Nitrogen (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Nitrogen" in English language version.

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"Flowing nitrogen ice glaciers seen on surface of Pluto after New Horizons flyby". ABC News. 25 July 2015. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
Sexton, Mike (18 December 2012). "Euthanasia campaigner under scrutiny". ABC. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.

acs.org

cen.acs.org

Halford B (11 June 2025). "A new nitrogen allotrope has been created at last". Chemical & Engineering News.

archive.org

Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer [Chemical treatise on air and fire] (Upsala, Sweden: Magnus Swederus, 1777; and Leipzig, (Germany): Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius, 1777). In the section titled "Die Luft muß aus elastischen Flüßigkeiten von zweyerley Art, zusammengesetzet seyn." (The air must be composed of elastic fluids of two sorts), pp. 6–14, Scheele presents the results of eight experiments in which air was reacted with various substances. He concluded (p. 13): "So viel sehe ich aus angeführten Versuchen, daß die Luft aus 2 von einander unterschiedenen Flußigkeiten bestehe, von welchen die eine die Eigenschaft das Phlogiston anzuziehen gar nicht äussere, die andere aber zur solchen Attraction eigentlich aufgeleget ist und welche zwischen dem 3:ten und 4:ten Theil von der ganzen Luftmasse aus machet." (So I see [this] much from the experiments [that were] conducted: that the air consists of two fluids [that] differ from one another, of which the one doesn't express at all the property of attracting phlogiston; the other, however, is capable of such attraction and which makes up between 1/3 and 1/4 part of the entire mass of the air.)
Chaptal, J. A. and Nicholson, William trans. (1800) Elements of Chemistry, 3rd ed. London, England: C.C. and J. Robinson, vol. 1. pp. xxxv–xxxvi: "In order to correct the Nomenclature on this head [i.e., in this regard], nothing more is necessary than to substitute to [i.e., for] this word a denomination which is derived from the general system made use of; and I have presumed to propose that of Nitrogene Gas. In the first place, it is deduced from the characteristic and exclusive property of this gas, which forms the radical of the nitric acid. By this means we shall preserve to the combinations [i.e., compounds] of this substance the received [i.e., prevailing] denominations, such as those of the Nitric Acid, Nitrates, Nitrites, &c."
Gray, Theodore (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57912-814-2.
Ford, L. A.; Grundmeier, E. W. (1993). Chemical Magic. Dover. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-486-67628-9.

archives-ouvertes.fr

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001

bath.ac.uk

"Biology Safety – Cryogenic materials. The risks posed by them". University of Bath. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-03.

bbc.co.uk

"Liquid nitrogen cocktail leaves teen in hospital". BBC News. 2012-10-08. Archived from the original on 2017-04-12.

news.bbc.co.uk

"Inquiry after man dies in chemical leak". BBC News. 1999-10-25. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07.

bbk.ac.uk

Liquid Nitrogen – Code of practice for handling. United Kingdom: Birkbeck, University of London. 2007. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2012-02-08.

bcga.co.uk

British Compressed Gases Association (2000) BCGA Code of Practice CP30. "The Safe Use of Liquid nitrogen Dewars up to 50 litres". ISSN 0260-4809. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18..

bnl.gov

nndc.bnl.gov

"Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) Retrieval & Plotting". National Nuclear Data Center. Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2016-11-23.

