Needle and syringe programmes (English Wikipedia)

"Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of needle and syringe programs in Australia" (PDF). ancon.org.au. Australian Department of Health and Aging. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.

ama-assn.org

journalofethics.ama-assn.org

Weinmeyer, Richard (2016-03-01). "Needle Exchange Programs' Status in US Politics". AMA Journal of Ethics. 18 (3): 252–257. doi:10.1001/journalofethics.2016.18.3.hlaw1-1603. ISSN 2376-6980. PMID 27002996.

americanbar.org

"ABA Urges Federal Support for Syringe Exchange Programs". American Bar Association. Retrieved 26 March 2012.

apackham.github.io

Packham, Analisa (2022). "Syringe exchange programs and harm reduction: New evidence in the wake of the opioid epidemic". Journal of Public Economics. 215: 104733. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104733. ISSN 0047-2727. S2CID 250444383. Archived from the original on 2023-05-12. Alt URL

aph.gov.au

"Road to recovery: Report on the inquiry into substance abuse in Australian communities". Australian House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs. Retrieved 6 July 2013.

archive.today

Tilson, H. (committee chair) (2005). "Meeting 1: Prevention of HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users in High Risk Countries". Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2013-07-01. 2006

atoda.org.au

"Australia commemorates 20 years of needle syringe programs" (PDF). atoda.org.au. Australian National Council on Drugs. 17 December 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.

australiandrugsconference.org.au

"Community consulted for the first time on attitudes towards drugs" (PDF). Anex. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2012.

avert.org

"Needle Exchange and Harm Reduction". Avert. 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.

baltimoresun.com

Levine, Daniel (February 6, 2000). "Addicts use needle swap to buy drugs; Abuse: The city health commissioner concedes that the needle exchange program is flawed but maintains that its benefits far outweigh its drawbacks". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020.

bizjournals.com

Hayes, Elizabeth (May 15, 2018). "A legal site in Portland to inject heroin? Elected officials, advocates explore the idea". Portland Business Journal. Retrieved April 28, 2019.

books.google.com

Lupick, Travis (2018-06-05). Fighting for Space: How a Group of Drug Users Transformed One City's Struggle with Addiction. arsenal pulp press. ISBN 978-1-55152-713-0. That left room to game the system, to which Stuerzbecher devoted significant time. "Kerstin spent hours measuring and counting needles in those disposal bins with markings on the side...

bouldercounty.org

"Boulder County Public Health". Bouldercounty.org. Archived from the original on 6 June 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2012.

ca.gov

leginfo.legislature.ca.gov

"Bill Text - AB-1344 State Department of Public Health: needle and syringe exchange services". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-29.

californiahealthline.org

Bluth, Rachel (2021-10-06). "Needle Exchanges Are Targets of Eco-Rooted Lawsuits. A New Law Will Stop That". California Healthline. Retrieved 2022-04-29.

canada.com

"Needle exchange options; pros and cons". Canada.com. 21 March 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2013.

catholicculture.org

"Holy See opposes condoms, needle-exchange programs in fight against AIDS". CatholicCulture.org. Retrieved 13 July 2013.

cdc.gov

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (15 July 2005). "Update:Syringe Exchange Programs". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 54 (27): 673–6. PMID 16015218.
"Federal Funding for Syringe Services Programs". cdc.gov. 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2020-08-23.
"Syringe Exchange Programs" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
CDC. "Needs-Based Syringe Distribution and Disposal at Syringe Services Programs" (PDF).

stacks.cdc.gov

"The Public Health Impact of Needle Exchange Programs in the United States and Abroad Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations" (PDF). CDC. 1993.

cleveland19.com

"Needle exchange program sees mostly white suburban kids ages 18 to 25". Cleveladn 19. Retrieved 2020-09-29.

