Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (English Wikipedia)

Auburn University course material. Jack DeRuiter, Principles of Drug Action 2, Fall 2002 1: Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Archived 20 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine

betterhealth.vic.gov.au

"Medications - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs". U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.

books.google.com

Page CP, Curtis MJ, Sutter M, Walker M, Hoffman B (1998). Farmacología integrada (in Spanish). Elsevier España. ISBN 84-8174-340-2 – via Google Books.
Frank B. Livingstone. (1985). Frequencies of hemoglobin variants: thalassemia, the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, G6PD variants, and ovalocytosis in human populations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503634-4. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
Sriram D, Yogeeswari P. Medicinal Chemistry, 2nd Edition. Pearson Education India, 2010. ISBN 9788131731444
John McMurry. Química Orgánica Archived 13 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish). Published by Cengage Learning Editores, 2005. ISBN 970-686-354-0

cambridge.org

Evers AS, Mazes M, Kharasch ED (2011). "34". Anesthetic Pharmacology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 548–562. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511781933. ISBN 9780511781933.

cdc.gov

"Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: Information for Health Care Practitioners". Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2008.

wwwnc.cdc.gov

"Dengue". United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 March 2016. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018. Use acetaminophen. Do not take pain relievers that contain aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil), it may lead to a greater tendency to bleed.

consumerhealthchoices.org

Consumer Reports Health Best Buy Drugs (July 2013), "The Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Treating Osteoarthritis and Pain. Comparing effectiveness, safety, and price.", NSAIDs, Yonkers, New York: Consumer Reports, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014, retrieved 12 February 2014

consumerreports.org

Treating Osteoarthritis and Pain: The Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price Archived 10 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine Consumers Union 2005 ^{[dead link‍]}