books.google.com

Rutherford, Daniel (1772) "Dissertatio Inauguralis de aere fixo, aut mephitico Archived 2020-08-06 at the Wayback Machine" (Inaugural dissertation on the air [called] fixed or mephitic), M.D. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, Scotland. English translation: Dobbin, Leonard (1935). "Daniel Rutherford's inaugural dissertation". Journal of Chemical Education. 12 (8): 370–75. Bibcode:1935JChEd..12..370D. doi:10.1021/ed012p370.
Priestley, Joseph (1772). "Observations on different kinds of air". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 62: 147–256. doi:10.1098/rstl.1772.0021. S2CID 186210131. ; see p. 225. Archived 2016-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
Priestley, Joseph (1772). "Observations on different kinds of air". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 62: 147–256. doi:10.1098/rstl.1772.0021. S2CID 186210131. ; see: "VII. Of air infected with the fumes of burning charcoal." pp. 225–28. Archived 2016-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
Lavoisier, Antoine with Robert Kerr, trans., Elements of Chemistry, 4th ed. (Edinburgh, Scotland: William Creech, 1799), pp. 85–86. [p. 85:] Archived 2020-08-06 at the Wayback Machine "In reflecting upon the circumstances of this experiment, we readily perceive; that the mercury, during its calcination [i.e., roasting in air], absorbs the salubrious and respirable part of the air, or, to speak more strictly, the base of this respirable part; that the remaining air is a species of mephitis [i.e., a poisonous gas emitted from the earth], incapable of supporting combustion or respiration; ... " [p. 86:] Archived 2020-08-06 at the Wayback Machine "I shall afterwards shew, that at least in our climate, the atmospheric air is composed of respirable and mephitic airs, in the proportion of 27 and 73; ... "
Lavoisier, Antoine with Robert Kerr, trans., Elements of Chemistry, 4th ed. (Edinburgh, Scotland: William Creech, 1799), p. 101: "The chemical properties of the noxious portion of the atmospheric air being hitherto but little known, we have been satisfied to derive the name of its base from its known quality of killing such animals as are forced to breathe it, giving it the name of azot, from the Greek privitive particle α and ξωη, vita; hence the name of the noxious part of atmospheric air is azotic gas."
Flanagan, Lawrence B.; Ehleringer, James R.; Pataki, Diane E. (15 December 2004). Stable Isotopes and Biosphere – Atmosphere Interactions: Processes and Biological Controls. Elsevier. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-08-052528-0. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
Neeb, Karl Heinz (1997). The Radiochemistry of Nuclear Power Plants with Light Water Reactors. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 227. ISBN 978-3-11-013242-7. Archived from the original on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
McKinnon, William B.; Kirk, Randolph L. (2014). "Triton". In Spohn, Tilman; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, Torrence (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Solar System (3rd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier. pp. 861–82. ISBN 978-0-12-416034-7. Archived from the original on 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Knox, G. A. (2007). Biology of the Southern Ocean. CRC Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-8493-3394-1. Archived from the original on 2021-10-01. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
Vickerstaff Joneja; Janice M. (2004). Digestion, diet, and disease: irritable bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal function. Rutgers University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8135-3387-2. Archived from the original on 2021-10-01. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
Ministers, Nordic Council of (2002). Food Additives in Europe 2000. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 591. ISBN 978-92-893-0829-8. Archived from the original on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
Harding, Charlie, ed. (2002). Elements of the p Block. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-690-4. Archived from the original on 2021-10-01. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
Gavriliuk, V. G.; Berns, Hans (1999). High nitrogen steels: structure, properties, manufacture, applications. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-66411-6. Archived from the original on 2021-10-01. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
Baxter, E. Denise; Hughes, Paul S. (2001). Beer: Quality, Safety and Nutritional Aspects. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-85404-588-4. Archived from the original on 2020-03-21. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
Denny, Mark (1 November 2009). Froth!: The Science of Beer. Johns Hopkins University Press+ORM. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-8018-9569-2. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

cbsnews.com

"Kenneth Eugene Smith executed by nitrogen hypoxia in Alabama, marking a first for the death penalty". CBS News. 26 January 2024.

chemistryworld.com

Wogan T (13 June 2025). "Most energetic molecule ever made is stable – in liquid nitrogen". Chemistry World.

ciaaw.org

"Standard Atomic Weights: Nitrogen". CIAAW. 2009.

cnn.com

"Space Shuttle Columbia Fast Facts". CNN. September 30, 2013. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.

csb.gov

"Confined Space Entry – Worker and Would-be Rescuer Asphyxiated" (PDF). Valero Refinery Asphyxiation Incident Case Study. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-22.

dartmouth.edu

engineering.dartmouth.edu

Levey, Christopher G. "Liquid Nitrogen Safety". Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-11-23.