doi.org

Yoast, R.; Williams, M. A.; Deitchman, S. D.; Champion, H. C. (2001). "Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs". Journal of Addictive Diseases. 20 (2): 15–40. doi:10.1300/J069v20n02_03. PMID 11318395. S2CID 23406146.
Stancliff, S.; Agins, B.; Rich, J. D.; Burris, S. (2003). "Syringe access for the prevention of blood borne infections among injection drug users". BMC Public Health. 3: 37. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-3-37. PMC 317318. PMID 14633286.
National Institutes Of, Health (November 2002). "National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Management of hepatitis C: 2002--June 10–12, 2002". Hepatology. 36 (5 Suppl 1): S3–20. doi:10.1002/hep.1840360703. PMID 12407572.
Green TC, Martin E, Bowman S, Mann M, Beletsky L (2012). "Life After the Ban: An Assessment of US Syringe Exchange Programs' Attitudes About and Early Experiences with Federal Funding". Am. J. Public Health. 102 (5): e9–e16. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300595. PMC 3484785. PMID 22420810.
Des Jarlais DC, McKnight C, Goldblatt C, Purchase D (2009). "Doing harm reduction better: syringe exchange in the United States" (PDF). Addiction. 104 (9): 1441–6. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x. PMID 19215605. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
Weinmeyer, Richard (2016-03-01). "Needle Exchange Programs' Status in US Politics". AMA Journal of Ethics. 18 (3): 252–257. doi:10.1001/journalofethics.2016.18.3.hlaw1-1603. ISSN 2376-6980. PMID 27002996.
Davis, C. S.; Beletsky, L. (2009). "Bundling occupational safety with harm reduction information as a feasible method for improving police receptiveness to syringe access programs: Evidence from three U.S. Cities". Harm Reduction Journal. 6: 16. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-6-16. PMC 2716314. PMID 19602236.
Lurie, P; Drucker, E (1 March 1997). "An opportunity lost: HIV infections associated with lack of a national needle-exchange programme in the USA". The Lancet. 349 (9052): 604–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)05439-6. PMID 9057732. S2CID 37080993.
Case P, Meehan T, Jones TS (1998). "Arrests and incarceration of injection drug users for syringe possession in Massachusetts: implications for HIV prevention". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 18 (Suppl 1): S71–5. doi:10.1097/00042560-199802001-00013. PMID 9663627.
GE Macalino; D Dhawan Sachdev; JD Rich; C Becker; LJ Tan; L Beletsky; S Burris. (2009). "A national physician survey on prescribing syringes as an HIV prevention measure". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 4 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-4-13. PMC 2700789. PMID 19505336.
S Burris; D Finucane; H Gallagher; J Grace (1996). "The legal strategies used in operating syringe exchange programs in the United States". Am. J. Public Health. 86 (8): 1161–6. doi:10.2105/ajph.86.8_pt_1.1161. PMC 1380633. PMID 8712281.
Beletsky L, Grau LE, White E, Bowman S, Heimer R (2011). "The roles of law, client race and program visibility in shaping police interference with the operation of US syringe exchange programs". Addiction. 106 (2): 357–365. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03149.x. PMC 3088513. PMID 21054615.
Beletsky L, Burris S, Macalino GE (2005). "Attitudes of Police Officers Towards Syringe Access, Occupational Needle-Sticks, and Drug Use: A Qualitative Study of One City Police Department in the United States". International Journal of Drug Policy. 16 (4): 267–274. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.01.009. S2CID 57946984. SSRN 872756.
Lune, H (December 2002). "Weathering the Storm: Non-profit Organization Survival Strategies in a Hostile Climate". Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 31 (4): 463–83. doi:10.1177/0899764002238096. S2CID 145472945.
Burris S, Blankenship KM, Donoghoe M, Sherman S, Vernick JS, Case P, et al. (2004). "Addressing the 'Risk Environment' for Injection Drug Users: The Mysterious Case of the Missing Cop". Milbank Quarterly. 82 (1): 125–156. doi:10.1111/j.0887-378x.2004.00304.x. PMC 2690204. PMID 15016246. SSRN 937013.
Beletsky L, Lozada R, Gaines T, et al. (April 2013). "Syringe confiscation as an HIV risk factor: the public health implications of arbitrary policing in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico". J. Urban Health. 90 (2): 284–98. doi:10.1007/s11524-012-9741-3. PMC 3675719. PMID 22806453.
