Norepinephrine (English Wikipedia)

Musacchio JM (2013). "Chapter 1: Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines". In Iverson L (ed.). Biochemistry of Biogenic Amines. Springer. pp. 1–35. ISBN 978-1-4684-3171-1.
Griffith RK (2013). "Chapter 10: Adrenergic Receptors and Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Neurotransmission". In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Zito SW, Roche VF (eds.). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0.

doi.org

Andersen AM (1975). "Structural studies of metabolic products of dopamine. IV. Crystal and molecular structure of (-)-noradrenaline". Acta Chemica Scandinavica B. 29 (8): 871–876. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.29b-0871. PMID 1202890.
Aronson JK (February 2000). "'Where name and image meet'—the argument for 'adrenaline'". British Medical Journal. 320 (7233): 506–509. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7233.506. PMC 1127537. PMID 10678871.
Gaddum JH (June 1956). "The Prefix 'Nor' in Chemical Nomenclature". Nature. 177 (1046): 1046. Bibcode:1956Natur.177.1046G. doi:10.1038/1771046b0. S2CID 4284979.
Mittal R, Debs LH, Patel AP, Nguyen D, Patel K, O'Connor G, et al. (September 2017). "Neurotransmitters: The Critical Modulators Regulating Gut-Brain Axis". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 232 (9): 2359–2372. doi:10.1002/jcp.25518. PMC 5772764. PMID 27512962.
Broadley KJ (March 2010). "The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 125 (3): 363–375. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005. PMID 19948186.
Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 26 (5): 274–281. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007. PMID 15860375.
Wang X, Li J, Dong G, Yue J (February 2014). "The endogenous substrates of brain CYP2D". European Journal of Pharmacology. 724: 211–218. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.025. PMID 24374199.
O'Donnell J, Zeppenfeld D, McConnell E, Pena S, Nedergaard M (November 2012). "Norepinephrine: a neuromodulator that boosts the function of multiple cell types to optimize CNS performance". Neurochem Res. 37 (11): 2496–512. doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0818-x. PMC 3548657. PMID 22717696.
Eiden LE, Schäfer MK, Weihe E, Schütz B (2004). "The vesicular amine transporter family (SLC18): amine/proton antiporters required for vesicular accumulation and regulated exocytotic secretion of monoamines and acetylcholine". Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology. 447 (5): 636–640. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1100-5. PMID 12827358. S2CID 20764857.
Torres GE, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2003). "Plasma membrane monoamine transporters: structure, regulation and function". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 4 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1038/nrn1008. PMID 12511858. S2CID 21545649.
Dartt DA (May 2009). "Neural regulation of lacrimal gland secretory processes: relevance in dry eye diseases". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 28 (3): 155–177. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.04.003. PMC 3652637. PMID 19376264.
Tank AW, Lee Wong D (January 2015). "Peripheral and central effects of circulating catecholamines". Comprehensive Physiology. 5 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140007. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. PMID 25589262.
Bahler L, Molenaars RJ, Verberne HJ, Holleman F (September 2015). "Role of the autonomic nervous system in activation of human brown adipose tissue: A review of the literature". Diabetes & Metabolism. 41 (6): 437–445. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2015.08.005. PMID 26404650.
Kenney MJ, Ganta CK (July 2014). "Autonomic nervous system and immune system interactions". Comprehensive Physiology. 4 (3): 1177–1200. doi:10.1002/cphy.c130051. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. PMC 4374437. PMID 24944034.
Chistiakov DA, Ashwell KW, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV (2015). "Innervation of the arterial wall and its modification in atherosclerosis". Autonomic Neuroscience. 193: 7–11. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2015.06.005. PMID 26164815. S2CID 8150131.
Thorp AA, Schlaich MP (2015). "Relevance of Sympathetic Nervous System Activation in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome". Journal of Diabetes Research. 2015: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2015/341583. PMC 4430650. PMID 26064978.
Pakdeechote P, Dunn WR, Ralevic V (November 2007). "Cannabinoids inhibit noradrenergic and purinergic sympathetic cotransmission in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (5): 725–733. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707397. PMC 2190027. PMID 17641668.
Antunes-Rodrigues J, de Castro M, Elias LL, Valença MM, McCann SM (January 2004). "Neuroendocrine control of body fluid metabolism" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. 84 (1): 169–208. doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2003. PMID 14715914. S2CID 14046. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019.
Rinaman L (February 2011). "Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic, endocrine, cognitive, and behavioral functions". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 300 (2): R222–R235. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00556.2010. PMC 3043801. PMID 20962208.
