Niddah (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Niddah" in English language version.

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academia.edu

  • Stollman, Aviad (2006). "A Lifetime Companion to the Laws of Jewish Family Life, and: Man and Woman: Guidance for Newlyweds (review)". Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues. 12 (1): 309–329. ISSN 1565-5288. According to Evyatar Marienberg, the term "Tahorat haMishpahah", itself is of German-Jewish origin, late in the nineteenth century, probably a translation of the expression "Reinheit des Familienlebens". The original expression was most likely coined as an attempt to suppress the obvious halakhic fact that a woman who menstruates is impure. Instead of discussing the impurity of the niddah, one is encouraged to think of the purity of the family. It is also probable that the term came into use to emphasize the talmudic notion that not keeping the laws of niddah can have consequences on the purity of the offspring.

andrews.edu

digitalcommons.andrews.edu

books.google.com

  • Werczberger, R.; Guzmen-Carmeli, S. (2020). "Judaim". In Yaden, David Bryce; Newberg, Andrew B.; Zhao, Yukun; Peng, Kaiping (eds.). Rituals and Practices in World Religions: Cross-cultural Scholarship to Inform Research and Clinical Contexts. Springer. ISBN 9783030279530. women and menstruation. Later on, the rabbis increased the period of sexual separation between a menstruating wife and her husband from 7 days total to 7 "clean days" and a minimum of 11 days for Sephardim and 12 days for Ashkenazim. The Biblical law also requires that following that period, the woman would immerse herself in the mikveh. In general, the immersion in the miqveh must take place after dark. The woman must undress completely and clean herself before entering. The immersion must be witnessed by a Jewish woman (balanit) whose role is to ensure that all body parts, including the hair, are submerged in the water. Some attendants offer to check the hands, feet, and back for possible barriers (chatzitzot) between the body and the water, such as nail polish. Upon immersing, the woman recites the designated blessing...
  • Liss (2015). "Patterns of intensification". Discourses of Purity in Transcultural Perspective (300–1600). BRILL. p. 272. ISBN 978-90-04-28975-8.
  • Marmon-Grumet, Naomi (2017). "The Transmission of Sexual Mores, Norms of Procreation, and Gender Expectations through Pre-Marital Counselling (Hadrakhat Hatanim/Kallot)". In Gross, Martine; Nizard, Sophie; Scioldo-Zurcher, Yann (eds.). Gender, Families and Transmission in the Contemporary Jewish Context. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4438-9232-2. According to Marienberg (2003), the term "taharat hamishpaha", was most likely coined to hide the association of impurity and encourage thinking about the Talmudic notion that niddah can have consequences on the purity of offspring.
  • Wasserfall, Rahel (2015). Women and Water: Menstruation in Jewish Life and Law. Brandeis University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-1-61168-870-2. probably generated by the Neo-Orthodox movement as a response to the Reform rejection of some of the normative menstrual laws, particularly use of the miqveh. The Reform movement claimed that the law was instituted at a time when public bathing facilities were the norm, but was no longer valid with the advent of home bathtubs and greater concern for personal hygiene... The term family purity is euphemistic and somewhat misleading, since the topic is, in fact, ritual impurity.
  • Biale, David (2008). Blood and Belief: The Circulation of a Symbol Between Jews and Christians. University of California Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-520-25798-6. for the modern Orthodox Jews of Germany, the phrase "family purity" (Reinheit des Familienlebens) came to designate the laws of menstruation. Whereas in Talmudic law, a menstruating woman conveyed a kind of technical impurity, in this new, bourgeois conception, the family as a whole was purified by avoidance of menstrual blood.
  • Wasserfall, Rahel R. (1999). Women and Water: Menstruation in Jewish life and law. University Press of New England. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-87451-960-0.
  • Goldin, Simha (3 January 2020). Jewish Women in Europe in the Middle Ages: A quiet revolution. Manchester University Press. p. 220n78. ISBN 978-1-5261-4827-8.
  • Wasserfall, Rahel (2015). Women and Water: Menstruation in Jewish Life and Law. Brandeis University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-61168-870-2.

encyclopedia.com

  • Fonrobert, Charlotte Elisheva (2005). "Purification: Purification in Judaism". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. This term is technically a misnomer... It entered Jewish legal discourse in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, before it was popularized in the market of handbooks for married couples. One of its main functions is rooted in its polemical force, vis a vis liberal, non-observant Jews

haaretz.com

interfaithfamily.com

jewishencyclopedia.com

  • Jacobs, Joseph and Judah David Eisenstein (1906). "Red Heifer", Jewish Encyclopedia.

jwa.org

mechon-mamre.org

  • The original Torah instruction was that a woman may immerse herself immediately following the cessation of blood discharge. Seven days are given to all women during their regular monthly menstrual cycle, known as the "days of the menstruate" (Hebrew: niddah), even if her actual period lasted only 3 to 5 days. Only with the woman who had an "irregular flow" (Heb. zivah) was she required to count seven days of cleanness when her menstrual flow ceased (Leviticus 15:25–28). The "irregular flow" (Heb. zivah) was determined in the following manner: From the eighth day after the beginning of her period (the terminus post quem, or the earliest date in which they begin to reckon the case of a zavah), when she should have normally concluded her period, these are days that are known in Hebrew as the days of a running issue (Hebrew: zivah), and which simply defines a time (from the 8th to the 18th day, for a total of eleven days) that, if the woman had an irregular flow of blood for two consecutive days during this time, she becomes a zavah and is capable of defiling whatever she touches, and especially whatever object she happens to be standing upon, lying upon or sitting upon. Because of the complexities in determining these days in most women, especially with those who do not have fixed periods, the Sages of Israel declared that all menstruant women are to be viewed in such a doubtful condition, regardless of when they saw blood, requiring them all to count seven days of cleanness before their immersion. See: Jerusalem Talmud (Berakhoth 37a [5:1]). Explained by Maimonides in his Mishne Torah (Hil. Issurei Bi'ah 6:1–5)

myjewishlearning.com

nli.org.il

rabbinicalassembly.org

unc.edu

uscj.org

wikipedia.org

he.wikipedia.org

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youtube.com

  • Scientifically, the brown colorization found in the spotting of white panties is often the result of period blood being trapped in the vagina and its exposure to the vagina's acidic environment (lactic acid), causing the oxidation, or chemical break-down, of the blood. See Obstetrician-Gynecologist/Physician Danielle Jones, MD FACOG, 5 "Strange" Things Your Vagina Does That Are NORMAL on YouTube, educational information video / May 2021, minutes 3:52–4:34.