Negative resistance (English Wikipedia)

Fett, G. H. (October 4, 1943). "Negative Resistance as a Machine Parameter". Journal of Applied Physics. 14 (12): 674–678. Bibcode:1943JAP....14..674F. doi:10.1063/1.1714945. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2012., abstract.

alcatel-lucent.com

www3.alcatel-lucent.com

Crisson (1931) Negative Impedances and the Twin 21-Type Repeater Archived 2013-12-16 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 488–492

allaboutcircuits.com

Haisch, Bernhard (2013). "Nonlinear conduction". Online textbook Vol. 1: DC Circuits. All About Circuits website. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014.

archive.org

Crisson, George (July 1931). "Negative Impedances and the Twin 21-Type Repeater". Bell System Tech. J. 10 (3): 485–487. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1931.tb01288.x. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
Morecroft, John Harold; A. Pinto; Walter Andrew Curry (1921). Principles of Radio Communication. US: John Wiley and Sons. p. 112.
Siegman, A. E. (1986). Lasers. University Science Books. pp. 63. ISBN 978-0935702118. neon negative resistance glow discharge., fig. 1.54
The requirements for negative resistance in oscillators were first set forth by Heinrich Barkhausen in 1907 in Das Problem Der Schwingungserzeugung according to Duncan, R. D. (March 1921). "Stability conditions in vacuum tube circuits". Physical Review. 17 (3): 304. Bibcode:1921PhRv...17..302D. doi:10.1103/physrev.17.302. Retrieved July 17, 2013.: "For alternating current power to be available in a circuit which has externally applied only continuous voltages, the average power consumption during a cycle must be negative...which demands the introduction of negative resistance [which] requires that the phase difference between voltage and current lie between 90° and 270°...[and for nonreactive circuits] the value 180° must hold... The volt-ampere characteristic of such a resistance will therefore be linear, with a negative slope..."
Bangert, J. T. (March 1954). "The Transistor as a Network Element". Bell System Tech. J. 33 (2): 330. Bibcode:1954ITED....1....7B. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1954.tb03734.x. S2CID 51671649. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
Kurokawa, Kaneyuki (July 1969). "Some Basic Characteristics of Broadband Negative Resistance Oscillator Circuits". Bell System Tech. J. 48 (6): 1937–1955. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1969.tb01158.x. Retrieved December 8, 2012. Eq. 10 is the necessary condition for oscillation, eq. 12 is sufficient condition.
Morse, A. H. (1925). Radio: Beam and Broadcast. London: Ernest Benn. p. 28. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15.
Merrill, J.L. Jr. (January 1951). "Theory of the Negative Impedance Converter". Bell System Tech. J. 30 (1): 88–109. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1951.tb01368.x. Retrieved December 9, 2012.

archive.today

Fett, G. H. (October 4, 1943). "Negative Resistance as a Machine Parameter". Journal of Applied Physics. 14 (12): 674–678. Bibcode:1943JAP....14..674F. doi:10.1063/1.1714945. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2012., abstract.

asee.org

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Muthuswamy, Bharathwaj; Joerg Mossbrucker (2010). "A framework for teaching nonlinear op-amp circuits to junior undergraduate electrical engineering students". 2010 Conference Proceedings. American Society for Engineering Education. Retrieved October 18, 2012.^{[permanent dead link]}, Appendix B. This derives a slightly more complicated circuit where the two voltage divider resistors are different to allow scaling, but it reduces to the text circuit by setting R2 and R3 in the source to R1 in the text, and R1 in source to Z in the text. The I–V curve is the same.

bcae1.com

Babin, Perry (1998). "Output Impedance". Basic Car Audio Electronics website. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2014.