degruyter.com

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

doi.org

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
Tetrazoles contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, CH₂N₄ (two atoms N(0)) is given in Henry, Ronald A.; Finnegan, William G. (1954). "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (1): 290–291. Bibcode:1954JAChS..76..290H. doi:10.1021/ja01630a086. ISSN 0002-7863.
Rutherford, Daniel (1772) "Dissertatio Inauguralis de aere fixo, aut mephitico Archived 2020-08-06 at the Wayback Machine" (Inaugural dissertation on the air [called] fixed or mephitic), M.D. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, Scotland. English translation: Dobbin, Leonard (1935). "Daniel Rutherford's inaugural dissertation". Journal of Chemical Education. 12 (8): 370–75. Bibcode:1935JChEd..12..370D. doi:10.1021/ed012p370.
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. IV. Three important gases". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (2): 215. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9..215W. doi:10.1021/ed009p215.
Priestley, Joseph (1772). "Observations on different kinds of air". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 62: 147–256. doi:10.1098/rstl.1772.0021. S2CID 186210131. ; see p. 225. Archived 2016-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
Priestley, Joseph (1772). "Observations on different kinds of air". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 62: 147–256. doi:10.1098/rstl.1772.0021. S2CID 186210131. ; see: "VII. Of air infected with the fumes of burning charcoal." pp. 225–28. Archived 2016-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
Erisman, Jan Willem; Sutton, Mark A.; Galloway, James; Klimont, Zbigniew; Winiwarter, Wilfried (2008). "How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world". Nature Geoscience. 1 (10): 636. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..636E. doi:10.1038/ngeo325. S2CID 94880859.
Kaupp, Martin (1 December 2006). "The role of radial nodes of atomic orbitals for chemical bonding and the periodic table". Journal of Computational Chemistry. 28 (1): 320–25. doi:10.1002/jcc.20522. PMID 17143872. S2CID 12677737.
Miller, T. S.; Belen, A.; Suter, T. M.; Sella, A.; Corà, A.; McMillan, P. F. (2017). "Carbon nitrides: synthesis and characterization of a new class of functional materials". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 19 (24): 15613–15638. Bibcode:2017PCCP...1915613M. doi:10.1039/C7CP02711G. PMID 28594419.
Roy, A. K.; Burns, G. T.; Grigora, S.; Lie, G. C. (1994). "Poly(alkyl/aryloxothiazenes), [N=S(O)R]_n : New direction in inorganic polymers". In Wisian-Neilson, P.; Alcock, H. R.; Wynne, K. J. (eds.). Inorganic and organometallic polymers II: advanced materials and intermediates. American Chemical Society. pp. 344–357. doi:10.1021/bk-1994-0572.ch026.
Bethe, H. A. (1939). "Energy Production in Stars". Physical Review. 55 (5): 434–56. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..434B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.434. PMID 17835673.
Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Lewars, Errol G. (2008). Modeling Marvels: Computational Anticipation of Novel molecules. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 141–63. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6973-4. ISBN 978-1-4020-6972-7.
Schuch, A. F.; Mills, R. L. (1970). "Crystal Structures of the Three Modifications of Nitrogen 14 and Nitrogen 15 at High Pressure". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 52 (12): 6000–08. Bibcode:1970JChPh..52.6000S. doi:10.1063/1.1672899.
Iancu, C. V.; Wright, E. R.; Heymann, J. B.; Jensen, G. J. (2006). "A comparison of liquid nitrogen and liquid helium as cryogens for electron cryotomography". Journal of Structural Biology. 153 (3): 231–40. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2005.12.004. PMID 16427786.
Qian W, Mardyukov A, Schreiner PR (June 2025). "Preparation of a neutral nitrogen allotrope hexanitrogen C2h-N6". Nature. 642 (8067): 356–360. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09032-9. PMC 12158757. PMID 40500322.
Duwal, Sakun; Ryu, Young-Jay; Kim, Minseob; Yoo, Choong-Shik; Bang, Sora; Kim, Kyungtae; Hur, Nam Hwi (2018-04-07). "Transformation of hydrazinium azide to molecular N₈ at 40 GPa". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 148 (13): 134310. Bibcode:2018JChPh.148m4310D. doi:10.1063/1.5021976. ISSN 0021-9606. OSTI 1432864. PMID 29626901.
Fryzuk, M. D. & Johnson, S. A. (2000). "The continuing story of dinitrogen activation". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 200–202: 379. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)00264-2.
Schrock, R. R. (2005). "Catalytic Reduction of Dinitrogen to Ammonia at a Single Molybdenum Center". Acc. Chem. Res. 38 (12): 955–62. doi:10.1021/ar0501121. PMC 2551323. PMID 16359167.
Vieira, R.; C. Pham-Huu; N. Keller; M. J. Ledoux (2002). "New carbon nanofiber/graphite felt composite for use as a catalyst for hydrazine catalytic decomposition". Chemical Communications (9): 954–55. doi:10.1039/b202032g. PMID 12123065.
Bowden, F. P. (1958). "Initiation of Explosion by Neutrons, α-Particles, and Fission Products". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A. 246 (1245): 216–19. Bibcode:1958RSPSA.246..216B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1958.0123. S2CID 137728239.
Frierson, W. J.; Kronrad, J.; Browne, A. W. (1943). "Chlorine Azide, ClN₃. I". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 65 (9): 1696–1698. Bibcode:1943JAChS..65.1696F. doi:10.1021/ja01249a012.
Lyhs, Benjamin; Bläser, Dieter; Wölper, Christoph; Schulz, Stephan; Jansen, Georg (20 February 2012). "Solid-State Structure of Bromine Azide" (PDF). Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 51 (8): 1970–1974. doi:10.1002/anie.201108092. PMID 22250068. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
Rahm, Martin; Dvinskikh, Sergey V.; Furó, István; Brinck, Tore (23 December 2010). "Experimental Detection of Trinitramide, N(NO₂)₃". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50 (5): 1145–48. doi:10.1002/anie.201007047. PMID 21268214. S2CID 32952729.
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Talawar, M. B.; et al. (2005). "Establishment of Process Technology for the Manufacture of Dinitrogen Pentoxide and its Utility for the Synthesis of Most Powerful Explosive of Today – CL-20". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 124 (1–3): 153–64. Bibcode:2005JHzM..124..153T. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.04.021. PMID 15979786.
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GB 190200698, Ostwald, Wilhelm, "Improvements in the Manufacture of Nitric Acid and Nitrogen Oxides", published 1902-03-20
GB 190208300, Ostwald, Wilhelm, "Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Nitric Acid and Oxides of Nitrogen", published 1903-02-26

