Nimrud (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Nimrud" in English language version.

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america.aljazeera.com

Al Jazeera: ISIL video shows destruction of 7th century artifacts (26 February 2015)

archive.org

William Francis Ainsworth, who preferred the identification of Resen with Nimrud (on the basis of Bochart's identification of Resen with Xenophon's Larissa), summarised the debate in 1855 as follows: "The learned Bochart first advanced the supposition that this Assyrian city was the same as the primeval city, called Resen in the Bible and that the Greeks having asked its name were answered, Al Resen, the article being prefixed, and from whence they made Larissa, in an easy transposition. I adopted this presumed identity as extremely probable, and Colonel Chesney (ii. 223) has done the same, not as an established fact, but as a presumed identity. ... In 1846, Colonel Rawlinson, speaking of Nimrud, noticed it as probably the Rehoboth of Scripture, but he added in a note, 'I have no reason for identifying it with Rehoboth, beyond its evident antiquity, and the attribution of Resen and Calah to other sites.' (Journal of Roy. Asiat. Soc. vol. x. p. 26.) At this time Colonel Rawlinson identified Calah with Holwan or Sir Pul-i-Zohab, and Resen, or Dasen, with Yasin Teppeh in the plain of Sharizur in Kurdistan. In 1849 (Journ. of Roy. Asiat. Soc. vol. xi. p. 10), Colonel Rawlinson said, 'The Arabic geographers always give the title of Athur to the great ruined capital near the mouth of the Upper Zab. The ruins are now usually known by the name of Nimrud. It would seem highly probable that they represent the Calah of Genesis, for the Samaritan Pentateuch names this city Lachisa, which is evidently the same title as the Λάρισσα of Xenophon, the Persian r being very usually replaced both in Median and Babylonian by a guttural.' In 1850 (Journ. of Roy. Asiat. Soc. vol. xii.). Colonel Rawlinson added the discovery of a cuneiform inscription bearing the title Levekh, which he reads Halukh. 'Nimrud', says the distinguished palaeographist, 'the great treasure-house which has furnished us with all the most remarkable specimens of Assyrian sculpture, although very probably forming one of that group of cities, which in the time of the prophet Jonas, were known by the common name of Nineveh, has no claim, itself, I think, to that particular appellation. The title by which it is designated on the bricks and slabs that form its buildings, I read doubtfully as Levekh, and I suspect this to be the original form of the name which appears as Calah in Genesis, and Halah in Kings and Chronicles, and which indeed, as the capital of Calachene, must needs have occupied some site in the Immediate vicinity.' Lastly, in 1853 (Journ. of Roy. Asiat. Soc. vol. xv. p. vi. et seq.), Colonel Rawlinson describes the remarkable cylinder before alluded to as found at Kilah Shirgat, which establishes that site to have been the most ancient capital of the Assyrian empire, and to have been called Assur as well as Nimrud and Nineveh Proper. This Assur, we have seen, he identifies with the Tel Assur of the Targums, which is used for the Mosaic Resen; and instead, therefore, of Resen being between Nineveh and Calah, It should be Calah, which was between Nineveh and Resen. But, notwithstanding such very high authority, the conclusion thus arrived at does not appear to be perfectly satisfactory."
Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis (1920). "By Nile and Tigris: a narrative of journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on behalf of the British Museum between the years 1886 and 1913". John Murray: London. OCLC 558957855.

artoftravel.tips

"Largest Ancient Cities". artoftravel.tips/. 800 BC: Nimrud (Calah), Iraq: Haojing, China: Thebes, Egypt: Estimated population: 50,000 – 125,000

assyrianpolicy.org

Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain

bbc.com

"Islamic State 'demolishes' ancient Hatra site in Iraq". BBC. 7 March 2015.
"Islamic State video 'shows destruction of Nimrud'". BBC. 7 March 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.

bisi.ac.uk

"Julius Weber (1838–1906) and the Swiss Excavations at Nimrud in c.1860 together with Records of. Other Nineteenth-Century Antiquarian Researches at the Site" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2019-02-25.