berkeley.edu

inst.eecs.berkeley.edu

Chua, Leon (2000). Linear and Non Linear Circuits (PDF). McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0071166508. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-26.,

eecs.berkeley.edu

Kennedy, Michael Peter (October 1993). "Three Steps to Chaos: Part 1 – Evolution" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems. 40 (10): 640. doi:10.1109/81.246140. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

books.google.com

Sinclair, Ian Robertson (2001). Sensors and transducers, 3rd Ed. Newnes. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0750649322.
Aluf, Ofer (2012). Optoisolation Circuits: Nonlinearity Applications in Engineering. World Scientific. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-9814317009. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. This source uses the term "absolute negative differential resistance" to refer to active resistance
Amos, Stanley William; Amos, Roger S.; Dummer, Geoffrey William Arnold (1999). Newnes Dictionary of Electronics, 4th Ed. Newnes. p. 211. ISBN 978-0750643313.
Shanefield, Daniel J. (2001). Industrial Electronics for Engineers, Chemists, and Technicians. Elsevier. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0815514671.
Gottlieb, Irving M. (1997). Practical Oscillator Handbook. Elsevier. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-0080539386. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15.
Carr, Joseph J. (1997). Microwave & Wireless Communications Technology. USA: Newnes. pp. 313–314. ISBN 978-0750697071. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07.
Iniewski, Krzysztof (2007). Wireless Technologies: Circuits, Systems, and Devices. CRC Press. p. 488. ISBN 978-0849379963.
Shahinpoor, Mohsen; Schneider, Hans-Jörg (2008). Intelligent Materials. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 209. ISBN 978-0854043354.
Golio, Mike (2000). The RF and Microwave Handbook. CRC Press. p. 5.91. ISBN 978-1420036763. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21.
Beneking, H. (1994). High Speed Semiconductor Devices: Circuit aspects and fundamental behaviour. Springer. pp. 114–117. ISBN 978-0412562204. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21.
Gilmore, Rowan; Besser, Les (2003). Active Circuits and Systems. USA: Artech House. pp. 27–29. ISBN 9781580535229.
Kularatna, Nihal (1998). Power Electronics Design Handbook. Newnes. pp. 232–233. ISBN 978-0750670739. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21.
Graf, Rudolf F. (1999). Modern Dictionary of Electronics, 7th Ed. Newnes. p. 499. ISBN 978-0750698665. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21.
Groszkowski, Janusz (1964). Frequency of Self-Oscillations. Warsaw: Pergamon Press - PWN (Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe). pp. 45–51. ISBN 978-1483280301. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Herrick, Robert J. (2003). DC/AC Circuits and Electronics: Principles & Applications. Cengage Learning. pp. 106, 110–111. ISBN 978-0766820838.
Kaiser, Kenneth L. (2004). Electromagnetic Compatibility Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 13–52. ISBN 978-0-8493-2087-3.
Kouřil, František; Vrba, Kamil (1988). Non-linear and parametric circuits: principles, theory and applications. Ellis Horwood. p. 38. ISBN 978-0853126065.
"...since [static] resistance is always positive...the resultant power [from Joule's law] must also always be positive. ...[this] means that the resistor always absorbs power." Karady, George G.; Holbert, Keith E. (2013). Electrical Energy Conversion and Transport: An Interactive Computer-Based Approach, 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons. p. 3.21. ISBN 978-1118498033.
"Since the energy absorbed by a (static) resistance is always positive, resistances are passive devices." Bakshi, U.A.; V.U.Bakshi (2009). Electrical And Electronics Engineering. Technical Publications. p. 1.12. ISBN 978-8184316971. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21.
Glisson, Tildon H. (2011). Introduction to Circuit Analysis and Design. USA: Springer. pp. 114–116. ISBN 978-9048194421. Archived from the original on 2017-12-08., see footnote p. 116
Baker, R. Jacob (2011). CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 21.29. ISBN 978-1118038239. In this source "negative resistance" refers to negative static resistance.
Herrick, Robert J. (2003). DC/AC Circuits and Electronics: Principles & Applications. Cengage Learning. p. 105. ISBN 978-0766820838. Archived from the original on 2016-04-10.
