Niger–Congo languages (English Wikipedia)

Igor Kopytoff, The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (1989), 9–10 (cited after Igbo Language Roots and (Pre)-History Archived 2019-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, A Mighty Tree, 2011).

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Good, Jeff (2020). "Niger-Congo, with a special focus on Benue-Congo". In Vossen, Rainer; Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 139–160. ISBN 9780191007378. The term [Niger–Congo], as presently used, however, is not without its difficulties. On the one hand, it is employed as a referential label for a group of over 1,500 languages, putting it among the largest commonly cited language groups in the world. On the other hand, the term is also intended to embody a hypothesis of genealogical relationship between the referential NC languages that has not been proven (p.139)
Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (2000-08-03). African Languages: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780521666299.
Ammon, Ulrich (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. p. 2036. ISBN 9783110184181.
Martin H. Steinberg, Disorders of Hemoglobin: Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 717.
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.; Crevels, Mily; Muysken, Pieter (2020). "Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa". Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact. Oxford University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-19-872381-3.
Good, Jeff (Mar 19, 2020). "Niger-Congo, With A Special Focus On Benue Congo". The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-19-960989-5.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"Niger Congo Languages". Britanica. Retrieved 2025-04-28.
"Niger-Congo languages | African Language Family | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2025-04-29.
"Kordofanian languages | Kordofanian, Niger-Congo, Chadic | Britannica".
"Niger-Congo languages – Widespread characteristics of Niger-Congo languages | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-13.

cnrs.fr (Global: 2,402^nd place; English: 5,549^th place)

llacan.cnrs.fr

Pozdniakov, Konstantin (September 18–21, 2012). "From Atlantic to Niger-Congo: three, two, one ..." (PDF). Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction International Congress: 2.

llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr

Rebecca Grollemund, Simon Branford, Jean-Marie Hombert & Mark Pagel. 2016. Genetic unity of the Niger-Congo family. Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: comparison and reconstruction (2nd International Congress)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Manning, Katie; Timpson, Adrian (2014). "The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara". Quaternary Science Reviews. 101: 28–35. Bibcode:2014QSRv..101...28M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003.
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.; Storch, Anne (2016-02-11). "Niger-Congo: A brief state of the art". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.3. ISBN 978-0-19-993534-5. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
Storch, Anne; Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (11 February 2016). "Niger-Congo". Oxford Handbook Topics in Linguistics. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.3. ISBN 978-0-19-993534-5 – via www.oxfordhandbooks.com.
Pozdniakov, Konstantin (2018). The numeral system of Proto-Niger-Congo: A step-by-step reconstruction (pdf). Niger-Congo Comparative Studies. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1311704. ISBN 978-3-96110-098-9.
Anderson, C. G. (1999). "ATR vowel harmony in Akposso". Studies in African Linguistics. 28 (2): 185–214. doi:10.32473/sal.v28i2.107372.
Casali, Roderic F. (2008). "ATR Harmony in African Languages". Language and Linguistics Compass. 2 (3): 496–549. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00064.x.
Doneux, Jean L. (1975). "Hypothèses pour la comparative des langues atlantiques". Africana Linguistica. 6. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale: 41–129. doi:10.3406/aflin.1975.892. (Re: proto-Atlantic)
Stewart, John M. (1976). Towards Volta-Congo Reconstruction : Rede. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden. ISBN 90-6021-307-6, Casali, Roderic F. (1995). "On the Reduction of Vowel Systems in Volta-Congo". African Languages and Cultures. 8 (2): 109–121. doi:10.1080/09544169508717790. (Re: proto-Volta-Conga)
Stewart, John M. (2002). "The potential of Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu as a pilot Proto-Niger-Congo, and the reconstructions updated". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 23 (2): 197–224. doi:10.1515/jall.2002.012.

gial.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Unseth, Carla (2009). "Vowel Harmony in Wolof" (PDF). Occasional Papers in Applied Linguistics (2–3). Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2013.

glottolog.org (Global: 2,032^nd place; English: 4,303^rd place)