Strathdee SA, Lozada R, Martinez G, et al. (2011). "Social and structural factors associated with HIV infection among female sex workers who inject drugs in the Mexico-US border region". PLOS ONE. 6 (4): e19048. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...619048S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019048. PMC 3081836. PMID 21541349.
Davis CS, Burris S, Becher J, Lynch K, Metzger D (2005). "Effects of an Intensive Street-Level Police Intervention on Syringe Exchange Program Use in Philadelphia, PA". American Journal of Public Health. 95 (2): 233–236. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.033563. PMC 1449157. PMID 15671455.
Iguchi MY, Bell J, Ramchand RN, Fain T (2005). "How criminal system racial disparities may translate into health disparities". J. Health Care Poor Underserved. 16 (4 Suppl B): 48–56. doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0114. PMID 16327107. S2CID 40700366.
Beletsky L, Agrawal A, Moreau B, Kumar P, Weiss-Laxer N, Heimer R (2011). "Police training to align law enforcement and HIV prevention: preliminary evidence from the field". Am. J. Public Health. 101 (11): 2012–2015. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300254. PMC 3222387. PMID 21940924.
Beletsky L, Grau LE, White E, Bowman S, Heimer R (2011). "Prevalence, characteristics, and predictors of police training initiatives by US SEPs: Building an evidence base for structural interventions". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 119 (1–2): 145–149. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.034. PMC 3192926. PMID 21705159.
Bowen, E. A. (2012). "Clean Needles and Bad Blood: Needle Exchange as Morality Policy" (PDF). Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare. 39 (2): 121–141. doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3669. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Palmateer N, Kimber J, Hickman M, Hutchinson S, Rhodes T, Goldberg D (May 2010). "Evidence for the effectiveness of sterile injecting equipment provision in preventing hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus transmission among injecting drug users: a review of reviews". Addiction. 105 (5): 844–59. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02888.x. PMID 20219055.
Gibson, D. R.; Flynn, N. M.; Perales, D. (2001). "Effectiveness of syringe exchange programs in reducing HIV risk behavior and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users". AIDS. 15 (11): 1329–1341. doi:10.1097/00002030-200107270-00002. PMID 11504954.
Abdul-Quader, Abu S.; Feelemyer, Jonathan; Modi, Shilpa; Stein, Ellen S.; Briceno, Alya; Semaan, Salaam; Horvath, Tara; Kennedy, Gail E.; Des Jarlais, Don C. (22 August 2013). "Effectiveness of Structural-Level Needle/Syringe Programs to Reduce HCV and HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs: A Systematic Review". AIDS and Behavior. 17 (9): 2878–2892. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0593-y. PMC 6509353. PMID 23975473.
Aspinall, EJ; Nambiar, D; Goldberg, DJ; Hickman, M; Weir, A; Van Velzen, E; Palmateer, N; Doyle, JS; Hellard, ME; Hutchinson, SJ (February 2014). "Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis". International Journal of Epidemiology. 43 (1): 235–48. doi:10.1093/ije/dyt243. PMID 24374889.
Des Jarlais, DC; Feelemyer, JP; Modi, SN; Abdul-Quader, A; Hagan, H (19 January 2013). "High coverage needle/syringe programs for people who inject drugs in low and middle income countries: a systematic review". BMC Public Health. 13: 53. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-53. PMC 3567947. PMID 23332005.
Lemon, T. I.; Shah, R. (2013). "Needle exchanges: An important yet forgotten outpost in suicide and self-harm prevention". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 74 (6): 551–552. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.03.057.
Packham, Analisa (2022). "Syringe exchange programs and harm reduction: New evidence in the wake of the opioid epidemic". Journal of Public Economics. 215: 104733. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104733. ISSN 0047-2727. S2CID 250444383. Archived from the original on 2023-05-12. Alt URL
Tookes, Hansel E.; Kral, Alex H.; Wenger, Lynn D.; Cardenas, Gabriel A.; Martinez, Alexis N.; Sherman, Recinda L.; Pereyra, Margaret; Forrest, David W.; Lalota, Marlene; Metsch, Lisa R. (2012-06-01). "A comparison of syringe disposal practices among injection drug users in a city with versus a city without needle and syringe programs". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 123 (1–3): 255–259. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.001. ISSN 0376-8716. PMC 3358593. PMID 22209091.