Ishii, Thomas Koryu (1990). Practical microwave electron devices. Academic Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0123747006. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08.
Pippard, A. B. (2007). The Physics of Vibration. Cambridge University Press. pp. 350, fig. 36, p. 351, fig. 37a, p. 352 fig. 38c, p. 327, fig. 14c. ISBN 978-0521033336. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. In some of these graphs, the curve is reflected in the vertical axis so the negative resistance region appears to have positive slope.
Razavi, Behzad (2001). Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits. The McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 505–506. ISBN 978-7302108863.
Solymar, Laszlo; Donald Walsh (2009). Electrical Properties of Materials, 8th Ed. UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-0199565917.
Prasad, Sheila; Hermann Schumacher; Anand Gopinath (2009). High-Speed Electronics and Optoelectronics: Devices and Circuits. Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0521862837.
Deliyannis, T.; Yichuang Sun; J.K. Fidler (1998). Continuous-Time Active Filter Design. CRC Press. pp. 82–84. ISBN 978-0849325731. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21.
Rybin, Yu. K. (2011). Electronic Devices for Analog Signal Processing. Springer. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-9400722040.
Hickman, Ian (2013). Analog Circuits Cookbook. New York: Elsevier. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1483105352. Archived from the original on 2016-05-27.
see "Negative resistance by means of feedback" section, Pippard, A. B. (2007). The Physics of Vibration. Cambridge University Press. pp. 314–326. ISBN 978-0521033336. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21.
Miano, Giovanni; Antonio Maffucci (2001). Transmission Lines and Lumped Circuits. Academic Press. pp. 396, 397. ISBN 978-0121897109. Archived from the original on 2017-10-09. This source calls negative differential resistances "passive resistors" and negative static resistances "active resistors".
Dimopoulos, Hercules G. (2011). Analog Electronic Filters: Theory, Design and Synthesis. Springer. pp. 372–374. ISBN 978-9400721890. Archived from the original on 2017-11-16.
Glisson, 2011 Introduction to Circuit Analysis and Design, p. 96 Archived 2016-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
Fogiel, Max (1988). The electronics problem solver. Research & Education Assoc. pp. 1032.B – 1032.D. ISBN 978-0878915439.
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Radmanesh, Matthew M. (2009). Advanced RF & Microwave Circuit Design. AuthorHouse. pp. 479–480. ISBN 978-1425972431.
Whitaker, Jerry C. (2005). The electronics handbook, 2nd Ed. CRC Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-0849318894. Archived from the original on 2017-03-31.
Gilmour, A. S. (2011). Klystrons, Traveling Wave Tubes, Magnetrons, Cross-Field Amplifiers, and Gyrotrons. Artech House. pp. 489–491. ISBN 978-1608071845. Archived from the original on 2014-07-28.
Illingworth, Valerie (2009). Astronomy. Infobase Publishing. p. 290. ISBN 978-1438109329.
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Ayrton, Hertha (August 16, 1901). "The Mechanism of the Electric Arc". The Electrician. 47 (17). London: The Electrician Printing & Publishing Co.: 635–636. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
Satyam, M.; K. Ramkumar (1990). Foundations of Electronic Devices. New Age International. p. 501. ISBN 978-8122402940. Archived from the original on 2014-09-10.
Thompson, Sylvanus P. (July 3, 1896). "On the properties of a body having a negative electric resistance". The Electrician. 37 (10). London: Benn Bros.: 316–318. Archived from the original on November 6, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2014. also see editorial, "Positive evidence and negative resistance", p. 312
Klein, Sanford; Gregory Nellis (2011). Thermodynamics. Cambridge University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-1139498180.
Chen, Wai-Kai (2006). Nonlinear and distributed circuits. CRC Press. pp. 1.18 – 1.19. ISBN 978-0849372766. Archived from the original on 2017-08-24.
Kumar, Anand (2004). Pulse and Digital Circuits. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 274, 283–289. ISBN 978-8120325968.