doi.org

Mallinson TE (2 December 2017). "A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic". Journal of Paramedic Practice. 9 (12): 522–526. doi:10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522.
Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, et al. (May 2017). "Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data". The BMJ. 357: j1909. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1909. PMC 5423546. PMID 28487435.
Lanas A, Chan FK (August 2017). "Peptic ulcer disease". The Lancet. 390 (10094): 613–624. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7. PMID 28242110.
Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, et al. (August 2013). "A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy". Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology. 9 (1): 30. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-9-30. PMC 3765115. PMID 23947590.
Buer JK (October 2014). "Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID'". Inflammopharmacology. 22 (5): 263–267. doi:10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2. hdl:10852/45403. PMID 25064056.
Case JP (2001). "Old and new drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis: a historical perspective. Part 1: the older drugs". American Journal of Therapeutics. 8 (2): 123–143. doi:10.1097/00045391-200103000-00007. PMID 11304666.
Day RO, Graham GG (2004). "The Vascular Effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors". Australian Prescriber. 27 (6): 142–145. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2004.119.
Brater DC, Harris C, Redfern JS, Gertz BJ (January 2001). "Renal effects of COX-2-selective inhibitors". American Journal of Nephrology. 21 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1159/000046212. PMID 11275626.
Bleumink GS, Feenstra J, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH (2003). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and heart failure". Drugs. 63 (6): 525–34. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363060-00001. PMID 12656651.
Warden SJ (April 2010). "Prophylactic use of NSAIDs by athletes: a risk / benefit assessment". The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 38 (1): 132–8. doi:10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770. PMID 20424410.
Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K (February 2008). "Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man". FASEB Journal. 22 (2): 383–90. doi:10.1096/fj.07-8506com. PMID 17884974.
Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Day RO, Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML (July 2017). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 76 (7): 1269–1278. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210597. PMID 28153830.
Towheed TE, Maxwell L, Judd MG, Catton M, Hochberg MC, Wells G (January 2006). "Acetaminophen for osteoarthritis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (1): CD004257. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004257.pub2. PMC 8275921. PMID 16437479.
Derry S, Conaghan P, Da Silva JA, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (22 April 2016). "Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (2): CD007400. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007400.pub3. PMC 6494263. PMID 27103611.
Gøtzsche PC (March 1989). "Methodology and overt and hidden bias in reports of 196 double-blind trials of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis". Controlled Clinical Trials. 10 (1): 31–56. doi:10.1016/0197-2456(89)90017-2. PMID 2702836.
Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, Koes BW, Scholten RJ, van Tulder MW (2008), "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008 (1): CD000396, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000396.pub3, PMC 10220428, PMID 18253976
Pattanittum P, Turner T, Green S, Buchbinder R (2013), "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5 (5): CD003686, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003686.pub2, PMC 7173751, PMID 23728646
Lim BX, Lim CH, Lim DK, Evans JR, Bunce C, Wormald R (November 2016). "Prophylactic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (11): CD006683. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006683.pub3. PMC 6464900. PMID 27801522.
Mallinson TE (2017). "A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic". Journal of Paramedic Practice. 9 (12): 522–526. doi:10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
Eccleston C, Cooper TE, Fisher E, Anderson B, Wilkinson NM (August 2017). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (8): CD012537. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012537.pub2. PMC 6460508. PMID 28770976.
Cooper TE, Heathcote LC, Anderson B, Grégoire MC, Ljungman G, Eccleston C (July 2017). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer-related pain in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7 (10): CD012563. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012563.pub2. PMC 6484396. PMID 28737843.
Doleman B, Leonardi-Bee J, Heinink TP, Boyd-Carson H, Carrick L, Mandalia R, et al. (June 2021). "Pre-emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (6): CD012978. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012978.pub2. PMC 8203105. PMID 34125958.
Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Wiffen PJ (September 2015). "Single dose oral analgesics for acute postoperative pain in adults - an overview of Cochrane reviews". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (9): CD008659. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008659.pub3. PMC 6485441. PMID 26414123.
Ashley PF, Parekh S, Moles DR, Anand P, MacDonald LC (8 August 2016). "Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (8): CD008392. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008392.pub3. PMC 8568367. PMID 27501304.
Asthana A, Tripathi S, Agarwal R (4 December 2023). "Systematic review and meta‑analysis of observational studies to check the protective role of non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer's disease". Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis. 83 (4): 386–394. doi:10.55782/ane-2023-2467. PMID 38224283.
Miguel-Álvarez M, Santos-Lozano A, Sanchis-Gomar F, Fiuza-Luces C, Pareja-Galeano H, Garatachea N, et al. (February 2015). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment effect". Drugs & Aging. 32 (2): 139–147. doi:10.1007/s40266-015-0239-z. PMID 25644018.
Danelich IM, Wright SS, Lose JM, Tefft BJ, Cicci JD, Reed BN (May 2015). "Safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with cardiovascular disease". Pharmacotherapy. 35 (5): 520–35. doi:10.1002/phar.1584. PMID 25940579.
Wilson JA, Romagnuolo J, Byrne TK, Morgan K, Wilson FA (October 2006). "Predictors of endoscopic findings after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 101 (10): 2194–9. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00770.x. PMID 17032183.
Kowalski ML, Asero R, Bavbek S, Blanca M, Blanca-Lopez N, Bochenek G, et al. (October 2013). "Classification and practical approach to the diagnosis and management of hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs". Allergy. 68 (10): 1219–32. doi:10.1111/all.12260. PMID 24117484.
Rostom A, Dube C, Wells G, Tugwell P, Welch V, Jolicoeur E, et al. (2002). "Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011 (4): CD002296. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002296. PMC 8439413. PMID 12519573.
Lee A, Cooper MG, Craig JC, Knight JF, Keneally JP (April 2007). "Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on postoperative renal function in adults with normal renal function". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (2): CD002765. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002765.pub3. PMC 6516878. PMID 17443518.
StarSurg Collaborative (January 2017). "Safety of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Major Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Prospective, Multicenter Cohort Study". World Journal of Surgery. 41 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1007/s00268-016-3727-3. PMID 27766396.
StarSurg Collaborative (October 2014). "Impact of postoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on adverse events after gastrointestinal surgery". The British Journal of Surgery. 101 (11): 1413–23. doi:10.1002/bjs.9614. PMID 25091299.
Bhangu A, Singh P, Fitzgerald JE, Slesser A, Tekkis P (September 2014). "Postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of anastomotic leak: meta-analysis of clinical and experimental studies". World Journal of Surgery. 38 (9): 2247–57. doi:10.1007/s00268-014-2531-1. PMID 24682313.
Green GA (2001). "Understanding NSAIDs: from aspirin to COX-2". Clinical Cornerstone. 3 (5): 50–60. doi:10.1016/S1098-3597(01)90069-9. PMID 11464731.
van Walsem A, Pandhi S, Nixon RM, Guyot P, Karabis A, Moore RA (March 2015). "Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 17 (1): 66. doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0554-0. PMC 4411793. PMID 25879879.
Jones P, Lamdin R, Dalziel SR (August 2020). "Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8): CD007789. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007789.pub3. PMC 7438775. PMID 32797734.
Parisien M, et al. (11 May 2022). "Acute inflammatory response via neutrophil activation protects against the development of chronic pain". Science Translational Medicine. 14 (644): eabj9954. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abj9954. PMC 10317000. PMID 35544595.
Green, Ga (2001). "Understanding NSAIDs: from aspirin to COX-2". Clinical Cornerstone. 3 (5): 50–60. doi:10.1016/S1098-3597(01)90069-9. PMID 11464731.
Senna GE, Andri G, Dama AR, Mezzelani P, Andri L (1995). "Tolerability of imidazole salycilate in aspirin-sensitive patients". Allergy Proc. 16 (5): 251–4. doi:10.2500/108854195778702675. PMID 8566739.
Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, Shapiro D, Burgos-Vargas R, Davis B, et al. (November 2000). "Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 343 (21): 1520–8, 2 p following 1528. doi:10.1056/NEJM200011233432103. PMID 11087881.
Baron JA, Sandler RS, Bresalier RS, Lanas A, Morton DG, Riddell R, et al. (November 2008). "Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib: final analysis of the APPROVe trial". The Lancet. 372 (9651): 1756–64. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61490-7. PMID 18922570.
Sibbald B (October 2004). "Rofecoxib (Vioxx) voluntarily withdrawn from market". CMAJ. 171 (9): 1027–8. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1041606. PMC 526313. PMID 15505253.
Colebatch AN, Marks JL, Edwards CJ (November 2011). "Safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen) in people receiving methotrexate for inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, other spondyloarthritis)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD008872. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008872.pub2. PMID 22071858.
Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson JR, Patrono C (June 2006). "Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials". BMJ. 332 (7553): 1302–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7553.1302. PMC 1473048. PMID 16740558.
Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM, et al. (January 2011). "Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis". BMJ. 342 (jan11 1): c7086. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7086. PMC 3019238. PMID 21224324.
Schjerning Olsen AM, Fosbøl EL, Lindhardsen J, Folke F, Charlot M, Selmer C, et al. (May 2011). "Duration of treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and impact on risk of death and recurrent myocardial infarction in patients with prior myocardial infarction: a nationwide cohort study". Circulation. 123 (20): 2226–35. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.004671. PMID 21555710.
Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, et al. (August 2013). "Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials". The Lancet. 382 (9894): 769–79. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9. PMC 3778977. PMID 23726390.
Page J, Henry D (March 2000). "Consumption of NSAIDs and the development of congestive heart failure in elderly patients: an underrecognized public health problem". Archives of Internal Medicine. 160 (6): 777–84. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.6.777. PMID 10737277.
Gislason GH, Rasmussen JN, Abildstrom SZ, Schramm TK, Hansen ML, Fosbøl EL, et al. (January 2009). "Increased mortality and cardiovascular morbidity associated with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in chronic heart failure". Archives of Internal Medicine. 169 (2): 141–9. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.525. PMID 19171810.
Shiri R, Koskimäki J, Häkkinen J, Tammela TL, Auvinen A, Hakama M (May 2006). "Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use on the incidence of erectile dysfunction". The Journal of Urology. 175 (5): 1812–5, discussion 1815–6. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)01000-1. PMID 16600768.
Gleason JM, Slezak JM, Jung H, Reynolds K, Van den Eeden SK, Haque R, et al. (April 2011). "Regular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and erectile dysfunction". The Journal of Urology. 185 (4): 1388–93. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.11.092. PMID 21334642.
Wallace JL (October 2008). "Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesn't the stomach digest itself?". Physiological Reviews. 88 (4): 1547–1565. doi:10.1152/physrev.00004.2008. PMID 18923189.
Traversa G, Walker AM, Ippolito FM, Caffari B, Capurso L, Dezi A, et al. (January 1995). "Gastroduodenal toxicity of different nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs". Epidemiology. 6 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1097/00001648-199501000-00010. PMID 7888445.
Higuchi K, Umegaki E, Watanabe T, Yoda Y, Morita E, Murano M, et al. (July 2009). "Present status and strategy of NSAIDs-induced small bowel injury". Journal of Gastroenterology. 44 (9): 879–88. doi:10.1007/s00535-009-0102-2. PMID 19568687.
Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C (November 2016). "Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression". BMC Medicine. 14 (1): 179. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0718-z. PMC 5101793. PMID 27825371.
Guo W, Cheng ZY, Zhu YZ (October 2013). "Hydrogen sulfide and translational medicine". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 34 (10): 1284–91. doi:10.1038/aps.2013.127. PMC 3791558. PMID 24096643.
