Nicene Creed (English Wikipedia)

See etymology given in "Symbol". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fifth ed.). 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020.

antiochian.org

"The Nicene Creed - Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese". Antiochian.org. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2016.

archeparchy.ca

"Pastoral Letter of the Ukrainian Catholic Hierarchy in Canada, 1 September 2005". Archeparchy.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2013.

archive.org

Bright, William (1882). Notes on the Canons of the First Four General Councils. Oxford : Clarendon Press. pp. 80–82.
Heresiology: The Invention of Heresy and Schism at the Internet Archive
Schaff, Philip (1877). The Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical Notes. Vol. i. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 28–29.. See also Creeds of Christendom Archived 27 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine.

armenianchurchlibrary.com

What the Armenian Church calls the Nicene Creed is given in the Armenian Church Library Archived 24 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, St Leon Armenian Church Archived 16 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Armenian Diaconate Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, etc.]
"Text in Armenian, with transliteration and English translation" (PDF). Armenianlibrary.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2010.

armeniandiaconate.org

What the Armenian Church calls the Nicene Creed is given in the Armenian Church Library Archived 24 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, St Leon Armenian Church Archived 16 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Armenian Diaconate Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, etc.]

assyrianchurch.org.au

Creed of Nicaea Archived 20 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine (Assyrian Church of the East)
Creed of Nicaea Archived 20 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine (Assyrian Church of the East)

books.google.com

Seitz, Christopher R. (2001). Nicene Christianity: The Future for a New Ecumenism. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1-84227-154-4. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
Hefele, Karl Joseph von (1894). A History of the Christian Councils: From the Original Documents, to the Close of the Council of Nicaea, A.D. 325. T. & T. Clark. p. 275. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2019 – via Google Books.
Leith, John H. (1982). Creeds of the Churches: A Reader in Christian Doctrine, from the Bible to the Present. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 28–31. ISBN 978-0-8042-0526-9 – via Google Books.
Gwynn, David M. (2014). Christianity in the Later Roman Empire: A Sourcebook. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4411-3735-7. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2020 – via Google Books.
Richard Price, Michael Gaddis (editors), The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon (Liverpool University Press 2005 Archived 8 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-0-85323-039-7), p. 3
Kehn, N. R. (2009). "Sola Scriptura". Restoring the Restoration Movement: A look under the Hood at the Doctrines that Divide. LaVergne, TN: Xulon Press. ISBN 978-1-60791-358-0. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
Credo Meditations on Thenicene Creed. Chalice Press. pp. xiv–xv. ISBN 978-0-8272-0592-5. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
Timothy Larsen, Daniel J. Treier, The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology Archived 8 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine (Cambridge University Press 2007 ISBN 978-0-521-84698-1, p. 4
Stephen Hunt, Alternative Religions (Ashgate 2003 Archived 8 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-0-7546-3410-2), p. 48
Charles Simpson, Inside the Churches of Christ (Arthurhouse 2009 Archived 8 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-1-4389-0140-4), p. 133

britannica.com

"Nicene Creed". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.

catholic.net.au

bne.catholic.net.au

This version is called the Nicene Creed in Catholic Prayers Archived 27 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Creeds of the Catholic Church Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, etc.

ccel.org

"Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. Volume II. The History of Creeds". Ccel.org. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: Second Ecumenical: The Holy Creed Which the 150 Holy Fathers Set Forth... Archived 5 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
"Philip Schaff, The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. III: article Constantinopolitan Creed". Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils". Ccel.org. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2006.
"Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. Volume II. The History of Creeds". Ccel.org. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2006.
"Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. Volume II. The History of Creeds". Ccel.org. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2006.
Schaff, Philip (1877). The Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical Notes. Vol. i. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 28–29.. See also Creeds of Christendom Archived 27 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
"Canon VII". Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2006.
For a different view, see e.g. Excursus on the Words πίστιν ἑτέραν Archived 21 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Philip Schaff, The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. III: article Constantinopolitan Creed Archived 24 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine lists eight creed-forms calling themselves Niceno-Constantinopolitan or Nicene.

