Kleven, Miranda (15 November 2016). "Non-Revenue Water: Considerations and 2016 Benchmarking Data". 2016 AE2S Annual Utility Rate Survey.. Summarizes the water loss percentages reported by 110 municipal respondents with the average and median reported values, respectively, were 12.1 percent and 9.9 percent
Morales, Miguel A.; Heaney, James P.; Friedman, Kenneth R.; Martin, Jacqueline M. (June 2011). "Estimating Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Water Use on the Basis of Heated Building Area". Journal of the American Water Works Association. 103 (6): 84–96. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2011.tb11475.x.