Long MD, Kappelman MD, Martin CF, Chen W, Anton K, Sandler RS (February 2016). "Role of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Exacerbations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 50 (2): 152–6. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000421. PMC 4703528. PMID 26485106.
Hörl WH (July 2010). "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and the Kidney". Pharmaceuticals. 3 (7): 2291–2321. doi:10.3390/ph3072291. PMC 4036662. PMID 27713354.
Thomas MC (February 2000). "Diuretics, ACE inhibitors and NSAIDs--the triple whammy". The Medical Journal of Australia. 172 (4): 184–5. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb125548.x. PMID 10772593.
De Broe ME, Elseviers MM (February 1998). "Analgesic nephropathy". The New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (7): 446–52. doi:10.1056/NEJM199802123380707. PMID 9459649.
Moore DE (2002). "Drug-induced cutaneous photosensitivity: incidence, mechanism, prevention and management". Drug Safety. 25 (5): 345–372. doi:10.2165/00002018-200225050-00004. PMID 12020173.
Lozzi F, Di Raimondo C, Lanna C, Diluvio L, Mazzilli S, Garofalo V, et al. (November 2020). "Latest Evidence Regarding the Effects of Photosensitive Drugs on the Skin: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations". Pharmaceutics. 12 (11): 1104. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12111104. PMC 7698592. PMID 33213076.
Musa KA, Eriksson LA (August 2022). "Computational Studies of the Photodegradation Mechanism of the Highly Phototoxic Agent Benoxaprofen". ACS Omega. 7 (33): 29475–29482. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c03118. PMC 9404164. PMID 36033698.
Koren G, Florescu A, Costei AM, Boskovic R, Moretti ME (May 2006). "Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during third trimester and the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a meta-analysis". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 40 (5): 824–829. doi:10.1345/aph.1G428. PMID 16638921.
Østensen ME, Skomsvoll JF (March 2004). "Anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy during pregnancy". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 5 (3): 571–580. doi:10.1517/14656566.5.3.571. PMID 15013926.
Nakhai-Pour HR, Broy P, Sheehy O, Bérard A (October 2011). "Use of nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion". CMAJ. 183 (15): 1713–1720. doi:10.1503/cmaj.110454. PMC 3193112. PMID 21896698.
Cervera R, Balasch J (2004). "The management of pregnant patients with antiphospholipid syndrome". Lupus. 13 (9): 683–687. doi:10.1191/0961203304lu1092oa. PMID 15485103.
Hamza A, Herr D, Solomayer EF, Meyberg-Solomayer G (December 2013). "Polyhydramnios: Causes, Diagnosis and Therapy". Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde (in German). 73 (12): 1241–1246. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1360163. PMC 3964358. PMID 24771905.
Graham GG, Scott KF, Day RO (2005). "Tolerability of paracetamol". Drug Safety. 28 (3): 227–40. doi:10.2165/00002018-200528030-00004. PMID 15733027.
Kristensen DM, Hass U, Lesné L, Lottrup G, Jacobsen PR, Desdoits-Lethimonier C, et al. (January 2011). "Intrauterine exposure to mild analgesics is a risk factor for development of male reproductive disorders in human and rat". Human Reproduction. 26 (1): 235–44. doi:10.1093/humrep/deq323. PMID 21059752.
Wilkes JM, Clark LE, Herrera JL (November 2005). "Acetaminophen overdose in pregnancy". Southern Medical Journal. 98 (11): 1118–22. doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000184792.15407.51. PMID 16351032.
Kowalski ML, Makowska JS (July 2015). "Seven steps to the diagnosis of NSAIDs hypersensitivity: how to apply a new classification in real practice?". Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 7 (4): 312–20. doi:10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.312. PMC 4446629. PMID 25749768.
Constantinescu DS, Campbell MP, Moatshe G, Vap AR (April 2019). "Effects of Perioperative Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Administration on Soft Tissue Healing: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes After Sports Medicine Orthopaedic Surgery Procedures". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 7 (4): 2325967119838873. doi:10.1177/2325967119838873. PMC 6469280. PMID 31019986.
Morelli KM, Brown LB, Warren GL (January 2018). "Effect of NSAIDs on Recovery From Acute Skeletal Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 46 (1): 224–233. doi:10.1177/0363546517697957. PMID 28355084.
Ali MU, Usman M, Patel K (April 2020). "Effects of NSAID use on bone healing: A meta-analysis of retrospective case–control and cohort studies within clinical settings". Trauma. 22 (2): 94–111. doi:10.1177/1460408619886211.
Ghosh N, Kolade OO, Shontz E, Rosenthal Y, Zuckerman JD, Bosco JA, et al. (December 2019). "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Their Effect on Musculoskeletal Soft-Tissue Healing: A Scoping Review". JBJS Reviews. 7 (12): e4. doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00055. PMID 31851037.
Lin BM, Curhan SG, Wang M, Eavey R, Stankovic KM, Curhan GC (January 2017). "Duration of Analgesic Use and Risk of Hearing Loss in Women". American Journal of Epidemiology. 185 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1093/aje/kww154. PMC 5209586. PMID 27974293.
Curhan SG, Shargorodsky J, Eavey R, Curhan GC (September 2012). "Analgesic use and the risk of hearing loss in women". American Journal of Epidemiology. 176 (6): 544–54. doi:10.1093/aje/kws146. PMC 3530351. PMID 22933387.
Curhan SG, Eavey R, Shargorodsky J, Curhan GC (March 2010). "Analgesic use and the risk of hearing loss in men". The American Journal of Medicine. 123 (3): 231–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.08.006. PMC 2831770. PMID 20193831.
Auriel E, Regev K, Korczyn AD (2014). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs exposure and the central nervous system". Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease Part I. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 119. pp. 577–84. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00038-2. ISBN 978-0-7020-4086-3. PMID 24365321.
Woessner KM, Castells M (May 2013). "NSAID single-drug-induced reactions". Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 33 (2): 237–49. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2012.12.002. PMID 23639711.
Bancos S, Bernard MP, Topham DJ, Phipps RP (2009). "Ibuprofen and other widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit antibody production in human cells". Cellular Immunology. 258 (1): 18–28. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.03.007. PMC 2693360. PMID 19345936.
Shionoiri H (July 1993). "Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with ACE Inhibitors". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 25 (1): 20–58. doi:10.2165/00003088-199325010-00003. PMID 8354016.
Warner-Schmidt JL, Vanover KE, Chen EY, Marshall JJ, Greengard P (May 2011). "Antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are attenuated by antiinflammatory drugs in mice and humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (22): 9262–7. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.9262W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1104836108. PMC 3107316. PMID 21518864.
de Jong JC, van den Berg PB, Tobi H, de Jong-van den Berg LT (June 2003). "Combined use of SSRIs and NSAIDs increases the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 55 (6): 591–5. doi:10.1046/j.0306-5251.2002.01770.x. PMC 1884264. PMID 12814454.
Shin JY, Park MJ, Lee SH, Choi SH, Kim MH, Choi NK, et al. (July 2015). "Risk of intracranial haemorrhage in antidepressant users with concurrent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nationwide propensity score matched study". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 351: h3517. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3517. PMC 4501372. PMID 26173947.
Bertolacci L, Romeo E, Veronesi M, Magotti P, Albani C, Dionisi M, et al. (January 2013). "A binding site for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in fatty acid amide hydrolase". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135 (1): 22–5. Bibcode:2013JAChS.135...22B. doi:10.1021/ja308733u. PMC 3562592. PMID 23240907.
Bhattacharya S, Akula Y, Mitongo GM, Khorram Q (2017). "Comparison between effects of antibiotics, NSAIDs and their mixture on the growth of microorganisms: PS151". Porto Biomedical Journal. 2 (5): 176–177. doi:10.1016/j.pbj.2017.07.006. PMC 6806810. PMID 32258617.
Knights KM, Mangoni AA, Miners JO (November 2010). "Defining the COX inhibitor selectivity of NSAIDs: implications for understanding toxicity". Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. 3 (6): 769–776. doi:10.1586/ecp.10.120. PMID 22111779.
Vane J, Botting R (June 2003). "The mechanism of action of aspirin". Thrombosis Research. 110 (5–6): 255–258. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(03)00379-7. PMID 14592543.
Lim YJ, Yang CH (June 2012). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy". Clinical Endoscopy. 45 (2): 138–144. doi:10.5946/ce.2012.45.2.138. PMC 3401617. PMID 22866254.
Fowler CJ (November 2007). "The contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 to endocannabinoid metabolism and action". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (5): 594–601. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707379. PMC 2190012. PMID 17618306.
Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ (March 2008). "Non-redundant functions of cyclooxygenases: oxygenation of endocannabinoids". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (13): 8065–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.R800005200. PMC 2417164. PMID 18250160.
Hamza M, Dionne RA (January 2009). "Mechanisms of non-opioid analgesics beyond cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition". Current Molecular Pharmacology. 2 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2174/1874-470210902010001. PMC 2749259. PMID 19779578.
Cronstein BN, Sunkureddi P (January 2013). "Mechanistic aspects of inflammation and clinical management of inflammation in acute gouty arthritis". Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 19 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31827d8790. PMC 3551244. PMID 23319019.
Aronoff DM, Neilson EG (September 2001). "Antipyretics: mechanisms of action and clinical use in fever suppression". The American Journal of Medicine. 111 (4): 304–15. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00834-8. PMID 11566461.
Koeberle A, Werz O (2009). "Inhibitors of the microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase-1 as alternative to non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)--a critical review". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (32): 4274–96. doi:10.2174/092986709789578178. PMID 19754418.
Nabulsi M (October 2009). "Is combining or alternating antipyretic therapy more beneficial than monotherapy for febrile children?". BMJ. 339: b3540. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3540. PMID 19797346.
Rainsford KD (December 2009). "Ibuprofen: pharmacology, efficacy and safety". Inflammopharmacology. 17 (6): 275–342. doi:10.1007/s10787-009-0016-x. PMID 19949916.
Zurier RB (2013). "Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Related Compounds". Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. pp. 340–357. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4377-1738-9.00024-4. ISBN 978-1-4377-1738-9.
Bindu S, Mazumder S, Bandyopadhyay U (October 2020). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: A current perspective". Biochemical Pharmacology. 180: 114147. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114147. PMC 7347500. PMID 32653589.
Fung M, Thornton A, Mybeck K, Wu JH, Hornbuckle K, Muniz E (1 January 2001). "Evaluation of the Characteristics of Safety Withdrawal of Prescription Drugs from Worldwide Pharmaceutical Markets-1960 to 1999". Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science. 35 (1): 293–317. doi:10.1177/009286150103500134.
McNaughton R, Huet G, Shakir S (January 2014). "An investigation into drug products withdrawn from the EU market between 2002 and 2011 for safety reasons and the evidence used to support the decision-making". BMJ Open. 4 (1): e004221. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004221. PMC 3902466. PMID 24435895.
Viljoen A, Mncwangi N, Vermaak I (2012). "Anti-inflammatory iridoids of botanical origin". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (14): 2104–27. doi:10.2174/092986712800229005. PMC 3873812. PMID 22414102.
Zhang L, Feng L, Jia Q, Xu J, Wang R, Wang Z, et al. (August 2011). "Effects of β-glucosidase hydrolyzed products of harpagide and harpagoside on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (16): 4882–6. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.069. PMID 21775152.
Rainsford KD (1 February 2013). Ibuprofen: Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Side Effects (1st ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0496-7. ISBN 978-3-0348-0496-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Evers AS, Mazes M, Kharasch ED (2011). "34". Anesthetic Pharmacology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 548–562. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511781933. ISBN 9780511781933.
Ellis GA, Blake DR (March 1993). "Why are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs so variable in their efficacy? A description of ion trapping". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 52 (3): 241–243. doi:10.1136/ard.52.3.241. PMC 1005027. PMID 8484682.
Hermann Kolbe (1860). "Ueber Synthese der Salicylsäure". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 113 (1): 125–27. doi:10.1002/jlac.18601130120. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
R. Schmitt (1885). "Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Kolbe'schen Salicylsäure Synthese". Journal für Praktische Chemie. 31 (1): 397–411. doi:10.1002/prac.18850310130. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
Lindsey AS, Jeskey H (1957). "The Kolbe-Schmitt Reaction". Chem. Rev. 57 (4): 583–620. doi:10.1021/cr50016a001. (Review)
Rhodes L (September 2015). "Put a label (claim) on it: Getting non-surgical contraceptives approved for use in cats and dogs". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17 (9): 783–9. doi:10.1177/1098612x15594993. PMC 11148972. PMID 26323803.