christianitytoday.com

"Christianity Today reports on a study that shows most evangelicals believe the basic Nicene formulation". 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

christianunity.va

Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (20 September 1995). "The Greek and Latin Traditions Regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit". L'Osservatore Romano English Edition., p. 9

churchofjesuschrist.org

Oaks, Dallin H. (May 1995). Apostasy And Restoration Archived 22 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Ensign. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

compassreview.org

Babie, Paul. "The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in Australia and the Filioque: A Return to Eastern Christian Tradition". Compass. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2013.

cuaa.edu

"The Three Ecumenical or Universal Creeds" (PDF). Concordia University Ann Arbor. p. 1. Retrieved 8 November 2024.

doi.org

Morin 1911 Morin, Germain (1911). "L'Origine du Symbole d'Athanase" [The Origin of the Symbol of Athanasius] (PDF). The Journal of Theological Studies (in French). 12 (2). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 337–59. doi:10.1093/jts/os-XII.3.337. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

earlychurchtexts.com

"Creed of Nicaea 325 – Greek and Latin Text with English translation". Earlychurchtexts.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
"Nicene Creed Greek Text with English translation". Earlychurchtexts.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2017.

etymonline.com

Symbol: early 15c., "creed, summary, religious belief," from Late Latin symbolum "creed, token, mark," from Greek symbol "token, watchword, sign by which one infers; ticket, a permit, licence" (the word was applied c. 250 by Cyprian of Carthage to the Apostles' Creed, on the notion of the "mark" that distinguishes Christians from pagans), literally "that which is thrown or cast together," from assimilated form of syn- "together" (see syn-) + bole "a throwing, a casting, the stroke of a missile, bolt, beam," from bol-, nominative stem of ballein "to throw" (from PIE root *gwele- "to throw, reach"). The sense evolution in Greek is from "throwing things together" to "contrasting" to "comparing" to "token used in comparisons to determine if something is genuine." Hence, the "outward sign" of something. The meaning "something which stands for something else" was first recorded in 1590 (in "Faerie Queene"). As a written character, 1610s. (Harper, Douglas (2023). "Symbol". Etymology Online. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.

ewtn.com

"Greek and Latin Traditions on Holy Spirit". Ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018.

fordham.edu

"The Third Ecumenical Council. The Council of Ephesus, p. 202". Archived from the original on 16 August 2000. Retrieved 11 January 2009.

goarch.org

Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America: Liturgical Texts. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Archived 9 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine

holytrinitymission.org

[1] Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine "Archbishop Averky Liturgics – The Small Compline", Retrieved 14 April 2013
[2] Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine "Archbishop Averky Liturgics – The Symbol of Faith", Retrieved 14 April 2013

merriam-webster.com

"Definition of HOMOOUSIAN". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.

myriobiblos.gr

Η ΘΕΙΑ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ Archived 4 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Church of Greece.

newadvent.org

"Council of Chalcedon". New Advent. Session II.

oca.org

"The Orthodox Faith – Volume I – Doctrine and Scripture – The Symbol of Faith – Nicene Creed". oca.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.

orthodoxprayer.org

"Orthodox Prayer: The Nicene Creed". Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

oxfordjournals.org

jts.oxfordjournals.org

Morin 1911 Morin, Germain (1911). "L'Origine du Symbole d'Athanase" [The Origin of the Symbol of Athanasius] (PDF). The Journal of Theological Studies (in French). 12 (2). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 337–59. doi:10.1093/jts/os-XII.3.337. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

papalencyclicals.net

"First Council of Nicaea – 325 AD". 20 May 0325. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2020.

religionfacts.com

"Religion Facts, four of the five Protestant denominations studied agree with the Nicene Creed and the fifth may as well, they just don't do creeds in general". Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

scborromeo.org

This version is called the Nicene Creed in Catholic Prayers Archived 27 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Creeds of the Catholic Church Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, etc.