Du, Ke-Lin; M. N. S. Swamy (2010). Wireless Communication Systems: From RF Subsystems to 4G Enabling Technologies. Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 438. ISBN 978-0521114035. Archived from the original on 2017-10-31.
Abraham, George (1974). "Multistable semiconductor devices and integrated circuits". Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Vol. 34–35. Academic Press. pp. 270–398. ISBN 9780080576992. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
The requirements for negative resistance in oscillators were first set forth by Heinrich Barkhausen in 1907 in Das Problem Der Schwingungserzeugung according to Duncan, R. D. (March 1921). "Stability conditions in vacuum tube circuits". Physical Review. 17 (3): 304. Bibcode:1921PhRv...17..302D. doi:10.1103/physrev.17.302. Retrieved July 17, 2013.: "For alternating current power to be available in a circuit which has externally applied only continuous voltages, the average power consumption during a cycle must be negative...which demands the introduction of negative resistance [which] requires that the phase difference between voltage and current lie between 90° and 270°...[and for nonreactive circuits] the value 180° must hold... The volt-ampere characteristic of such a resistance will therefore be linear, with a negative slope..."
Golio (2000) The RF and Microwave Handbook, pp. 7.25–7.26, 7.29
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Gottlieb 1997 Practical Oscillator Handbook, pp. 105–108 Archived 2016-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
Nahin, Paul J. (2001). The Science of Radio: With Matlab and Electronics Workbench Demonstration, 2nd Ed. Springer. pp. 81–85. ISBN 978-0387951508. Archived from the original on 2017-02-25.
Armstrong, Edwin H. (August 1922). "Some recent developments of regenerative circuits". Proceedings of the IRE. 10 (4): 244–245. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1922.219822. S2CID 51637458. Retrieved September 9, 2013.. "Regeneration" means "positive feedback"
Technical Manual no. 11-685: Fundamentals of Single-Sideband Communication. US Dept. of the Army and Dept. of the Navy. 1961. p. 93.
Singh, Balwinder; Dixit, Ashish (2007). Analog Electronics. Firewall Media. p. 143. ISBN 978-8131802458.
Pippard, A. B. (1985). Response and stability: an introduction to the physical theory. CUP Archive. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0521266734. This source uses "negative resistance" to mean active resistance
Hamilton, Scott (2007). An Analog Electronics Companion: Basic Circuit Design for Engineers and Scientists. Cambridge University Press. p. 528. ISBN 978-0521687805. Archived from the original on 2017-07-12.
this property was often called "resistance neutralization" in the days of vacuum tubes, see Bennett, Edward; Leo James Peters (January 1921). "Resistance Neutralization: An application of thermionic amplifier circuits". Journal of the AIEE. 41 (1). New York: American Institute of Electrical Engineers: 234–248. Retrieved August 14, 2013. and Ch. 3: "Resistance Neutralization" in Peters, Leo James (1927). Theory of Thermionic Vacuum Tube Circuits (PDF). McGraw-Hill. pp. 62–87. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04.
Lee, Thomas H. (2004). The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, 2nd Ed. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 641–642. ISBN 978-0521835398.
Räisänen, Antti V.; Arto Lehto (2003). Radio Engineering for Wireless Communication and Sensor Applications. USA: Artech House. pp. 180–182. ISBN 978-1580535427. Archived from the original on 2017-02-25.
Ellinger, Frank (2008). Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits and Technologies, 2nd Ed. USA: Springer. pp. 391–394. ISBN 978-3540693246. Archived from the original on 2016-07-31.
Gottlieb 1997, Practical Oscillator Handbook, p. 84 Archived 2016-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
Li, Dandan; Yannis Tsividis (2002). "Active filters using integrated inductors". Design of High Frequency Integrated Analogue Filters. Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). p. 58. ISBN 0852969767. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Rembovsky, Anatoly (2009). Radio Monitoring: Problems, Methods and Equipment. Springer. p. 24. ISBN 978-0387981000. Archived from the original on 2017-07-19.
Sun, Yichuang Sun (2002). Design of High Frequency Integrated Analogue Filters. IET. pp. 58, 60–62. ISBN 978-0852969762.
Carr, Joseph (2001). Antenna Toolkit, 2nd Ed. Newnes. p. 193. ISBN 978-0080493886.