drugbank.ca

"Ibuprofen". DrugBank. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2020.

fda.gov

Staff (9 July 2015). "FDA Strengthens Warning of Heart Attack and Stroke Risk for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs". Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "FDA Warns that Using a Type of Pain and Fever Medication in Second Half of Pregnancy Could Lead to Complications". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 15 October 2020. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "NSAIDs may cause rare kidney problems in unborn babies". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 21 July 2017. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
"Information for Healthcare Professionals: Celecoxib (marketed as Celebrex)". Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
"Safety of Vioxx". FDA Public Health Advisory. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
"Information for Healthcare Professionals: Valdecoxib (marketed as Bextra)". Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
"NADA 141–213: New Animal Drug Application Approval (for Metacam (meloxicam) 0.5 mg/mL and 1.5 mg/mL Oral Suspension)" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15 April 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
Metacam Client Information Sheet Archived 11 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, product description: "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for oral use in dogs only", and in the "What Is Metacam" section in bold-face type: "Do not use in cats.", January 2005.
Metacam 5 mg/mL Solution for Injection, Supplemental Approval 28 October 2004. Archived 19 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine

accessdata.fda.gov

Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc (September 2008). "Cipro Medication Guide" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2009.

francesoir.fr

Dreillard A (2 March 2009). "Grossesse – Mamans attention". France Soir (in French). Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Buer JK (October 2014). "Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID'". Inflammopharmacology. 22 (5): 263–267. doi:10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2. hdl:10852/45403. PMID 25064056.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Warner-Schmidt JL, Vanover KE, Chen EY, Marshall JJ, Greengard P (May 2011). "Antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are attenuated by antiinflammatory drugs in mice and humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (22): 9262–7. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.9262W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1104836108. PMC 3107316. PMID 21518864.
Bertolacci L, Romeo E, Veronesi M, Magotti P, Albani C, Dionisi M, et al. (January 2013). "A binding site for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in fatty acid amide hydrolase". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135 (1): 22–5. Bibcode:2013JAChS.135...22B. doi:10.1021/ja308733u. PMC 3562592. PMID 23240907.

healthcentral.com

"Why Painkillers Interfere with Anti-depressants". healthcentral.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.

indiatimes.com

economictimes.indiatimes.com

"Delhi government bans over the counter sale of NSAIDs without prescription". The Economic Times. 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2019.

jpp.krakow.pl

Raithel M, Baenkler HW, Naegel A, Buchwald F, Schultis HW, Backhaus B, et al. (September 2005). "Significance of salicylate intolerance in diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract" (PDF). Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology: An Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society. 56 Suppl 5: 89–102. PMID 16247191.
Botting RM (November 2006). "Inhibitors of cyclooxygenases: mechanisms, selectivity and uses" (PDF). Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 57 (Suppl 5): 113–24. PMID 17218763. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2012.

lexico.com

"non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug". www.Lexico.com. Oxford English Dictionary. 2022. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.

manhattancats.com

Off-label use discussed in: Arnold Plotnick MS, DVM, ACVIM, ABVP, Pain Management using Metacam Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, and Stein, Robert, Perioperative Pain Management Archived 18 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Part IV, Looking Beyond Butorphanol, September 2006.

medicinenet.com

Ogbru O (17 December 2008). "Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2020.

medpagetoday.org

Neale T (5 March 2011). "NSAID Use Tied to Men's Sexual Performance". MedPage Today. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2014.

medscape.org

Barclay L (8 March 2011). "Regular NSAID Use Linked to Erectile Dysfunction". Medscape. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.

mercksource.com

"PDR Guide to Over the Counter (OTC) Drugs". Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2008.