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nitrogen Archived 2017-07-02 at the Wayback Machine. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-10-26.

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Kennett, Andrew J. (2008). Design of a pneumatically assisted shifting system for Formula SAE racing applications (Thesis). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/45820.

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Tetrazoles contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, CH₂N₄ (two atoms N(0)) is given in Henry, Ronald A.; Finnegan, William G. (1954). "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (1): 290–291. Bibcode:1954JAChS..76..290H. doi:10.1021/ja01630a086. ISSN 0002-7863.
Rutherford, Daniel (1772) "Dissertatio Inauguralis de aere fixo, aut mephitico Archived 2020-08-06 at the Wayback Machine" (Inaugural dissertation on the air [called] fixed or mephitic), M.D. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, Scotland. English translation: Dobbin, Leonard (1935). "Daniel Rutherford's inaugural dissertation". Journal of Chemical Education. 12 (8): 370–75. Bibcode:1935JChEd..12..370D. doi:10.1021/ed012p370.
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. IV. Three important gases". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (2): 215. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9..215W. doi:10.1021/ed009p215.
Erisman, Jan Willem; Sutton, Mark A.; Galloway, James; Klimont, Zbigniew; Winiwarter, Wilfried (2008). "How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world". Nature Geoscience. 1 (10): 636. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..636E. doi:10.1038/ngeo325. S2CID 94880859.
Miller, T. S.; Belen, A.; Suter, T. M.; Sella, A.; Corà, A.; McMillan, P. F. (2017). "Carbon nitrides: synthesis and characterization of a new class of functional materials". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 19 (24): 15613–15638. Bibcode:2017PCCP...1915613M. doi:10.1039/C7CP02711G. PMID 28594419.
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worldcat.org

Holman, Jack P. (2002). Heat transfer (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 600–606. ISBN 9780072406559. OCLC 46959719.
Incropera, Frank P.; Dewitt, David P.; Bergman, Theodore L.; Lavigne, Adrienne S. (2007). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 941–950. ISBN 9780471457282. OCLC 62532755.