.). Food and Culture: A Reader (third ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 572–586. ISBN 978-0-415-52103-1. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Lincoln 1961, p. 17; Gardell 1996, p. 61; McCutcheon 2013b, p. 575; Colley 2014, p. 400; Curtis IV 2016, p. 18. Lincoln, C. Eric (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 422580. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013b). "Community Food Security "For Us, By Us": The Nation of Islam and the Pan African Orthodox Christian Church". In Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik (ed.). Food and Culture: A Reader (third ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 572–586. ISBN 978-0-415-52103-1. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 61; Barnett 2006, p. 883; Colley 2014, p. 400. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Barnett 2006, p. 884. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Allen 1996, p. 19. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810.

Gardell 1996, p. 304; Tinaz 1996, pp. 202–203. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Gardell 1996, p. 319; Tinaz 1996, p. 201. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Akom 2003, p. 307. Akom, A. A. (2003). "Reexamining Resistance as Oppositional Behavior: The Nation of Islam and the Creation of a Black Achievement Ideology". Sociology of Education. 76 (4): 305–325. doi:10.2307/1519868. JSTOR 1519868.

West 1996, p. 45. West, Cynthia S'thembile (1996). "Revisting [sic] Female Activism in the 1960s: The Newark Branch Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 41–48. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430812.

Gardell 1996, p. 321; Barnett 2006, p. 884. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

McCutcheon 2013, p. 61. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013). ""Returning Home to Our Rightful Place": The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms". Geoforum. 49: 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.05.001. S2CID 7188105.

Allen 1996, p. 14. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810.

McCutcheon 2013, p. 62; McCutcheon 2013b, p. 572. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013). ""Returning Home to Our Rightful Place": The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms". Geoforum. 49: 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.05.001. S2CID 7188105. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013b). "Community Food Security "For Us, By Us": The Nation of Islam and the Pan African Orthodox Christian Church". In Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik (ed.). Food and Culture: A Reader (third ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 572–586. ISBN 978-0-415-52103-1.

McCutcheon 2013, p. 65; McCutcheon 2013b, p. 575. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013). ""Returning Home to Our Rightful Place": The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms". Geoforum. 49: 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.05.001. S2CID 7188105. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013b). "Community Food Security "For Us, By Us": The Nation of Islam and the Pan African Orthodox Christian Church". In Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik (ed.). Food and Culture: A Reader (third ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 572–586. ISBN 978-0-415-52103-1.

McCutcheon 2013, p. 62. McCutcheon, Priscilla (2013). ""Returning Home to Our Rightful Place": The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms". Geoforum. 49: 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.05.001. S2CID 7188105.

Gardell 1996, pp. 61, 323; Barnett 2006, p. 880. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Gardell 1996, p. 323; Barnett 2006, p. 880. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Gardell 1996, pp. 61, 324; Barnett 2006, p. 880. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Akom 2003, p. 313. Akom, A. A. (2003). "Reexamining Resistance as Oppositional Behavior: The Nation of Islam and the Creation of a Black Achievement Ideology". Sociology of Education. 76 (4): 305–325. doi:10.2307/1519868. JSTOR 1519868.

Akom 2007, p. 721. Akom, A. A. (2007). "Cities as Battlefields: Understanding how the Nation of Islam impacts Civic Engagement, Environmental Racism, and Community Development in a Low Income Neighborhood". International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 20 (6): 711–730. doi:10.1080/09518390701630858. S2CID 145201636.

West 1996, p. 45; Akom 2007, p. 725. West, Cynthia S'thembile (1996). "Revisting [sic] Female Activism in the 1960s: The Newark Branch Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 41–48. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430812. Akom, A. A. (2007). "Cities as Battlefields: Understanding how the Nation of Islam impacts Civic Engagement, Environmental Racism, and Community Development in a Low Income Neighborhood". International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 20 (6): 711–730. doi:10.1080/09518390701630858. S2CID 145201636.

Akom 2007, p. 723. Akom, A. A. (2007). "Cities as Battlefields: Understanding how the Nation of Islam impacts Civic Engagement, Environmental Racism, and Community Development in a Low Income Neighborhood". International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 20 (6): 711–730. doi:10.1080/09518390701630858. S2CID 145201636.

Curtis IV 2002, pp. 167–168. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488.

Curtis IV 2016, p. 17. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Allen 1996, p. 4; Gardell 1996, p. 250; Gibson 2012, p. 89. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2012). A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-39807-0.