mit.edu

classics.mit.edu

"Works by Hippocrates". The Internet Classics Archive. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2022.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ghlichloo I, Gerriets V (2025). "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31613522.
Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, et al. (May 2017). "Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data". The BMJ. 357: j1909. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1909. PMC 5423546. PMID 28487435.
Lanas A, Chan FK (August 2017). "Peptic ulcer disease". The Lancet. 390 (10094): 613–624. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7. PMID 28242110.
Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, et al. (August 2013). "A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy". Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology. 9 (1): 30. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-9-30. PMC 3765115. PMID 23947590.
Buer JK (October 2014). "Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID'". Inflammopharmacology. 22 (5): 263–267. doi:10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2. hdl:10852/45403. PMID 25064056.
Case JP (2001). "Old and new drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis: a historical perspective. Part 1: the older drugs". American Journal of Therapeutics. 8 (2): 123–143. doi:10.1097/00045391-200103000-00007. PMID 11304666.
Brater DC, Harris C, Redfern JS, Gertz BJ (January 2001). "Renal effects of COX-2-selective inhibitors". American Journal of Nephrology. 21 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1159/000046212. PMID 11275626.
Bleumink GS, Feenstra J, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH (2003). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and heart failure". Drugs. 63 (6): 525–34. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363060-00001. PMID 12656651.
Warden SJ (April 2010). "Prophylactic use of NSAIDs by athletes: a risk / benefit assessment". The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 38 (1): 132–8. doi:10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770. PMID 20424410.
Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K (February 2008). "Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man". FASEB Journal. 22 (2): 383–90. doi:10.1096/fj.07-8506com. PMID 17884974.
Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Day RO, Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML (July 2017). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 76 (7): 1269–1278. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210597. PMID 28153830.
Towheed TE, Maxwell L, Judd MG, Catton M, Hochberg MC, Wells G (January 2006). "Acetaminophen for osteoarthritis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (1): CD004257. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004257.pub2. PMC 8275921. PMID 16437479.
Derry S, Conaghan P, Da Silva JA, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (22 April 2016). "Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (2): CD007400. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007400.pub3. PMC 6494263. PMID 27103611.
Gøtzsche PC (March 1989). "Methodology and overt and hidden bias in reports of 196 double-blind trials of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis". Controlled Clinical Trials. 10 (1): 31–56. doi:10.1016/0197-2456(89)90017-2. PMID 2702836.
Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, Koes BW, Scholten RJ, van Tulder MW (2008), "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008 (1): CD000396, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000396.pub3, PMC 10220428, PMID 18253976
Pattanittum P, Turner T, Green S, Buchbinder R (2013), "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5 (5): CD003686, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003686.pub2, PMC 7173751, PMID 23728646
Lim BX, Lim CH, Lim DK, Evans JR, Bunce C, Wormald R (November 2016). "Prophylactic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (11): CD006683. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006683.pub3. PMC 6464900. PMID 27801522.
Eccleston C, Cooper TE, Fisher E, Anderson B, Wilkinson NM (August 2017). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (8): CD012537. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012537.pub2. PMC 6460508. PMID 28770976.
Cooper TE, Heathcote LC, Anderson B, Grégoire MC, Ljungman G, Eccleston C (July 2017). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer-related pain in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7 (10): CD012563. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012563.pub2. PMC 6484396. PMID 28737843.
Doleman B, Leonardi-Bee J, Heinink TP, Boyd-Carson H, Carrick L, Mandalia R, et al. (June 2021). "Pre-emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (6): CD012978. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012978.pub2. PMC 8203105. PMID 34125958.
Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Wiffen PJ (September 2015). "Single dose oral analgesics for acute postoperative pain in adults - an overview of Cochrane reviews". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (9): CD008659. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008659.pub3. PMC 6485441. PMID 26414123.
Ashley PF, Parekh S, Moles DR, Anand P, MacDonald LC (8 August 2016). "Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (8): CD008392. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008392.pub3. PMC 8568367. PMID 27501304.
Asthana A, Tripathi S, Agarwal R (4 December 2023). "Systematic review and meta‑analysis of observational studies to check the protective role of non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer's disease". Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis. 83 (4): 386–394. doi:10.55782/ane-2023-2467. PMID 38224283.
Miguel-Álvarez M, Santos-Lozano A, Sanchis-Gomar F, Fiuza-Luces C, Pareja-Galeano H, Garatachea N, et al. (February 2015). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment effect". Drugs & Aging. 32 (2): 139–147. doi:10.1007/s40266-015-0239-z. PMID 25644018.
Danelich IM, Wright SS, Lose JM, Tefft BJ, Cicci JD, Reed BN (May 2015). "Safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with cardiovascular disease". Pharmacotherapy. 35 (5): 520–35. doi:10.1002/phar.1584. PMID 25940579.
Wilson JA, Romagnuolo J, Byrne TK, Morgan K, Wilson FA (October 2006). "Predictors of endoscopic findings after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 101 (10): 2194–9. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00770.x. PMID 17032183.
Kowalski ML, Asero R, Bavbek S, Blanca M, Blanca-Lopez N, Bochenek G, et al. (October 2013). "Classification and practical approach to the diagnosis and management of hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs". Allergy. 68 (10): 1219–32. doi:10.1111/all.12260. PMID 24117484.
Rostom A, Dube C, Wells G, Tugwell P, Welch V, Jolicoeur E, et al. (2002). "Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011 (4): CD002296. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002296. PMC 8439413. PMID 12519573.
Lee A, Cooper MG, Craig JC, Knight JF, Keneally JP (April 2007). "Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on postoperative renal function in adults with normal renal function". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (2): CD002765. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002765.pub3. PMC 6516878. PMID 17443518.
StarSurg Collaborative (January 2017). "Safety of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Major Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Prospective, Multicenter Cohort Study". World Journal of Surgery. 41 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1007/s00268-016-3727-3. PMID 27766396.
StarSurg Collaborative (October 2014). "Impact of postoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on adverse events after gastrointestinal surgery". The British Journal of Surgery. 101 (11): 1413–23. doi:10.1002/bjs.9614. PMID 25091299.
Bhangu A, Singh P, Fitzgerald JE, Slesser A, Tekkis P (September 2014). "Postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of anastomotic leak: meta-analysis of clinical and experimental studies". World Journal of Surgery. 38 (9): 2247–57. doi:10.1007/s00268-014-2531-1. PMID 24682313.
Green GA (2001). "Understanding NSAIDs: from aspirin to COX-2". Clinical Cornerstone. 3 (5): 50–60. doi:10.1016/S1098-3597(01)90069-9. PMID 11464731.
van Walsem A, Pandhi S, Nixon RM, Guyot P, Karabis A, Moore RA (March 2015). "Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 17 (1): 66. doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0554-0. PMC 4411793. PMID 25879879.
Jones P, Lamdin R, Dalziel SR (August 2020). "Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8): CD007789. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007789.pub3. PMC 7438775. PMID 32797734.
Parisien M, et al. (11 May 2022). "Acute inflammatory response via neutrophil activation protects against the development of chronic pain". Science Translational Medicine. 14 (644): eabj9954. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abj9954. PMC 10317000. PMID 35544595.
Green, Ga (2001). "Understanding NSAIDs: from aspirin to COX-2". Clinical Cornerstone. 3 (5): 50–60. doi:10.1016/S1098-3597(01)90069-9. PMID 11464731.
Raithel M, Baenkler HW, Naegel A, Buchwald F, Schultis HW, Backhaus B, et al. (September 2005). "Significance of salicylate intolerance in diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract" (PDF). Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology: An Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society. 56 Suppl 5: 89–102. PMID 16247191.
Senna GE, Andri G, Dama AR, Mezzelani P, Andri L (1995). "Tolerability of imidazole salycilate in aspirin-sensitive patients". Allergy Proc. 16 (5): 251–4. doi:10.2500/108854195778702675. PMID 8566739.
Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, Shapiro D, Burgos-Vargas R, Davis B, et al. (November 2000). "Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 343 (21): 1520–8, 2 p following 1528. doi:10.1056/NEJM200011233432103. PMID 11087881.
Baron JA, Sandler RS, Bresalier RS, Lanas A, Morton DG, Riddell R, et al. (November 2008). "Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib: final analysis of the APPROVe trial". The Lancet. 372 (9651): 1756–64. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61490-7. PMID 18922570.
Sibbald B (October 2004). "Rofecoxib (Vioxx) voluntarily withdrawn from market". CMAJ. 171 (9): 1027–8. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1041606. PMC 526313. PMID 15505253.
Colebatch AN, Marks JL, Edwards CJ (November 2011). "Safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen) in people receiving methotrexate for inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, other spondyloarthritis)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD008872. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008872.pub2. PMID 22071858.
Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson JR, Patrono C (June 2006). "Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials". BMJ. 332 (7553): 1302–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7553.1302. PMC 1473048. PMID 16740558.
Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM, et al. (January 2011). "Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis". BMJ. 342 (jan11 1): c7086. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7086. PMC 3019238. PMID 21224324.
Schjerning Olsen AM, Fosbøl EL, Lindhardsen J, Folke F, Charlot M, Selmer C, et al. (May 2011). "Duration of treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and impact on risk of death and recurrent myocardial infarction in patients with prior myocardial infarction: a nationwide cohort study". Circulation. 123 (20): 2226–35. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.004671. PMID 21555710.
Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, et al. (August 2013). "Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials". The Lancet. 382 (9894): 769–79. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9. PMC 3778977. PMID 23726390.
Page J, Henry D (March 2000). "Consumption of NSAIDs and the development of congestive heart failure in elderly patients: an underrecognized public health problem". Archives of Internal Medicine. 160 (6): 777–84. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.6.777. PMID 10737277.
Gislason GH, Rasmussen JN, Abildstrom SZ, Schramm TK, Hansen ML, Fosbøl EL, et al. (January 2009). "Increased mortality and cardiovascular morbidity associated with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in chronic heart failure". Archives of Internal Medicine. 169 (2): 141–9. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.525. PMID 19171810.
Shiri R, Koskimäki J, Häkkinen J, Tammela TL, Auvinen A, Hakama M (May 2006). "Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use on the incidence of erectile dysfunction". The Journal of Urology. 175 (5): 1812–5, discussion 1815–6. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)01000-1. PMID 16600768.
Gleason JM, Slezak JM, Jung H, Reynolds K, Van den Eeden SK, Haque R, et al. (April 2011). "Regular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and erectile dysfunction". The Journal of Urology. 185 (4): 1388–93. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.11.092. PMID 21334642.
Wallace JL (October 2008). "Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesn't the stomach digest itself?". Physiological Reviews. 88 (4): 1547–1565. doi:10.1152/physrev.00004.2008. PMID 18923189.
Traversa G, Walker AM, Ippolito FM, Caffari B, Capurso L, Dezi A, et al. (January 1995). "Gastroduodenal toxicity of different nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs". Epidemiology. 6 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1097/00001648-199501000-00010. PMID 7888445.
Higuchi K, Umegaki E, Watanabe T, Yoda Y, Morita E, Murano M, et al. (July 2009). "Present status and strategy of NSAIDs-induced small bowel injury". Journal of Gastroenterology. 44 (9): 879–88. doi:10.1007/s00535-009-0102-2. PMID 19568687.
Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C (November 2016). "Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression". BMC Medicine. 14 (1): 179. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0718-z. PMC 5101793. PMID 27825371.