books.google.com

William Francis Ainsworth, who preferred the identification of Resen with Nimrud (on the basis of Bochart's identification of Resen with Xenophon's Larissa), summarised the debate in 1855 as follows: "The learned Bochart first advanced the supposition that this Assyrian city was the same as the primeval city, called Resen in the Bible and that the Greeks having asked its name were answered, Al Resen, the article being prefixed, and from whence they made Larissa, in an easy transposition. I adopted this presumed identity as extremely probable, and Colonel Chesney (ii. 223) has done the same, not as an established fact, but as a presumed identity. ... In 1846, Colonel Rawlinson, speaking of Nimrud, noticed it as probably the Rehoboth of Scripture, but he added in a note, 'I have no reason for identifying it with Rehoboth, beyond its evident antiquity, and the attribution of Resen and Calah to other sites.' (Journal of Roy. Asiat. Soc. vol. x. p. 26.) At this time Colonel Rawlinson identified Calah with Holwan or Sir Pul-i-Zohab, and Resen, or Dasen, with Yasin Teppeh in the plain of Sharizur in Kurdistan. In 1849 (Journ. of Roy. Asiat. Soc. vol. xi. p. 10), Colonel Rawlinson said, 'The Arabic geographers always give the title of Athur to the great ruined capital near the mouth of the Upper Zab. The ruins are now usually known by the name of Nimrud. It would seem highly probable that they represent the Calah of Genesis, for the Samaritan Pentateuch names this city Lachisa, which is evidently the same title as the Λάρισσα of Xenophon, the Persian r being very usually replaced both in Median and Babylonian by a guttural.' In 1850 (Journ. of Roy. Asiat. Soc. vol. xii.). Colonel Rawlinson added the discovery of a cuneiform inscription bearing the title Levekh, which he reads Halukh. 'Nimrud', says the distinguished palaeographist, 'the great treasure-house which has furnished us with all the most remarkable specimens of Assyrian sculpture, although very probably forming one of that group of cities, which in the time of the prophet Jonas, were known by the common name of Nineveh, has no claim, itself, I think, to that particular appellation. The title by which it is designated on the bricks and slabs that form its buildings, I read doubtfully as Levekh, and I suspect this to be the original form of the name which appears as Calah in Genesis, and Halah in Kings and Chronicles, and which indeed, as the capital of Calachene, must needs have occupied some site in the Immediate vicinity.' Lastly, in 1853 (Journ. of Roy. Asiat. Soc. vol. xv. p. vi. et seq.), Colonel Rawlinson describes the remarkable cylinder before alluded to as found at Kilah Shirgat, which establishes that site to have been the most ancient capital of the Assyrian empire, and to have been called Assur as well as Nimrud and Nineveh Proper. This Assur, we have seen, he identifies with the Tel Assur of the Targums, which is used for the Mosaic Resen; and instead, therefore, of Resen being between Nineveh and Calah, It should be Calah, which was between Nineveh and Resen. But, notwithstanding such very high authority, the conclusion thus arrived at does not appear to be perfectly satisfactory."
Brill's Encyclopedia of Islam 1913-36, p.923
Mieroop, Marc van de (1997). The Ancient Mesopotamian City. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780191588457.
Brill's Encyclopedia of Islam 1913-36, p.923, "Nimrud": "At the present day the site is known only as Nimrud, which so far as I know first appears in Niebuhr (1778, p. 355, 368). When this, now the usual, name arose is unknown; I consider it to be of modern origin ... names like Nimrod, Tell Nimrod, etc. are not found in the geographical nomenclature of Mesopotamia and the Iraq in the Middle Ages, while they are several times met with at the present day."
Buckingham, James Silk (1830). Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, Including a Journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the Ancient Ecbatani, Researches in Ispahan and the Ruins of Persepolis, and Journey from Thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the Sea-shore; Description of Bussorah, Bushire, Bahrein, Ormuz and Museat: Narrative of an Expedition Against the Pirates of the Persian Gulf, with Illustrations of the Voyage of Nearehus, and Passage by the Arabian Sea to Bombay. H. Colburn. p. 54. Our course now lay nearly east, over a plain, which brought us in half an hour to the two heaps called Nimrod-Tuppé and Shah-Tuppé, between which we passed, without seeing any thing remarkable in them, more than common mounds of earth; though they probably might have shown vestiges of former buildings had they been carefully examined, a task which I could not now step aside from the road to execute. The Nimrod-Tuppé has a tradition attached to it, of a palace having been built there by Nimrod; and the Shah-Tuppé is said by some to have been a pleasure-house; by others, to be the grave of an Eastern monarch, coming on a pilgrimage to Mecca from India, who, being pleased with the beauty of the situation, halted here to take up his abode, and ended his days on the spot.

britishmuseum.org

"Assyria: Nimrud (Rooms 7–8)", British Museum, accessed 6 March 2015;Frankfort, 156-164
The Nimrud Bowls, British Museum, accessed 6 March 2015; Frankfort, 322-331

businessinsider.com

"The 19 greatest cities in history". Business Insider.

csmonitor.com

Jane Arraf (February 11, 2009). "Iraq: No Haven for Ancient World's Landmarks". The Christian Science Monitor.