Hansen, Robert C.; Robert E. Collin (2011). Small Antenna Handbook. John Wiley & Sons. pp. sec. 2–6, pp. 262–263. ISBN 978-0470890837.
Aberle, James T.; Robert Loepsinger-Romak (2007). Antennas With Non-Foster Matching Networks. Morgan & Claypool. pp. 1–8. ISBN 978-1598291025. Archived from the original on 2017-10-17.
Haddad, G. I.; J. R. East; H. Eisele (2003). "Two-terminal active devices for terahertz sources". Terahertz Sensing Technology: Electronic devices and advanced systems technology. World Scientific. p. 45. ISBN 9789812796820. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
Laplante, Philip A. Laplante (2005). Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering, 2nd Ed. CRC Press. p. 466. ISBN 978-0849330865.
Chen, Wai Kai (2004). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. London: Academic Press. p. 698. ISBN 978-0121709600. Archived from the original on 2016-08-19.
Du, Ke-Lin; M. N. S. Swamy (2010). Wireless Communication Systems: From RF Subsystems to 4G Enabling Technologies. Cambridge University Press. p. 438. ISBN 978-0521114035.
Gottlieb, Irving M. (1997). Practical Oscillator Handbook. Elsevier. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0080539386. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15.
Rohde, Ulrich L.; Ajay K. Poddar; Georg Böck (2005). The Design of Modern Microwave Oscillators for Wireless Applications:Theory and Optimization. USA: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-0471727163. Archived from the original on 2017-09-21.
Das, Annapurna; Das, Sisir K. (2000). Microwave Engineering. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-0074635773.
H. C. Okean, Tunnel diodes in Willardson, Robert K.; Beer, Albert C., Eds. (1971). Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 7 Part B. Academic Press. pp. 546–548. ISBN 978-0080863979.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Chang, Kai, Millimeter-wave Planar Circuits and Subsystems in Button, Kenneth J., Ed. (1985). Infrared and Millimeter Waves: Millimeter Components and Techniques, Part 5. Vol. 14. Academic Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-0323150613.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Linkhart, Douglas K. (2014). Microwave Circulator Design (2 ed.). Artech House. pp. 78–81. ISBN 978-1608075836. Archived from the original on 2017-12-10.
Heaviside, Oliver (July 31, 1892). "Correspondence: Negative Resistance". The Electrician. 37 (14). London: "The Electrician" Printing and Publishing Co.: 452. Retrieved December 24, 2012., also see letter by Andrew Gray on same page
Frith, Julius; Charles Rodgers (November 1896). "On the Resistance of the Electric Arc". London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine. 42 (258): 407–423. doi:10.1080/14786449608620933. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
G. Fitzgerald, On the Driving of Electromagnetic Vibrations by Electromagnetic and Electrostatic Engines, read at the January 22, 1892 meeting of the Physical Society of London, in Larmor, Joseph, Ed. (1902). The Scientific Writings of the late George Francis Fitzgerald. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 277–281. Archived from the original on 2014-07-07.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Poulsen, Valdemar (12 September 1904). "System for producing continuous electric oscillations". Transactions of the International Electrical Congress, St. Louis, 1904, Vol. 2. J. R. Lyon Co. pp. 963–971. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Hull, Albert W. (February 1918). "The Dynatron – A vacuum tube possessing negative electric resistance". Proceedings of the IRE. 6 (1): 5–35. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1918.217353. S2CID 51656451. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
Latour, Marius (October 30, 1920). "Basic Theory of Electron-Tube Amplifiers – Part II". Electrical World. 76 (18). New York: McGraw-Hill: 870–872. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
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Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 1. Springer. p. 3588. ISBN 978-3540688310. Archived from the original on 2017-11-23.
Lee, Thomas H. (2004) The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, 2nd Ed., p. 20
Gernsback, Hugo (September 1924). "A Sensational Radio Invention". Radio News. Experimenter Publishing: 291. Retrieved May 5, 2021. and "The Crystodyne Principle", pp. 294–295
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comcast.net