Barnett 2006, p. 891. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Barnett 2006, p. 891; Curtis IV 2016, p. 17. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 35; Tinaz 2006, p. 153. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/13602000600937580. S2CID 143231871.

Tsoukalas 2004, p. 451; Barnett 2006, p. 879; Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010, p. 138. Tsoukalas, Steven (2004). "Understanding the Nation of Islam: Toward a More Effective Evangelism". Missiology: An International Review. 32 (4): 449–464. doi:10.1177/009182960403200404. S2CID 158017571. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190. Acevado, Gabriel A.; Ordner, James; Thompson, Miriam (2010). "Narrative Inversion as a Tactical Framing Device: The Ideological Origins of the Nation of Islam". Narrative Inquiry. 20 (1): 124–152. doi:10.1075/ni.20.1.07ace.

Colley 2014, p. 393. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Barnett 2006, p. 880. Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. JSTOR 40034350. S2CID 145012190.

Allen 1996, p. 7; Gardell 1996, p. 31; Tinaz 1996, p. 193. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Allen 1996, p. 7; Gardell 1996, p. 37; Tinaz 1996, p. 193; Berg 2005, p. 689. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338. Berg, Herbert (2005). "Mythmaking in the African American Muslim Context: The Moorish Science Temple, the Nation of Islam, and the American Society of Muslims". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 73 (3): 685–703. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfi075.

Gardell 1996, p. 37; Tinaz 1996, pp. 193–194. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Tinaz 1996, p. 194. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Lincoln 1961, pp. 10–11; Allen 1996, p. 8; Gardell 1996, p. 50; Gibson 2012, p. 13; Colley 2014, p. 397. Lincoln, C. Eric (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 422580. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2012). A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-39807-0. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Lincoln 1961, p. 14; Gardell 1996, pp. 54–55; Tinaz 1996, p. 195. Lincoln, C. Eric (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 422580. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Lincoln 1961, p. 15; Gardell 1996, p. 58; Tinaz 1996, p. 195. Lincoln, C. Eric (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 422580. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Gardell 1996, p. 58; Tinaz 1996, p. 195; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 60. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 60. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Lincoln 1961, p. 16; Allen 1996, p. 10; Gardell 1996, p. 58; Tinaz 1996, p. 195. Lincoln, C. Eric (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 422580. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Lincoln 1961, p. 16; Gardell 1996, p. 58; Tinaz 1996, p. 195. Lincoln, C. Eric (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 422580. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Colley 2014, p. 398. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Gardell 1996, p. 69; Colley 2014, p. 401. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Gardell 1996, p. 70; Colley 2014, p. 401. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Gardell 1996, pp. 58–59, 70–71; Colley 2014, p. 401. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Colley 2014, p. 401. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Allen 1996, pp. 12–13. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810.

Allen 1996, p. 12. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810.

Curtis IV 2002, p. 181; Curtis IV 2016, p. 17. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Curtis IV 2002, p. 182; Curtis IV 2016, p. 17. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Knight 1994, p. 183. Knight, Frederick (1994). "Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression? The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam". The Journal of Negro History. 79 (2): 182–196. doi:10.2307/2717628. JSTOR 2717628. S2CID 141089165.

Allen 1996, p. 3; Gardell 1996, p. 224. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453.

Allen 1996, p. 11; Gardell 1996, p. 65; Tinaz 1996, p. 197; Taylor 2005, pp. 59–60. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338. Taylor, Wayne (2005). "Premillennium Tension: Malcolm X and the Eschatology of the Nation of Islam". Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society. 7 (1): 52–65. doi:10.1080/10999940590910041. S2CID 143226936.

Tinaz 2006, p. 155. Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/13602000600937580. S2CID 143231871.

Gardell 1996, p. 80; Tinaz 1996, p. 199; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 63. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Allen 1996, p. 14; Gardell 1996, p. 80. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453.

Gardell 1996, p. 76; Tinaz 1996, p. 199. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Allen 1996, pp. 15–16; Gardell 1996, p. 189. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453.

Allen 1996, p. 16; Gardell 1996, p. 101; Gibson 2012, p. 71; Curtis IV 2016, p. 24. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2012). A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-39807-0. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Curtis IV 2016, p. 25. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Allen 1996, p. 16; Tinaz 1996, p. 199; Gibson 2012, pp. 76–77; Curtis IV 2016, p. 25. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338. Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2012). A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-39807-0. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Allen 1996, p. 16; Gardell 1996, pp. 110–111; Tinaz 1996, p. 200. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Allen 1996, p. 16; Gardell 1996, p. 109. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453.

