Pohl, Florian, Dawoud (1 September 2010). "2: Marriage". Muslim World: Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 50. ISBN9780761479277. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
According to a number of traditions, the second caliph, ʿOmar, outlawed the custom of motʿa marriage, regarding it as a form of fornication, thus implying that its practitioners could face stoning.https://iranicaonline.org/articles/mota
A nonsexual ṣiḡamay take place between two consenting adults, an adult and a child, children, or even infants (arranged by their parents in the latter cases). https://iranicaonline.org/articles/mota