Burris, Scott; Welsh, Joseph; Ng, Mitzi; Li, Mei; Ditzler, Alyssa (November 2002). "State syringe and drug possession laws potentially influencing safe syringe disposal by injection drug users". Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 42 (6 Suppl 2): S94–98. doi:10.1331/1086-5802.42.0.s94.burris. ISSN 1086-5802. PMID 12489625.
McCoy, C. B.; Metsch, L. R.; Chitwood, D. D.; Miles, C. (2001). "Drug use and barriers to use of health care services". Substance Use & Misuse. 36 (6–7): 789–806. doi:10.1081/ja-100104091. PMID 11697611. S2CID 23220436.
McDonald, P (2002). "From streets to sidewalks: developments in primary care services for injecting drug users". Australian Journal of Primary Health. 8: 65–69. doi:10.1071/PY02010.
Islam MM, Topp L, Day CA, Dawson A, Conigrave KM (2012). "The accessibility, acceptability, health impact and cost implications of primary healthcare outlets that target injecting drug users: A narrative synthesis of literature". International Journal of Drug Policy. 23 (2): 94–102. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.08.005. PMID 21996165.
Des Jarlais, D. C.; McKnight, C.; Goldblatt, C.; Purchase, D. (2009). "Doing harm reduction better: Syringe exchange in the United States". Addiction. 104 (9): 1441–1446. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x. PMID 19215605.
McLean, K (2011). "The biopolitics of needle exchange in the United States". Critical Public Health. 21 (1): 71–79. doi:10.1080/09581591003653124. PMC 3291106. PMID 22389572.
McDonald, D. (2009). "The evaluation of a trial of syringe vending machines in Canberra, Australia". International Journal of Drug Policy. 20 (4): 336–339. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.06.004. hdl:1885/17339. PMID 18790622.
Islam MM, Conigrave KM (2007). "Syringe vending machines as a form of needle syringe program: Advantages and Disadvantages". Journal of Substance Use. 12 (3): 203–12. doi:10.1080/14659890701249640. S2CID 71726629.
Islam MM, Stern T, Conigrave KM, Wodak A (January 2008). "Client satisfaction and risk behaviours of the users of syringe dispensing machines: a pilot study". Drug Alcohol Rev. 27 (1): 13–9. doi:10.1080/09595230701711199. PMID 18034377. S2CID 45935377.
Islam MM, Topp L, Day CA, Dawson A, Conigrave KM (2012). "Primary healthcare outlets that target injecting drug users: Opportunity to make services accessible and acceptable to the target group". International Journal of Drug Policy. 23 (2): 109–110. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.11.001. PMID 22280917.
Islam MM, Reid SE, White A, Grummett S, Conigrave KM, Haber PS (2012). "Opportunistic and continuing health care for injecting drug users from a nurse-run needle syringe program-based primary health-care clinic". Drug Alcohol Rev. 31 (1): 114–115. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00390.x. PMID 22145983.
Islam, MM (July 2010). "Needle Syringe Program-Based Primary Health Care Centers: Advantages and Disadvantages". Journal of Primary Care & Community Health. 1 (2): 100–103. doi:10.1177/2150131910369684. PMID 23804370. S2CID 8663924.
Fisher DG, Fenaughty AM, Cagle HH, Wells RS (June 2003). "Needle exchange and injection drug use frequency: a randomized clinical trial". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 33 (2): 199–205. doi:10.1097/00126334-200306010-00014. PMID 12794555.
Woody, G. E.; Metzger, D. S. (1993). "Causes of Death in Injection-Drug Users". New England Journal of Medicine. 329 (22): 1661. doi:10.1056/NEJM199311253292220. PMID 8232452.
Keyl, P. M.; Gruskin, L.; Casano, K.; Montag, H.; Junge, B.; Vlahov, D. (1998). "Community support for needle exchange programs and pharmacy sale of syringes: A household survey in Baltimore, Maryland". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology. 18 (Suppl 1): S82–S88. doi:10.1097/00042560-199802001-00015. PMID 9663629.
Williams, C. T.; Ouellet, L. J. (2010). "Misdirected opposition: Evidence opposing "not in my back yard" arguments against syringe exchange programmes". International Journal of Drug Policy. 21 (5): 437–439. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.02.003. PMID 20233654.
Strike, C. J.; Myers, T.; Millson, M. (2004). "Finding a place for needle exchange programs" (PDF). Critical Public Health. 14 (3): 261–275. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.495.4618. doi:10.1080/09581590400004386. S2CID 54742780. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Islam, M. M. (2010). "Needle Syringe Program-Based Primary HealthCare Centers: Advantages and Disadvantages". Journal of Primary Care & Community Health. 1 (2): 100–103. doi:10.1177/2150131910369684. PMID 23804370. S2CID 8663924.