Guo W, Cheng ZY, Zhu YZ (October 2013). "Hydrogen sulfide and translational medicine". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 34 (10): 1284–91. doi:10.1038/aps.2013.127. PMC 3791558. PMID 24096643.
Long MD, Kappelman MD, Martin CF, Chen W, Anton K, Sandler RS (February 2016). "Role of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Exacerbations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 50 (2): 152–6. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000421. PMC 4703528. PMID 26485106.
Hörl WH (July 2010). "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and the Kidney". Pharmaceuticals. 3 (7): 2291–2321. doi:10.3390/ph3072291. PMC 4036662. PMID 27713354.
Thomas MC (February 2000). "Diuretics, ACE inhibitors and NSAIDs--the triple whammy". The Medical Journal of Australia. 172 (4): 184–5. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb125548.x. PMID 10772593.
De Broe ME, Elseviers MM (February 1998). "Analgesic nephropathy". The New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (7): 446–52. doi:10.1056/NEJM199802123380707. PMID 9459649.
Moore DE (2002). "Drug-induced cutaneous photosensitivity: incidence, mechanism, prevention and management". Drug Safety. 25 (5): 345–372. doi:10.2165/00002018-200225050-00004. PMID 12020173.
Lozzi F, Di Raimondo C, Lanna C, Diluvio L, Mazzilli S, Garofalo V, et al. (November 2020). "Latest Evidence Regarding the Effects of Photosensitive Drugs on the Skin: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations". Pharmaceutics. 12 (11): 1104. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12111104. PMC 7698592. PMID 33213076.
Musa KA, Eriksson LA (August 2022). "Computational Studies of the Photodegradation Mechanism of the Highly Phototoxic Agent Benoxaprofen". ACS Omega. 7 (33): 29475–29482. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c03118. PMC 9404164. PMID 36033698.
Koren G, Florescu A, Costei AM, Boskovic R, Moretti ME (May 2006). "Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during third trimester and the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a meta-analysis". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 40 (5): 824–829. doi:10.1345/aph.1G428. PMID 16638921.
Østensen ME, Skomsvoll JF (March 2004). "Anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy during pregnancy". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 5 (3): 571–580. doi:10.1517/14656566.5.3.571. PMID 15013926.
Nakhai-Pour HR, Broy P, Sheehy O, Bérard A (October 2011). "Use of nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion". CMAJ. 183 (15): 1713–1720. doi:10.1503/cmaj.110454. PMC 3193112. PMID 21896698.
Cervera R, Balasch J (2004). "The management of pregnant patients with antiphospholipid syndrome". Lupus. 13 (9): 683–687. doi:10.1191/0961203304lu1092oa. PMID 15485103.
Hamza A, Herr D, Solomayer EF, Meyberg-Solomayer G (December 2013). "Polyhydramnios: Causes, Diagnosis and Therapy". Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde (in German). 73 (12): 1241–1246. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1360163. PMC 3964358. PMID 24771905.
Graham GG, Scott KF, Day RO (2005). "Tolerability of paracetamol". Drug Safety. 28 (3): 227–40. doi:10.2165/00002018-200528030-00004. PMID 15733027.
Kristensen DM, Hass U, Lesné L, Lottrup G, Jacobsen PR, Desdoits-Lethimonier C, et al. (January 2011). "Intrauterine exposure to mild analgesics is a risk factor for development of male reproductive disorders in human and rat". Human Reproduction. 26 (1): 235–44. doi:10.1093/humrep/deq323. PMID 21059752.
Wilkes JM, Clark LE, Herrera JL (November 2005). "Acetaminophen overdose in pregnancy". Southern Medical Journal. 98 (11): 1118–22. doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000184792.15407.51. PMID 16351032.
Kowalski ML, Makowska JS (July 2015). "Seven steps to the diagnosis of NSAIDs hypersensitivity: how to apply a new classification in real practice?". Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 7 (4): 312–20. doi:10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.312. PMC 4446629. PMID 25749768.
Constantinescu DS, Campbell MP, Moatshe G, Vap AR (April 2019). "Effects of Perioperative Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Administration on Soft Tissue Healing: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes After Sports Medicine Orthopaedic Surgery Procedures". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 7 (4): 2325967119838873. doi:10.1177/2325967119838873. PMC 6469280. PMID 31019986.
Morelli KM, Brown LB, Warren GL (January 2018). "Effect of NSAIDs on Recovery From Acute Skeletal Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 46 (1): 224–233. doi:10.1177/0363546517697957. PMID 28355084.
Ghosh N, Kolade OO, Shontz E, Rosenthal Y, Zuckerman JD, Bosco JA, et al. (December 2019). "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Their Effect on Musculoskeletal Soft-Tissue Healing: A Scoping Review". JBJS Reviews. 7 (12): e4. doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00055. PMID 31851037.
Lin BM, Curhan SG, Wang M, Eavey R, Stankovic KM, Curhan GC (January 2017). "Duration of Analgesic Use and Risk of Hearing Loss in Women". American Journal of Epidemiology. 185 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1093/aje/kww154. PMC 5209586. PMID 27974293.
Curhan SG, Shargorodsky J, Eavey R, Curhan GC (September 2012). "Analgesic use and the risk of hearing loss in women". American Journal of Epidemiology. 176 (6): 544–54. doi:10.1093/aje/kws146. PMC 3530351. PMID 22933387.
Curhan SG, Eavey R, Shargorodsky J, Curhan GC (March 2010). "Analgesic use and the risk of hearing loss in men". The American Journal of Medicine. 123 (3): 231–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.08.006. PMC 2831770. PMID 20193831.
Ershad M, Ameer MA, Chen RJ, Vearrier D (2025). "Ibuprofen Toxicity". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30252334.
Zarghi A, Arfaei S (2011). "Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: A Review of Their Structure-Activity Relationships". Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10 (4): 655–683. PMC 3813081. PMID 24250402.
Auriel E, Regev K, Korczyn AD (2014). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs exposure and the central nervous system". Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease Part I. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 119. pp. 577–84. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00038-2. ISBN 978-0-7020-4086-3. PMID 24365321.
Woessner KM, Castells M (May 2013). "NSAID single-drug-induced reactions". Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 33 (2): 237–49. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2012.12.002. PMID 23639711.
Bancos S, Bernard MP, Topham DJ, Phipps RP (2009). "Ibuprofen and other widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit antibody production in human cells". Cellular Immunology. 258 (1): 18–28. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.03.007. PMC 2693360. PMID 19345936.
Shionoiri H (July 1993). "Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with ACE Inhibitors". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 25 (1): 20–58. doi:10.2165/00003088-199325010-00003. PMID 8354016.
Warner-Schmidt JL, Vanover KE, Chen EY, Marshall JJ, Greengard P (May 2011). "Antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are attenuated by antiinflammatory drugs in mice and humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (22): 9262–7. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.9262W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1104836108. PMC 3107316. PMID 21518864.
de Jong JC, van den Berg PB, Tobi H, de Jong-van den Berg LT (June 2003). "Combined use of SSRIs and NSAIDs increases the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 55 (6): 591–5. doi:10.1046/j.0306-5251.2002.01770.x. PMC 1884264. PMID 12814454.
Shin JY, Park MJ, Lee SH, Choi SH, Kim MH, Choi NK, et al. (July 2015). "Risk of intracranial haemorrhage in antidepressant users with concurrent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nationwide propensity score matched study". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 351: h3517. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3517. PMC 4501372. PMID 26173947.
Bertolacci L, Romeo E, Veronesi M, Magotti P, Albani C, Dionisi M, et al. (January 2013). "A binding site for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in fatty acid amide hydrolase". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135 (1): 22–5. Bibcode:2013JAChS.135...22B. doi:10.1021/ja308733u. PMC 3562592. PMID 23240907.
Bhattacharya S, Akula Y, Mitongo GM, Khorram Q (2017). "Comparison between effects of antibiotics, NSAIDs and their mixture on the growth of microorganisms: PS151". Porto Biomedical Journal. 2 (5): 176–177. doi:10.1016/j.pbj.2017.07.006. PMC 6806810. PMID 32258617.
Agrawal N (June 1991). "Risk factors for gastrointestinal ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)". The Journal of Family Practice. 32 (6): 619–24. PMID 2040888.
Knights KM, Mangoni AA, Miners JO (November 2010). "Defining the COX inhibitor selectivity of NSAIDs: implications for understanding toxicity". Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. 3 (6): 769–776. doi:10.1586/ecp.10.120. PMID 22111779.
Vane J, Botting R (June 2003). "The mechanism of action of aspirin". Thrombosis Research. 110 (5–6): 255–258. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(03)00379-7. PMID 14592543.
Zarghi A, Arfaei S (2011). "Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: A Review of Their Structure-Activity Relationships". Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10 (4): 655–83. PMC 3813081. PMID 24250402.
Lim YJ, Yang CH (June 2012). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy". Clinical Endoscopy. 45 (2): 138–144. doi:10.5946/ce.2012.45.2.138. PMC 3401617. PMID 22866254.
Wright JM (November 2002). "The double-edged sword of COX-2 selective NSAIDs". CMAJ. 167 (10): 1131–1137. PMC 134294. PMID 12427705.
Botting RM (November 2006). "Inhibitors of cyclooxygenases: mechanisms, selectivity and uses" (PDF). Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 57 (Suppl 5): 113–24. PMID 17218763. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
Fowler CJ (November 2007). "The contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 to endocannabinoid metabolism and action". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (5): 594–601. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707379. PMC 2190012. PMID 17618306.
Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ (March 2008). "Non-redundant functions of cyclooxygenases: oxygenation of endocannabinoids". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (13): 8065–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.R800005200. PMC 2417164. PMID 18250160.
Hamza M, Dionne RA (January 2009). "Mechanisms of non-opioid analgesics beyond cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition". Current Molecular Pharmacology. 2 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2174/1874-470210902010001. PMC 2749259. PMID 19779578.
Cronstein BN, Sunkureddi P (January 2013). "Mechanistic aspects of inflammation and clinical management of inflammation in acute gouty arthritis". Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 19 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31827d8790. PMC 3551244. PMID 23319019.
Aronoff DM, Neilson EG (September 2001). "Antipyretics: mechanisms of action and clinical use in fever suppression". The American Journal of Medicine. 111 (4): 304–15. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00834-8. PMID 11566461.
Koeberle A, Werz O (2009). "Inhibitors of the microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase-1 as alternative to non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)--a critical review". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (32): 4274–96. doi:10.2174/092986709789578178. PMID 19754418.
Nabulsi M (October 2009). "Is combining or alternating antipyretic therapy more beneficial than monotherapy for febrile children?". BMJ. 339: b3540. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3540. PMID 19797346.
Coceani F, Bishai I, Lees J, Sirko S (1986). "Prostaglandin E2 and fever: a continuing debate". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 59 (2): 169–74. PMC 2590134. PMID 3488620.
Rainsford KD (December 2009). "Ibuprofen: pharmacology, efficacy and safety". Inflammopharmacology. 17 (6): 275–342. doi:10.1007/s10787-009-0016-x. PMID 19949916.
Bindu S, Mazumder S, Bandyopadhyay U (October 2020). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: A current perspective". Biochemical Pharmacology. 180: 114147. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114147. PMC 7347500. PMID 32653589.
McNaughton R, Huet G, Shakir S (January 2014). "An investigation into drug products withdrawn from the EU market between 2002 and 2011 for safety reasons and the evidence used to support the decision-making". BMJ Open. 4 (1): e004221. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004221. PMC 3902466. PMID 24435895.
Viljoen A, Mncwangi N, Vermaak I (2012). "Anti-inflammatory iridoids of botanical origin". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (14): 2104–27. doi:10.2174/092986712800229005. PMC 3873812. PMID 22414102.
Zhang L, Feng L, Jia Q, Xu J, Wang R, Wang Z, et al. (August 2011). "Effects of β-glucosidase hydrolyzed products of harpagide and harpagoside on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (16): 4882–6. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.069. PMID 21775152.
Ellis GA, Blake DR (March 1993). "Why are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs so variable in their efficacy? A description of ion trapping". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 52 (3): 241–243. doi:10.1136/ard.52.3.241. PMC 1005027. PMID 8484682.
Rhodes L (September 2015). "Put a label (claim) on it: Getting non-surgical contraceptives approved for use in cats and dogs". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17 (9): 783–9. doi:10.1177/1098612x15594993. PMC 11148972. PMID 26323803.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ghlichloo I, Gerriets V (2025). "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31613522.
Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, et al. (May 2017). "Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data". The BMJ. 357: j1909. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1909. PMC 5423546. PMID 28487435.
Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, et al. (August 2013). "A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy". Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology. 9 (1): 30. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-9-30. PMC 3765115. PMID 23947590.
Towheed TE, Maxwell L, Judd MG, Catton M, Hochberg MC, Wells G (January 2006). "Acetaminophen for osteoarthritis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (1): CD004257. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004257.pub2. PMC 8275921. PMID 16437479.
Derry S, Conaghan P, Da Silva JA, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (22 April 2016). "Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (2): CD007400. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007400.pub3. PMC 6494263. PMID 27103611.
Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, Koes BW, Scholten RJ, van Tulder MW (2008), "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008 (1): CD000396, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000396.pub3, PMC 10220428, PMID 18253976
Pattanittum P, Turner T, Green S, Buchbinder R (2013), "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5 (5): CD003686, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003686.pub2, PMC 7173751, PMID 23728646
Lim BX, Lim CH, Lim DK, Evans JR, Bunce C, Wormald R (November 2016). "Prophylactic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (11): CD006683. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006683.pub3. PMC 6464900. PMID 27801522.
Eccleston C, Cooper TE, Fisher E, Anderson B, Wilkinson NM (August 2017). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (8): CD012537. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012537.pub2. PMC 6460508. PMID 28770976.
Cooper TE, Heathcote LC, Anderson B, Grégoire MC, Ljungman G, Eccleston C (July 2017). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer-related pain in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7 (10): CD012563. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012563.pub2. PMC 6484396. PMID 28737843.
Doleman B, Leonardi-Bee J, Heinink TP, Boyd-Carson H, Carrick L, Mandalia R, et al. (June 2021). "Pre-emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (6): CD012978. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012978.pub2. PMC 8203105. PMID 34125958.
Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Wiffen PJ (September 2015). "Single dose oral analgesics for acute postoperative pain in adults - an overview of Cochrane reviews". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (9): CD008659. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008659.pub3. PMC 6485441. PMID 26414123.
Ashley PF, Parekh S, Moles DR, Anand P, MacDonald LC (8 August 2016). "Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (8): CD008392. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008392.pub3. PMC 8568367. PMID 27501304.
Rostom A, Dube C, Wells G, Tugwell P, Welch V, Jolicoeur E, et al. (2002). "Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011 (4): CD002296. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002296. PMC 8439413. PMID 12519573.
Lee A, Cooper MG, Craig JC, Knight JF, Keneally JP (April 2007). "Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on postoperative renal function in adults with normal renal function". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (2): CD002765. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002765.pub3. PMC 6516878. PMID 17443518.
van Walsem A, Pandhi S, Nixon RM, Guyot P, Karabis A, Moore RA (March 2015). "Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 17 (1): 66. doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0554-0. PMC 4411793. PMID 25879879.
Jones P, Lamdin R, Dalziel SR (August 2020). "Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8): CD007789. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007789.pub3. PMC 7438775. PMID 32797734.
Parisien M, et al. (11 May 2022). "Acute inflammatory response via neutrophil activation protects against the development of chronic pain". Science Translational Medicine. 14 (644): eabj9954. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abj9954. PMC 10317000. PMID 35544595.
Sibbald B (October 2004). "Rofecoxib (Vioxx) voluntarily withdrawn from market". CMAJ. 171 (9): 1027–8. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1041606. PMC 526313. PMID 15505253.
Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson JR, Patrono C (June 2006). "Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials". BMJ. 332 (7553): 1302–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7553.1302. PMC 1473048. PMID 16740558.
Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM, et al. (January 2011). "Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis". BMJ. 342 (jan11 1): c7086. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7086. PMC 3019238. PMID 21224324.
Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, et al. (August 2013). "Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials". The Lancet. 382 (9894): 769–79. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9. PMC 3778977. PMID 23726390.
Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C (November 2016). "Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression". BMC Medicine. 14 (1): 179. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0718-z. PMC 5101793. PMID 27825371.
Guo W, Cheng ZY, Zhu YZ (October 2013). "Hydrogen sulfide and translational medicine". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 34 (10): 1284–91. doi:10.1038/aps.2013.127. PMC 3791558. PMID 24096643.
Long MD, Kappelman MD, Martin CF, Chen W, Anton K, Sandler RS (February 2016). "Role of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Exacerbations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 50 (2): 152–6. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000421. PMC 4703528. PMID 26485106.
Hörl WH (July 2010). "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and the Kidney". Pharmaceuticals. 3 (7): 2291–2321. doi:10.3390/ph3072291. PMC 4036662. PMID 27713354.
Lozzi F, Di Raimondo C, Lanna C, Diluvio L, Mazzilli S, Garofalo V, et al. (November 2020). "Latest Evidence Regarding the Effects of Photosensitive Drugs on the Skin: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations". Pharmaceutics. 12 (11): 1104. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12111104. PMC 7698592. PMID 33213076.
Musa KA, Eriksson LA (August 2022). "Computational Studies of the Photodegradation Mechanism of the Highly Phototoxic Agent Benoxaprofen". ACS Omega. 7 (33): 29475–29482. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c03118. PMC 9404164. PMID 36033698.
Nakhai-Pour HR, Broy P, Sheehy O, Bérard A (October 2011). "Use of nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion". CMAJ. 183 (15): 1713–1720. doi:10.1503/cmaj.110454. PMC 3193112. PMID 21896698.
Hamza A, Herr D, Solomayer EF, Meyberg-Solomayer G (December 2013). "Polyhydramnios: Causes, Diagnosis and Therapy". Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde (in German). 73 (12): 1241–1246. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1360163. PMC 3964358. PMID 24771905.
Kowalski ML, Makowska JS (July 2015). "Seven steps to the diagnosis of NSAIDs hypersensitivity: how to apply a new classification in real practice?". Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 7 (4): 312–20. doi:10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.312. PMC 4446629. PMID 25749768.
Constantinescu DS, Campbell MP, Moatshe G, Vap AR (April 2019). "Effects of Perioperative Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Administration on Soft Tissue Healing: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes After Sports Medicine Orthopaedic Surgery Procedures". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 7 (4): 2325967119838873. doi:10.1177/2325967119838873. PMC 6469280. PMID 31019986.
Lin BM, Curhan SG, Wang M, Eavey R, Stankovic KM, Curhan GC (January 2017). "Duration of Analgesic Use and Risk of Hearing Loss in Women". American Journal of Epidemiology. 185 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1093/aje/kww154. PMC 5209586. PMID 27974293.
Curhan SG, Shargorodsky J, Eavey R, Curhan GC (September 2012). "Analgesic use and the risk of hearing loss in women". American Journal of Epidemiology. 176 (6): 544–54. doi:10.1093/aje/kws146. PMC 3530351. PMID 22933387.
Curhan SG, Eavey R, Shargorodsky J, Curhan GC (March 2010). "Analgesic use and the risk of hearing loss in men". The American Journal of Medicine. 123 (3): 231–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.08.006. PMC 2831770. PMID 20193831.
Ershad M, Ameer MA, Chen RJ, Vearrier D (2025). "Ibuprofen Toxicity". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30252334.
Zarghi A, Arfaei S (2011). "Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: A Review of Their Structure-Activity Relationships". Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10 (4): 655–683. PMC 3813081. PMID 24250402.
Bancos S, Bernard MP, Topham DJ, Phipps RP (2009). "Ibuprofen and other widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit antibody production in human cells". Cellular Immunology. 258 (1): 18–28. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.03.007. PMC 2693360. PMID 19345936.
Warner-Schmidt JL, Vanover KE, Chen EY, Marshall JJ, Greengard P (May 2011). "Antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are attenuated by antiinflammatory drugs in mice and humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (22): 9262–7. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.9262W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1104836108. PMC 3107316. PMID 21518864.
de Jong JC, van den Berg PB, Tobi H, de Jong-van den Berg LT (June 2003). "Combined use of SSRIs and NSAIDs increases the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 55 (6): 591–5. doi:10.1046/j.0306-5251.2002.01770.x. PMC 1884264. PMID 12814454.
Shin JY, Park MJ, Lee SH, Choi SH, Kim MH, Choi NK, et al. (July 2015). "Risk of intracranial haemorrhage in antidepressant users with concurrent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nationwide propensity score matched study". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 351: h3517. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3517. PMC 4501372. PMID 26173947.
Bertolacci L, Romeo E, Veronesi M, Magotti P, Albani C, Dionisi M, et al. (January 2013). "A binding site for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in fatty acid amide hydrolase". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135 (1): 22–5. Bibcode:2013JAChS.135...22B. doi:10.1021/ja308733u. PMC 3562592. PMID 23240907.
Bhattacharya S, Akula Y, Mitongo GM, Khorram Q (2017). "Comparison between effects of antibiotics, NSAIDs and their mixture on the growth of microorganisms: PS151". Porto Biomedical Journal. 2 (5): 176–177. doi:10.1016/j.pbj.2017.07.006. PMC 6806810. PMID 32258617.
Zarghi A, Arfaei S (2011). "Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: A Review of Their Structure-Activity Relationships". Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10 (4): 655–83. PMC 3813081. PMID 24250402.
Lim YJ, Yang CH (June 2012). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy". Clinical Endoscopy. 45 (2): 138–144. doi:10.5946/ce.2012.45.2.138. PMC 3401617. PMID 22866254.
Wright JM (November 2002). "The double-edged sword of COX-2 selective NSAIDs". CMAJ. 167 (10): 1131–1137. PMC 134294. PMID 12427705.
Fowler CJ (November 2007). "The contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 to endocannabinoid metabolism and action". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (5): 594–601. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707379. PMC 2190012. PMID 17618306.
Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ (March 2008). "Non-redundant functions of cyclooxygenases: oxygenation of endocannabinoids". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (13): 8065–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.R800005200. PMC 2417164. PMID 18250160.
Hamza M, Dionne RA (January 2009). "Mechanisms of non-opioid analgesics beyond cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition". Current Molecular Pharmacology. 2 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2174/1874-470210902010001. PMC 2749259. PMID 19779578.
Cronstein BN, Sunkureddi P (January 2013). "Mechanistic aspects of inflammation and clinical management of inflammation in acute gouty arthritis". Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 19 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31827d8790. PMC 3551244. PMID 23319019.
Coceani F, Bishai I, Lees J, Sirko S (1986). "Prostaglandin E2 and fever: a continuing debate". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 59 (2): 169–74. PMC 2590134. PMID 3488620.
Bindu S, Mazumder S, Bandyopadhyay U (October 2020). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: A current perspective". Biochemical Pharmacology. 180: 114147. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114147. PMC 7347500. PMID 32653589.
McNaughton R, Huet G, Shakir S (January 2014). "An investigation into drug products withdrawn from the EU market between 2002 and 2011 for safety reasons and the evidence used to support the decision-making". BMJ Open. 4 (1): e004221. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004221. PMC 3902466. PMID 24435895.
Viljoen A, Mncwangi N, Vermaak I (2012). "Anti-inflammatory iridoids of botanical origin". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (14): 2104–27. doi:10.2174/092986712800229005. PMC 3873812. PMID 22414102.
Dean L (1 May 2011). "Comparing NSAIDs". PubMed Clinical Q&A. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Ellis GA, Blake DR (March 1993). "Why are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs so variable in their efficacy? A description of ion trapping". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 52 (3): 241–243. doi:10.1136/ard.52.3.241. PMC 1005027. PMID 8484682.
Rhodes L (September 2015). "Put a label (claim) on it: Getting non-surgical contraceptives approved for use in cats and dogs". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17 (9): 783–9. doi:10.1177/1098612x15594993. PMC 11148972. PMID 26323803.