sites.google.com

E.g.,"Roman Missal | Apostles' Creed". Wentworthville: Our Lady of Mount Carmel. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016. Instead of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, especially during Lent and Easter Time, the baptismal Symbol of the Roman Church, known as the Apostles' Creed, may be used

stleon.org

What the Armenian Church calls the Nicene Creed is given in the Armenian Church Library Archived 24 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, St Leon Armenian Church Archived 16 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Armenian Diaconate Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, etc.]

stsophia.us

"Mark M. Morozowich, "Pope John Paul II and Ukrainian Catholic Liturgical Life: Renewal of Eastern Identity"". Stsophia.us. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.

thecatholictreasurechest.com

This version is called the Nicene Creed in Catholic Prayers Archived 27 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Creeds of the Catholic Church Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, etc.

thefreedictionary.com

"homousian", The Free Dictionary, archived from the original on 6 September 2021, retrieved 7 September 2021

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

Liddell and Scott: σύμβολον Archived 11 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine; cf. split tally
"οὐσί-α". Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2006.
Charlton T. Lewis, A Latin Dictionary: substantia Archived 2 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Charlton T. Lewis, A Latin Dictionary: credo Archived 24 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine

usccb.org

"Ordo Missae, 18–19" (PDF). Usccb.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.

vatican.va

"Profession of Faith". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
"Code of Canon Law - IntraText". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.