drugfree.org.au

"Needle Exchange and Hepatitis C". Drug Free Australia. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.

drugwatch.org

"Drug Watch International Position Statement: Needle Handouts to Addicts". Drug Watch International. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2013.

economist.com

"America's syringe exchanges kill drug users". The Economist. 2022. ISSN 0013-0613.

europa.eu

emcdda.europa.eu

Kimber J, Palmateer N, Hutchinson S, Hickman M, Goldberg D, Rhodes T, EMCDDA Monograph 10 'Harm Reduction – Impacts, Evidences and Challenges, Chapter 5 "Harm reduction among injecting drug users — evidence of Effectiveness". 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
Rhodes, T.; Hedrich, D. (2010). "Chapter 1: Harm reduction and the mainstream" (PDF). EMCDDA Monographs: Harm reduction: evidence, impacts and challenges. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. ISBN 978-92-9168-419-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

filtermag.org

"Some Residents, Officials Gang Up Against Syringe Exchange in Chico, CA". Filter. 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2020-05-25.

ghostarchive.org

Charlie Cooper (9 April 2014). "NICE: Needle exchanges should supply safe equipment to under-18 steroid users". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 9 April 2014.

globaldrugpolicy.com

Käll, K.; Hermansson, U.; Amundsen, E. J.; Rönnbäck, K.; Rönnberg, S. (2007). "The Effectiveness of Needle Exchange Programmes for HIV Prevention - A Critical Review" (PDF). The Journal of Global Drug Policy and Practice. 1 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2013.

granicus.com

santaana.granicus.com

Ridge, Kristine (September 15, 2020). "ADOPT AN ORDINANCE ADDING ARTICLE XV (SYRINGE EXCHANGE PROGRAMS) TO CHAPTER 18 OF THE SANTA ANA MUNICIPAL CODE ( HEALTH AND SANITATION) PROHIBITING SYRINGE EXCHANGE PROGRAMS IN THE CITY OF SANTA ANA".

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

McDonald, D. (2009). "The evaluation of a trial of syringe vending machines in Canberra, Australia". International Journal of Drug Policy. 20 (4): 336–339. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.06.004. hdl:1885/17339. PMID 18790622.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Strathdee SA, Lozada R, Martinez G, et al. (2011). "Social and structural factors associated with HIV infection among female sex workers who inject drugs in the Mexico-US border region". PLOS ONE. 6 (4): e19048. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...619048S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019048. PMC 3081836. PMID 21541349.

heartland.org

Loconte, Joe (July–August 1998). "Killing Them Softly" (PDF). Policy Review: 14–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2013.

heraldsun.com.au

Bridie Byrne (28 May 2013). "Drug experts propose needle vending machines for Footscray". Herald Sun Maribyrnong Leader. Retrieved 29 May 2013.

hiv.gov

"U.S. Statistics". HIV.gov. 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-10-10.

hri.global

"Global State of Harm Reduction - 2021 Update". Harm Reduction International. Retrieved 2021-12-30.

independent.co.uk

Charlie Cooper (9 April 2014). "NICE: Needle exchanges should supply safe equipment to under-18 steroid users". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 9 April 2014.