pas.va

Szczeklik A (2013). "The History of Aspirin: The Discoveries That Changed Contemporary Medicine" (PDF). Paths of Discovery. 18: 175–184. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

researchgate.net

Mallinson TE (2017). "A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic". Journal of Paramedic Practice. 9 (12): 522–526. doi:10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.

sdcep.org.uk

"DCEP Drug Prescribing for Dentistry 3rd edition" (PDF). Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme. NHS Education for Scotland. January 2016. pp. 49–54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2024.

skeptoid.com

Propatier S. "The Mythology of Aspirin". Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.

theconversation.com

Martyr P (18 October 2020). "Hippocrates and willow bark? What you know about the history of aspirin is probably wrong". Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2022.

un.org

digitallibrary.un.org

Consolidated list of products whose consumption and / or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by Governments.: 15th issue (New data only), (June 2007-June 2009),: Chemicals. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2009. p. 123. ISBN 978-92-1-130277-6.

vasg.org

Off-label use discussed in: Arnold Plotnick MS, DVM, ACVIM, ABVP, Pain Management using Metacam Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, and Stein, Robert, Perioperative Pain Management Archived 18 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Part IV, Looking Beyond Butorphanol, September 2006.

web.archive.org

"non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug". www.Lexico.com. Oxford English Dictionary. 2022. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
Consumer Reports Health Best Buy Drugs (July 2013), "The Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Treating Osteoarthritis and Pain. Comparing effectiveness, safety, and price.", NSAIDs, Yonkers, New York: Consumer Reports, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014, retrieved 12 February 2014
Mallinson TE (2017). "A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic". Journal of Paramedic Practice. 9 (12): 522–526. doi:10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
"DCEP Drug Prescribing for Dentistry 3rd edition" (PDF). Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme. NHS Education for Scotland. January 2016. pp. 49–54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
"Long term medical issues associated after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Procedure (RYGBP)" (PDF). www.SSMHealth.com. SSMHealth. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
"Medications - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs". U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc (September 2008). "Cipro Medication Guide" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
"PDR Guide to Over the Counter (OTC) Drugs". Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
"Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: Information for Health Care Practitioners". Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
"What Are NSAIDs?". Archived from the original on 29 January 2007.
Staff (9 July 2015). "FDA Strengthens Warning of Heart Attack and Stroke Risk for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs". Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
Barclay L (8 March 2011). "Regular NSAID Use Linked to Erectile Dysfunction". Medscape. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Neale T (5 March 2011). "NSAID Use Tied to Men's Sexual Performance". MedPage Today. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Dreillard A (2 March 2009). "Grossesse – Mamans attention". France Soir (in French). Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "FDA Warns that Using a Type of Pain and Fever Medication in Second Half of Pregnancy Could Lead to Complications". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 15 October 2020. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "NSAIDs may cause rare kidney problems in unborn babies". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 21 July 2017. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
"Dengue". United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 March 2016. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018. Use acetaminophen. Do not take pain relievers that contain aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil), it may lead to a greater tendency to bleed.
"Delhi government bans over the counter sale of NSAIDs without prescription". The Economic Times. 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
Ogbru O (17 December 2008). "Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
"Why Painkillers Interfere with Anti-depressants". healthcentral.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
"Sir John Vane, FRS". www.williamharveyresearch.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
Botting RM (November 2006). "Inhibitors of cyclooxygenases: mechanisms, selectivity and uses" (PDF). Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 57 (Suppl 5): 113–24. PMID 17218763. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
"Ibuprofen". DrugBank. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
Auburn University course material. Jack DeRuiter, Principles of Drug Action 2, Fall 2002 1: Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Archived 20 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
"Information for Healthcare Professionals: Celecoxib (marketed as Celebrex)". Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
"Safety of Vioxx". FDA Public Health Advisory. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
"Information for Healthcare Professionals: Valdecoxib (marketed as Bextra)". Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
Treating Osteoarthritis and Pain: The Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price Archived 10 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine Consumers Union 2005 ^{[dead link‍]}
Propatier S. "The Mythology of Aspirin". Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
Martyr P (18 October 2020). "Hippocrates and willow bark? What you know about the history of aspirin is probably wrong". Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
"Works by Hippocrates". The Internet Classics Archive. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
Szczeklik A (2013). "The History of Aspirin: The Discoveries That Changed Contemporary Medicine" (PDF). Paths of Discovery. 18: 175–184. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
John McMurry. Química Orgánica Archived 13 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish). Published by Cengage Learning Editores, 2005. ISBN 970-686-354-0
Hermann Kolbe (1860). "Ueber Synthese der Salicylsäure". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 113 (1): 125–27. doi:10.1002/jlac.18601130120. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
R. Schmitt (1885). "Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Kolbe'schen Salicylsäure Synthese". Journal für Praktische Chemie. 31 (1): 397–411. doi:10.1002/prac.18850310130. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
"NADA 141–213: New Animal Drug Application Approval (for Metacam (meloxicam) 0.5 mg/mL and 1.5 mg/mL Oral Suspension)" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15 April 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
Metacam Client Information Sheet Archived 11 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, product description: "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for oral use in dogs only", and in the "What Is Metacam" section in bold-face type: "Do not use in cats.", January 2005.
Metacam 5 mg/mL Solution for Injection, Supplemental Approval 28 October 2004. Archived 19 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Off-label use discussed in: Arnold Plotnick MS, DVM, ACVIM, ABVP, Pain Management using Metacam Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, and Stein, Robert, Perioperative Pain Management Archived 18 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Part IV, Looking Beyond Butorphanol, September 2006.

williamharveyresearch.com

"Sir John Vane, FRS". www.williamharveyresearch.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.

worldcat.org

Keoke ED, Porterfield KM (2003). American Indian contributions to the world: 15,000 years of inventions and innovations. Checkmark Books. ISBN 0-8160-4052-4. OCLC 249349540.

search.worldcat.org

Keoke ED, Porterfield KM (2003). American Indian contributions to the world: 15,000 years of inventions and innovations. Checkmark Books. ISBN 0-8160-4052-4. OCLC 249349540.

zenodo.org

Hermann Kolbe (1860). "Ueber Synthese der Salicylsäure". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 113 (1): 125–27. doi:10.1002/jlac.18601130120. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
R. Schmitt (1885). "Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Kolbe'schen Salicylsäure Synthese". Journal für Praktische Chemie. 31 (1): 397–411. doi:10.1002/prac.18850310130. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2019.