web.archive.org

Seitz, Christopher R. (2001). Nicene Christianity: The Future for a New Ecumenism. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1-84227-154-4. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
"Profession of Faith". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
"Code of Canon Law - IntraText". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
"Nicene Creed". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
"The Nicene Creed - Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese". Antiochian.org. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
"The Orthodox Faith – Volume I – Doctrine and Scripture – The Symbol of Faith – Nicene Creed". oca.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
[1] Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine "Archbishop Averky Liturgics – The Small Compline", Retrieved 14 April 2013
[2] Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine "Archbishop Averky Liturgics – The Symbol of Faith", Retrieved 14 April 2013
Liddell and Scott: σύμβολον Archived 11 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine; cf. split tally
Symbol: early 15c., "creed, summary, religious belief," from Late Latin symbolum "creed, token, mark," from Greek symbol "token, watchword, sign by which one infers; ticket, a permit, licence" (the word was applied c. 250 by Cyprian of Carthage to the Apostles' Creed, on the notion of the "mark" that distinguishes Christians from pagans), literally "that which is thrown or cast together," from assimilated form of syn- "together" (see syn-) + bole "a throwing, a casting, the stroke of a missile, bolt, beam," from bol-, nominative stem of ballein "to throw" (from PIE root *gwele- "to throw, reach"). The sense evolution in Greek is from "throwing things together" to "contrasting" to "comparing" to "token used in comparisons to determine if something is genuine." Hence, the "outward sign" of something. The meaning "something which stands for something else" was first recorded in 1590 (in "Faerie Queene"). As a written character, 1610s. (Harper, Douglas (2023). "Symbol". Etymology Online. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
"Definition of HOMOOUSIAN". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
"homousian", The Free Dictionary, archived from the original on 6 September 2021, retrieved 7 September 2021
Hefele, Karl Joseph von (1894). A History of the Christian Councils: From the Original Documents, to the Close of the Council of Nicaea, A.D. 325. T. & T. Clark. p. 275. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2019 – via Google Books.
Gwynn, David M. (2014). Christianity in the Later Roman Empire: A Sourcebook. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4411-3735-7. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2020 – via Google Books.
"First Council of Nicaea – 325 AD". 20 May 0325. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
"Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. Volume II. The History of Creeds". Ccel.org. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
"Religion Facts, four of the five Protestant denominations studied agree with the Nicene Creed and the fifth may as well, they just don't do creeds in general". Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
"Christianity Today reports on a study that shows most evangelicals believe the basic Nicene formulation". 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: Second Ecumenical: The Holy Creed Which the 150 Holy Fathers Set Forth... Archived 5 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Richard Price, Michael Gaddis (editors), The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon (Liverpool University Press 2005 Archived 8 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-0-85323-039-7), p. 3
"Philip Schaff, The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. III: article Constantinopolitan Creed". Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
"The Third Ecumenical Council. The Council of Ephesus, p. 202". Archived from the original on 16 August 2000. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils". Ccel.org. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2006.
"Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. Volume II. The History of Creeds". Ccel.org. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2006.
"Greek and Latin Traditions on Holy Spirit". Ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018.
"Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. Volume II. The History of Creeds". Ccel.org. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2006.
Schaff, Philip (1877). The Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical Notes. Vol. i. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 28–29.. See also Creeds of Christendom Archived 27 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
"Creed of Nicaea 325 – Greek and Latin Text with English translation". Earlychurchtexts.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
"Nicene Creed Greek Text with English translation". Earlychurchtexts.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
"Canon VII". Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2006.
For a different view, see e.g. Excursus on the Words πίστιν ἑτέραν Archived 21 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
See etymology given in "Symbol". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fifth ed.). 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020.
"Ordo Missae, 18–19" (PDF). Usccb.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
Kehn, N. R. (2009). "Sola Scriptura". Restoring the Restoration Movement: A look under the Hood at the Doctrines that Divide. LaVergne, TN: Xulon Press. ISBN 978-1-60791-358-0. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
Credo Meditations on Thenicene Creed. Chalice Press. pp. xiv–xv. ISBN 978-0-8272-0592-5. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
Timothy Larsen, Daniel J. Treier, The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology Archived 8 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine (Cambridge University Press 2007 ISBN 978-0-521-84698-1, p. 4
Oaks, Dallin H. (May 1995). Apostasy And Restoration Archived 22 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Ensign. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Stephen Hunt, Alternative Religions (Ashgate 2003 Archived 8 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-0-7546-3410-2), p. 48
Charles Simpson, Inside the Churches of Christ (Arthurhouse 2009 Archived 8 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-1-4389-0140-4), p. 133
"Orthodox Prayer: The Nicene Creed". Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
This version is called the Nicene Creed in Catholic Prayers Archived 27 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Creeds of the Catholic Church Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, etc.
What the Armenian Church calls the Nicene Creed is given in the Armenian Church Library Archived 24 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, St Leon Armenian Church Archived 16 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Armenian Diaconate Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, etc.]
E.g.,"Roman Missal | Apostles' Creed". Wentworthville: Our Lady of Mount Carmel. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016. Instead of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, especially during Lent and Easter Time, the baptismal Symbol of the Roman Church, known as the Apostles' Creed, may be used
Philip Schaff, The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. III: article Constantinopolitan Creed Archived 24 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine lists eight creed-forms calling themselves Niceno-Constantinopolitan or Nicene.
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America: Liturgical Texts. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Archived 9 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Η ΘΕΙΑ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ Archived 4 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Church of Greece.
"οὐσί-α". Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2006.
Charlton T. Lewis, A Latin Dictionary: substantia Archived 2 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Charlton T. Lewis, A Latin Dictionary: credo Archived 24 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine
"Text in Armenian, with transliteration and English translation" (PDF). Armenianlibrary.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Babie, Paul. "The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in Australia and the Filioque: A Return to Eastern Christian Tradition". Compass. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
"Pastoral Letter of the Ukrainian Catholic Hierarchy in Canada, 1 September 2005". Archeparchy.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
"Mark M. Morozowich, "Pope John Paul II and Ukrainian Catholic Liturgical Life: Renewal of Eastern Identity"". Stsophia.us. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Creed of Nicaea Archived 20 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine (Assyrian Church of the East)
Creed of Nicaea Archived 20 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine (Assyrian Church of the East)

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Jenner, Henry (1908). "Liturgical Use of Creeds". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Wilhelm, Joseph (1911). "The Nicene Creed". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Shipman, Andrew (1912). "Ruthenian Rite". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.