"Glottolog 3.4 -". glottolog.org.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Manning, Katie; Timpson, Adrian (2014). "The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara". Quaternary Science Reviews. 101: 28–35. Bibcode:2014QSRv..101...28M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003.

journalofwestafricanlanguages.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Casali, Roderic F. (2002). "Nawuri ATR Harmony in Typological Perspective" (PDF). Journal of West African Languages. 29 (1). Summer Institute of Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 30, 2014.

langsci-press.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pozdniakov, Konstantin (2018). The numeral system of Proto-Niger-Congo: A step-by-step reconstruction (pdf). Niger-Congo Comparative Studies. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1311704. ISBN 978-3-96110-098-9.

languagesgulper.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Niger-Congo Languages", "The Language Gulper", March 2015

lingref.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Morton, Deborah (2012). Harmony in an Eleven Vowel Language (PDF). Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-57473-453-9.

oxfordhandbooks.com (Global: 5,520^th place; English: 3,524^th place)

Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.; Storch, Anne (2016-02-11). "Niger-Congo: A brief state of the art". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.3. ISBN 978-0-19-993534-5. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
Storch, Anne; Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (11 February 2016). "Niger-Congo". Oxford Handbook Topics in Linguistics. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.3. ISBN 978-0-19-993534-5 – via www.oxfordhandbooks.com.

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

Babaev, Kirill (2013). "Joseph Greenberg and the Current State of Niger-Congo". Journal of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory (18): 19.

rogerblench.info (Global: low place; English: 7,759^th place)

Blench, Roger. "Unpublished Working Draft" (PDF). www.rogerblench.info.
Blench, Roger, "The Benue-Congo languages: a proposed internal classification".^{[unreliable source?]} "No comprehensive reconstruction has yet been done for the phylum as a whole, and it is sometimes suggested (e.g. by Dixon 1997) that Niger-Congo is merely a typological and not a genetic unity. This view is not held by any specialists in the phylum, and reasons for thinking Niger-Congo is a true genetic unity will be given in this chapter. It is, however, true that the subclassification of the phylum has been continuously modified in recent years and cannot be presented as an agreed scheme. The factors which have delayed reconstruction are the large number of languages, the inaccessibility of much of the data, and the paucity of able researchers committed to this field. Emphasis will be placed on three characteristics of Niger-Congo; noun-class systems, verbal extensions, and basic lexicon." See also: Bendor-Samuel, J. ed. 1989. The Niger–Congo Languages. Lanham: University Press of America.
"Niger-Congo: an alternative view" (PDF). Rogerblench.info. Retrieved 2012-12-29. "Roger Blench: Niger-Congo reconstruction". Rogerblench.info. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Blench, Roger. 2012. Niger-Congo: an alternative view.

rutgers.edu (Global: 1,999^th place; English: 1,355^th place)

roa.rutgers.edu

Bakovic, Eric (2000). Harmony, Dominance and Control (PDF) (PhD dissertation). Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. p. ii.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Igor Kopytoff, The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (1989), 9–10 (cited after Igbo Language Roots and (Pre)-History Archived 2019-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, A Mighty Tree, 2011).
Unseth, Carla (2009). "Vowel Harmony in Wolof" (PDF). Occasional Papers in Applied Linguistics (2–3). Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2013.
Casali, Roderic F. (2002). "Nawuri ATR Harmony in Typological Perspective" (PDF). Journal of West African Languages. 29 (1). Summer Institute of Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 30, 2014.

Niger–Congo languages (English Wikipedia)

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cnrs.fr (Global: 2,402nd place; English: 5,549th place)

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glottolog.org (Global: 2,032nd place; English: 4,303rd place)

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journalofwestafricanlanguages.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

glottolog.org (Global: 2,032^nd place; English: 4,303^rd place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

oxfordhandbooks.com (Global: 5,520^th place; English: 3,524^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

rogerblench.info (Global: low place; English: 7,759^th place)

rutgers.edu (Global: 1,999^th place; English: 1,355^th place)

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