home.comcast.net

Franz, Roger L. (June 24, 2010). "Use nonlinear devices as linchpins to next-generation design". Electronic Design Magazine. Penton Media Inc. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2012., . An expanded version of this article with graphs and an extensive list of new negative resistance devices appears in Franz, Roger L. (2012). "Overview of Nonlinear Devices and Circuit Applications". Sustainable Technology. Roger L. Franz personal website. Retrieved September 17, 2012.

doi.org

"In semiconductor physics, it is known that if a two-terminal device shows negative differential resistance it can amplify." Suzuki, Yoshishige; Kuboda, Hitoshi (March 10, 2008). "Spin-torque diode effect and its application". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 77 (3): 031002. Bibcode:2008JPSJ...77c1002S. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.77.031002. Archived from the original on December 21, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Crisson, George (July 1931). "Negative Impedances and the Twin 21-Type Repeater". Bell System Tech. J. 10 (3): 485–487. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1931.tb01288.x. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
Ghadiri, Aliakbar (Fall 2011). "Design of Active-Based Passive Components for Radio Frequency Applications". PhD Thesis. Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., Univ. of Alberta: 9–10. doi:10.7939/R3N88J. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Popa, Cosmin Radu (2012). "Active Resistor Circuits". Synthesis of Analog Structures for Computational Signal Processing. Springer. p. 323. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0403-3_7. ISBN 978-1-4614-0403-3.
Fett, G. H. (October 4, 1943). "Negative Resistance as a Machine Parameter". Journal of Applied Physics. 14 (12): 674–678. Bibcode:1943JAP....14..674F. doi:10.1063/1.1714945. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2012., abstract.
Tellegen, B. d. h. (April 1972). "Stability of negative resistances". International Journal of Electronics. 32 (6): 681–686. doi:10.1080/00207217208938331.
The requirements for negative resistance in oscillators were first set forth by Heinrich Barkhausen in 1907 in Das Problem Der Schwingungserzeugung according to Duncan, R. D. (March 1921). "Stability conditions in vacuum tube circuits". Physical Review. 17 (3): 304. Bibcode:1921PhRv...17..302D. doi:10.1103/physrev.17.302. Retrieved July 17, 2013.: "For alternating current power to be available in a circuit which has externally applied only continuous voltages, the average power consumption during a cycle must be negative...which demands the introduction of negative resistance [which] requires that the phase difference between voltage and current lie between 90° and 270°...[and for nonreactive circuits] the value 180° must hold... The volt-ampere characteristic of such a resistance will therefore be linear, with a negative slope..."
Bangert, J. T. (March 1954). "The Transistor as a Network Element". Bell System Tech. J. 33 (2): 330. Bibcode:1954ITED....1....7B. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1954.tb03734.x. S2CID 51671649. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
Armstrong, Edwin H. (August 1922). "Some recent developments of regenerative circuits". Proceedings of the IRE. 10 (4): 244–245. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1922.219822. S2CID 51637458. Retrieved September 9, 2013.. "Regeneration" means "positive feedback"
Podell, A.F.; Cristal, E.G. (May 1971). "Negative-Impedance Converters (NIC) for VHF Through Microwave Circuit Applications". Microwave Symposium Digest, 1971 IEEE GMTT International 16–19 May 1971. USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. pp. 182–183. doi:10.1109/GMTT.1971.1122957. on IEEE website
Kennedy, Michael Peter (October 1993). "Three Steps to Chaos: Part 1 – Evolution" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems. 40 (10): 640. doi:10.1109/81.246140. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
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"In semiconductor physics, it is known that if a two-terminal device shows negative differential resistance it can amplify." Suzuki, Yoshishige; Kuboda, Hitoshi (March 10, 2008). "Spin-torque diode effect and its application". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 77 (3): 031002. Bibcode:2008JPSJ...77c1002S. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.77.031002. Archived from the original on December 21, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
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Horowitz, Paul (2004). "Negative Resistor – Physics 123 demonstration with Paul Horowitz". Video lecture, Physics 123, Harvard Univ. YouTube. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2012. In this video Prof. Horowitz demonstrates that negative static resistance actually exists. He has a black box with two terminals, labelled "−10 kilohms" and shows with ordinary test equipment that it acts like a linear negative resistor (active resistor) with a resistance of −10 KΩ: a positive voltage across it causes a proportional negative current through it, and when connected in a voltage divider with an ordinary resistor the output of the divider is greater than the input, it can amplify. At the end he opens the box and shows it contains an op-amp negative impedance converter circuit and battery.