Gardell 1996, pp. 111–112; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 61. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Allen 1996, p. 16; Gardell 1996, p. 109; Gibson 2012, p. 78; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 61. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2012). A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-39807-0. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Allen 1996, pp. 2, 17; Gardell 1996, p. 110; Tinaz 1996, p. 199; Gibson 2012, p. 78; Curtis IV 2016, p. 25. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338. Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2012). A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-39807-0. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 106; Berg 2005, pp. 696–697. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Berg, Herbert (2005). "Mythmaking in the African American Muslim Context: The Moorish Science Temple, the Nation of Islam, and the American Society of Muslims". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 73 (3): 685–703. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfi075.

Gardell 1996, p. 113; Tinaz 1996, pp. 200–201. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Allen 1996, p. 18; Gardell 1996, p. 113. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453.

Gardell 1996, p. 123; Gibson 2012, pp. 85–86; Curtis IV 2016, p. 25. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2012). A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-39807-0. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Allen 1996, p. 18; Gardell 1996, p. 137. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453.

Allen 1996, p. 20; Gardell 1996, p. 138; Gibson 2012, p. 108. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Gibson, Dawn-Marie (2012). A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-39807-0.

Allen 1996, p. 20; Gardell 1996, pp. 131–132; Curtis IV 2016, pp. 25–26. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Tinaz 2006, p. 159. Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/13602000600937580. S2CID 143231871.

Allen 1996, pp. 23–24; Gardell 1996, pp. 343–345; Tinaz 1996, pp. 203–204; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 61. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032.

Allen 1996, p. 15. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810.

Austin 2003, p. 67. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380.

Curtis IV 2002, pp. 174–175. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488.

Tinaz 2006, p. 160. Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/13602000600937580. S2CID 143231871.

Austin 2003, p. 62. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380.

Austin 2003, p. 62; Paisley 2009, p. 23. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380. Paisley, Fiona (2009). "From Nation of Islam to Goodwill Tourist: African-American Women at Pan-Pacific and South East Asia Women's Conferences, 1937 and 1955". Women's Studies International Forum. 32: 21–28. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.008.

Tinaz 1996, p. 198; Austin 2003, p. 64; Izadi et al. 2020, p. 138. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380. Izadi, Foad; Hosseini, Hassan; Mohammadi, Setareh Sadeqi; Anjomeruz, Susan (2020). "The Islamic Republic of Iran in the Rhetoric of the Nation of Islam". Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies. 4 (1): 133–175.

Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 64; Izadi et al. 2020, p. 139. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032. Izadi, Foad; Hosseini, Hassan; Mohammadi, Setareh Sadeqi; Anjomeruz, Susan (2020). "The Islamic Republic of Iran in the Rhetoric of the Nation of Islam". Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies. 4 (1): 133–175.

Allen 1996, p. 15; Gardell 1996, p. 207; Fishman & Soage 2013, p. 66; Jeffries 2019, p. 6. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United". Religion Compass. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1111/rec3.12032. Jeffries, Bayyinah S. (2019). "Black Religion and Black Power: The Nation of Islam's Internationalism". Genealogy. 3 (3): 34. doi:10.3390/genealogy3030034.

Gardell 1996, pp. 207, 319–320; Tinaz 1996, p. 201. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Woodford 1996, pp. 35–37. Woodford, Maize (1996). "A Chronology: Farrakhan's "World Friendship Tour" to Africa and the Middle East: January–February 1996". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 35–40. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430811.

Woodford 1996, p. 37; Izadi et al. 2020, p. 141. Woodford, Maize (1996). "A Chronology: Farrakhan's "World Friendship Tour" to Africa and the Middle East: January–February 1996". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 35–40. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430811. Izadi, Foad; Hosseini, Hassan; Mohammadi, Setareh Sadeqi; Anjomeruz, Susan (2020). "The Islamic Republic of Iran in the Rhetoric of the Nation of Islam". Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies. 4 (1): 133–175.

Allen 1996, p. 5; Gardell 1996, pp. 271–272. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453.

Allen 1996, p. 5; Gardell 1996, p. 274. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453.

Allen 1996, p. 6; Gardell 1996, p. 277. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453.

Tinaz 2006, p. 161. Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/13602000600937580. S2CID 143231871.