iom.edu

Tilson, H.; et al. (2007). "Preventing HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users in High-Risk Countries". United States Institute of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2010-08-01. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
Wodak, A. (2005). "Do needle syringe programmes assist control of HIV among injecting drug users?" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-07-01.^{[permanent dead link]} 2006
Käll, K. (2005). "What science tells us about needle exchange programs" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-07-01.^{[permanent dead link]} 2006
Tilson, H. (committee chair) (2005). "Meeting 1: Prevention of HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users in High Risk Countries". Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2013-07-01. 2006

koin.com

"University Park residents fed up with crime, drugs, trash". KOIN.com. 2020-01-31. Retrieved 2020-05-25.

latimes.com

"Court order all but bans mobile needle exchange program in Costa Mesa, other O.C. cities". Daily Pilot. 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
"CEQA lawsuits are blocking needle exchange programs. A new law will stop that". Los Angeles Times. 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2022-04-29.

masslive.com

"How needle exchange program needles get counted in Holyoke". masslive.com. 2017-07-23. Retrieved 2020-10-10.

multco.us

"Questions about Syringe Exchange". Multnomah County. 2018-01-30. Retrieved 2019-04-28.

nasen.org

Des Jarlais DC, McKnight C, Goldblatt C, Purchase D (2009). "Doing harm reduction better: syringe exchange in the United States" (PDF). Addiction. 104 (9): 1441–6. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x. PMID 19215605. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2012-07-05.

ndaa.org

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ndhealth.gov

"North Dakota Department of Health Syringe Service Program Requirements & Guidance" (PDF). July 2019.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Yoast, R.; Williams, M. A.; Deitchman, S. D.; Champion, H. C. (2001). "Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs". Journal of Addictive Diseases. 20 (2): 15–40. doi:10.1300/J069v20n02_03. PMID 11318395. S2CID 23406146.
Stancliff, S.; Agins, B.; Rich, J. D.; Burris, S. (2003). "Syringe access for the prevention of blood borne infections among injection drug users". BMC Public Health. 3: 37. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-3-37. PMC 317318. PMID 14633286.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (15 July 2005). "Update:Syringe Exchange Programs". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 54 (27): 673–6. PMID 16015218.
National Institutes Of, Health (November 2002). "National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Management of hepatitis C: 2002--June 10–12, 2002". Hepatology. 36 (5 Suppl 1): S3–20. doi:10.1002/hep.1840360703. PMID 12407572.
Green TC, Martin E, Bowman S, Mann M, Beletsky L (2012). "Life After the Ban: An Assessment of US Syringe Exchange Programs' Attitudes About and Early Experiences with Federal Funding". Am. J. Public Health. 102 (5): e9–e16. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300595. PMC 3484785. PMID 22420810.
Des Jarlais DC, McKnight C, Goldblatt C, Purchase D (2009). "Doing harm reduction better: syringe exchange in the United States" (PDF). Addiction. 104 (9): 1441–6. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x. PMID 19215605. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
Weinmeyer, Richard (2016-03-01). "Needle Exchange Programs' Status in US Politics". AMA Journal of Ethics. 18 (3): 252–257. doi:10.1001/journalofethics.2016.18.3.hlaw1-1603. ISSN 2376-6980. PMID 27002996.
Davis, C. S.; Beletsky, L. (2009). "Bundling occupational safety with harm reduction information as a feasible method for improving police receptiveness to syringe access programs: Evidence from three U.S. Cities". Harm Reduction Journal. 6: 16. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-6-16. PMC 2716314. PMID 19602236.
Lurie, P; Drucker, E (1 March 1997). "An opportunity lost: HIV infections associated with lack of a national needle-exchange programme in the USA". The Lancet. 349 (9052): 604–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)05439-6. PMID 9057732. S2CID 37080993.
Case P, Meehan T, Jones TS (1998). "Arrests and incarceration of injection drug users for syringe possession in Massachusetts: implications for HIV prevention". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 18 (Suppl 1): S71–5. doi:10.1097/00042560-199802001-00013. PMID 9663627.
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