diyaruna.com

al-Taie, Khalid. "Iraq begins phase 2 of Nimrud ancient city reconstruction". Diyaruna. Retrieved 2023-01-03.

doi.org

Johnson, Jessica S.; Ghazi, Zaid; Hanson, Katharyn; Lione, Brian Michael; Severson, Kent (2020-08-31). "The Nimrud Rescue Project". Studies in Conservation. 65 (sup1): P160 – P165. doi:10.1080/00393630.2020.1753357. ISSN 0039-3630. S2CID 219037067.

ghostarchive.org

"Isis destroyed a 3,000-year-old city in minutes". The Independent. 2017-01-06. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Iraq's Nimrud before it was destroyed by Isis | Guardian Wires". YouTube. 6 March 2015.
"Iraq: Isis militants pledge to destroy remaining archaeological treasures in Nimrud". The Independent. 27 Feb 2015. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21.
"Isis militants continue path of destruction in Hatra by 'demolishing 2,000 year-old ruins'". The Independent. 7 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21.
"Isis 'bulldozes' Nimrud: UNESCO condemns destruction of ancient Assyrian site as a 'war crime'". The Independent. 6 Mar 2015. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21.

ibtimes.com

Morgan Winsor (5 March 2015). "ISIS Destroys Iraqi Archaeological Site Of Nimrud Near Mosul". IBT. Retrieved 8 March 2015.

independent.co.uk

"Isis destroyed a 3,000-year-old city in minutes". The Independent. 2017-01-06. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
"Iraq: Isis militants pledge to destroy remaining archaeological treasures in Nimrud". The Independent. 27 Feb 2015. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21.
"Isis militants continue path of destruction in Hatra by 'demolishing 2,000 year-old ruins'". The Independent. 7 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21.
"Isis 'bulldozes' Nimrud: UNESCO condemns destruction of ancient Assyrian site as a 'war crime'". The Independent. 6 Mar 2015. Archived from the original on 2022-06-21.

metmuseum.org

Human–headed winged lion (lamassu), 883–859 b.c.; Neo–Assyrian period, reign of Ashurnasirpal II

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

"Ancient Assyrian Treasures Found Intact in Baghdad". National Geographic. Archived from the original on October 8, 2003. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
"Iconic Ancient Sites Ravaged in ISIS's Last Stand in Iraq. National geographic 10 november 2016". Archived from the original on November 11, 2016.

perseus.org

data.perseus.org

Xen. Anab. 3.4.7. The city had been reached after crossing the "Zapatas" river (Xen. Anab. 3.3.6) and then arriving at the Tigris ([Citation URI: http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0032.tlg006.perseus-eng1:3.4.6 Xen. Anab. 3.4.6]).

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Johnson, Jessica S.; Ghazi, Zaid; Hanson, Katharyn; Lione, Brian Michael; Severson, Kent (2020-08-31). "The Nimrud Rescue Project". Studies in Conservation. 65 (sup1): P160 – P165. doi:10.1080/00393630.2020.1753357. ISSN 0039-3630. S2CID 219037067.

telegraph.co.uk

Williams, Sara Elizabeth (13 November 2016). "Iraqi forces retake historical town of Nimrud". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 November 2016.

theartnewspaper.com

"First major dig in ancient Iraqi city since Isis destruction unearths 'significant' palace door sill". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 2022-12-07. Retrieved 2023-01-03.

theguardian.com

"Isis destroys thousands of books and manuscripts in Mosul libraries". The Guardian. 26 Feb 2015.
Kareem Shaheen (7 March 2015). "Outcry over Isis destruction of ancient Assyrian site of Nimrud". The Guardian.

uni-heidelberg.de

digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de

Niebuhr wrote on p.355: [in original German]: "Bei Nimrud, einem verfallenen Castell etwa 8 Stunden von Mosul, findet man ein merkwürdigeres Werk. Hier ist von beiden Ufern ein Damm in den Tiger gebaut, um so viel Wasser zurück zu halten, als nöthig ist, die benachbarten Ländereien zu wässern." / [translated]: At Nimrud, a dilapidated castle about 8 hours outside of Mosul, one finds a more remarkable work. Here are both banks of a dam built in the Tigris to hold back as much water as is necessary to water the neighbouring lands."

upenn.edu

oracc.museum.upenn.edu

The Nimrud Project at Oracc.org
The Nimrud Project at Oracc.org: Museums worldwide holding material from Nimrud; "Material from Nimrud has been dispersed into museum collections across the world. This page currently lists 76 museums holding Nimrud objects, with links to online information where available. The Nimrud Project welcomes additions and amendments to the list".