Akom 2003, p. 311. Akom, A. A. (2003). "Reexamining Resistance as Oppositional Behavior: The Nation of Islam and the Creation of a Black Achievement Ideology". Sociology of Education. 76 (4): 305–325. doi:10.2307/1519868. JSTOR 1519868.

Colley 2014, p. 399. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Colley 2014, p. 409. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Gardell 1996, p. 306; Akom 2003, p. 311. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Akom, A. A. (2003). "Reexamining Resistance as Oppositional Behavior: The Nation of Islam and the Creation of a Black Achievement Ideology". Sociology of Education. 76 (4): 305–325. doi:10.2307/1519868. JSTOR 1519868.

Colley 2014, p. 394. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Curtis IV 2002, p. 181; Colley 2014, pp. 393–394. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Colley 2014, pp. 394, 405. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Gardell 1996, pp. 307–308; Colley 2014, pp. 404–405. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Colley, Zoe (2014). ""All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965". Journal of American Studies. 48 (2): 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875813001308. S2CID 144329284.

Curtis IV 2002, p. 176. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488.

Allen 1996, p. 11. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810.

Tinaz 2006, p. 154. Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/13602000600937580. S2CID 143231871.

Tinaz 2006, p. 152. Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/13602000600937580. S2CID 143231871.

Curtis IV 2002, p. 182. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488.

Gardell 1996, p. 265; Tinaz 1996, p. 202. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Tinaz, Nuri (1996). "The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 16 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/13602009608716338.

Acevado, Ordner & Thompson 2010, pp. 143–144. Acevado, Gabriel A.; Ordner, James; Thompson, Miriam (2010). "Narrative Inversion as a Tactical Framing Device: The Ideological Origins of the Nation of Islam". Narrative Inquiry. 20 (1): 124–152. doi:10.1075/ni.20.1.07ace.

Gardell 1996, pp. 260–261; Reid-Pharr 1996, pp. 140–141; Knight 2000, p. 163. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Reid-Pharr, Robert (1996). "Speaking through Anti-Semitism: The Nation of Islam and the Poetics of Black (Counter) Modernity". Social Text (49): 133–147. doi:10.2307/466897. JSTOR 466897. Knight, Peter (2000). Conspiracy Culture: From Kennedy to The X-Files. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415189781.

Allen 1996, p. 2; Gardell 1996, p. 98. Allen, Ernest Jr. (1996). "Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam". The Black Scholar. 26 (3–4): 2–34. doi:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453.

Akom 2007, p. 718. Akom, A. A. (2007). "Cities as Battlefields: Understanding how the Nation of Islam impacts Civic Engagement, Environmental Racism, and Community Development in a Low Income Neighborhood". International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 20 (6): 711–730. doi:10.1080/09518390701630858. S2CID 145201636.

MacGregor 2007, pp. 92–93. MacGregor, Kirk R. (2007). "The Word-Faith Movement: A Theological Conflation of the Nation of Islam and Mormonism?". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 75 (1): 87–120. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfl063.

Curtis IV 2016, p. 6. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2016). "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5. hdl:1805/14819.

Gardell 1996, p. 5; Akom 2003, pp. 308–309. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Akom, A. A. (2003). "Reexamining Resistance as Oppositional Behavior: The Nation of Islam and the Creation of a Black Achievement Ideology". Sociology of Education. 76 (4): 305–325. doi:10.2307/1519868. JSTOR 1519868.

Tinaz 2006, p. 164. Tinaz, Nuri (2006). "Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 26 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/13602000600937580. S2CID 143231871.

Gardell 1996, p. 188; Curtis IV 2002, pp. 182–183; Austin 2003, p. 64. Gardell, Matthias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822318453. Curtis IV, Edward E. (2002). "Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 12 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167. S2CID 145361488. Austin, Algernon (2003). "Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 26 (1): 52–69. doi:10.1080/01419870022000025270. S2CID 143645380.

jstor.org

nytimes.com

MacFarquhar, Neil (February 26, 2007). "Nation of Islam at a Crossroad as Leader Exits". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2021.

Buckley, Thomas (March 11, 1966). "Malcolm X Jury Finds 3 Guilty". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2014.

Roth, Jack (April 15, 1966). "3 Get Life Terms in Malcolm Case". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2014.

Anne Barnard (May 11, 2012). "Harlem Split on Plan to Honor Officer Killed in Mosque in '72". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2012.

Stevenson, Richard W. (August 28, 1996). "Officials to Block Qaddafi Gift to Farrakhan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org