Bruinstroop E, Cano G, Vanderhorst VG, Cavalcante JC, Wirth J, Sena-Esteves M, et al. (June 2012). "Spinal projections of the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 noradrenergic cell groups in rats". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 520 (9): 1985–2001. doi:10.1002/cne.23024. PMC 3508755. PMID 22173709.
Sara SJ, Bouret S (2012). "Orienting and reorienting: the locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal". Neuron. 76 (1): 130–141. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.011. PMID 23040811.
Berridge CW, Schmeichel BE, España RA (2012). "Noradrenergic modulation of wakefulness/arousal". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 16 (2): 187–197. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.12.003. PMC 3278579. PMID 22296742.
Sara SJ (2015). "Locus Coeruleus in time with the making of memories". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 35: 87–94. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.07.004. PMID 26241632. S2CID 206952441.
Feng J, Hu H (December 2019). "A novel player in the field: Merkel disc in touch, itch and pain". Experimental Dermatology. 28 (12): 1412–1415. doi:10.1111/exd.13945. PMC 6800577. PMID 31001848.
Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, et al. (March 2017). "Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016" (PDF). Critical Care Medicine. 45 (3): 486–552. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002255. PMID 28098591. S2CID 52827184. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2021. We recommend norepinephrine as the first-choice vasopressor (strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence).
Deedwania PC (2015). "Management of Patients With Stable Angina and Type 2 Diabetes". Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. 16 (2): 105–113. doi:10.3909/ricm0742. PMID 26198557. S2CID 22137234.
Mareev Y, Cleland JG (2015). "Should β-Blockers Be Used in Patients With Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation?". Clinical Therapeutics. 37 (10): 2215–2224. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.08.017. PMID 26391145. S2CID 3393256.
Kumar A, Agarwal S (2014). "Marfan syndrome: An eyesight of syndrome". Meta Gene. 2: 96–105. doi:10.1016/j.mgene.2013.10.008. PMC 4287801. PMID 25606393.
Inoue K (2014). "Managing adverse effects of glaucoma medications". Clinical Ophthalmology. 8: 903–913. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S44708. PMC 4025938. PMID 24872675.
Brugués AO (2011). "Music performance anxiety. Part 2. A review of treatment options". Medical Problems of Performing Artists. 26 (3): 164–171. doi:10.21091/mppa.2011.3026. PMID 21987072.
Fitch K (2012). "Proscribed drugs at the Olympic Games: permitted use and misuse (doping) by athletes". Clinical Medicine. 12 (3): 257–260. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.12-3-257. PMC 4953490. PMID 22783779.
Hollingsworth JM, Wilt TJ (August 2014). "Lower urinary tract symptoms in men". BMJ. 349: g4474. doi:10.1136/bmj.g4474. PMC 4688452. PMID 25125424.
Campschroer T, Zhu X, Vernooij RW, Lock MT (April 2018). "Alpha-blockers as medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (4): CD008509. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008509.pub3. PMC 6494465. PMID 29620795.
Green B (July 2014). "Prazosin in the treatment of PTSD". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 20 (4): 253–259. doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000452561.98286.1e. PMID 25036580. S2CID 40069887.
Corazza O, Martinotti G, Santacroce R, Chillemi E, Di Giannantonio M, Schifano F, et al. (2014). "Sexual enhancement products for sale online: raising awareness of the psychoactive effects of yohimbine, maca, horny goat weed, and Ginkgo biloba". BioMed Research International. 2014: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2014/841798. PMC 4082836. PMID 25025070.
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Mehta R, Giri S, Mallick BN (December 2020). "REM sleep loss-induced elevated noradrenaline could predispose an individual to psychosomatic disorders: a review focused on proposal for prediction, prevention, and personalized treatment". The EPMA Journal. 11 (4): 529–549. doi:10.1007/s13167-020-00222-1. PMC 7680499. PMID 33240449.
Somarajan BI, Khanday MA, Mallick BN (2016). "Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation Induces Neuronal Apoptosis by Noradrenaline Acting on Alpha1 Adrenoceptor and by Triggering Mitochondrial Intrinsic Pathway". Frontiers in Neurology. 7: 25. doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00025. PMC 4779900. PMID 27014180.
Pflüger HJ, Stevensonb PA (2005). "Evolutionary aspects of octopaminergic systems with emphasis on arthropods". Arthropod Structure & Development. 34 (3): 379–396. Bibcode:2005ArtSD..34..379P. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2005.04.004.
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Holtz P (1939). "Dopadecarboxylase". Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 27 (43): 724–725. Bibcode:1939NW.....27..724H. doi:10.1007/bf01494245. S2CID 260483975.
von Euler US (1945). "A sympathomimetic pressor substance in animal organ extracts". Nature. 156 (3949): 18–19. Bibcode:1945Natur.156...18V. doi:10.1038/156018b0. S2CID 4100718.

guidetopharmacology.org

"(−)-noradrenaline". IUPHAR database. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 2 January 2016.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Gaddum JH (June 1956). "The Prefix 'Nor' in Chemical Nomenclature". Nature. 177 (1046): 1046. Bibcode:1956Natur.177.1046G. doi:10.1038/1771046b0. S2CID 4284979.
Pflüger HJ, Stevensonb PA (2005). "Evolutionary aspects of octopaminergic systems with emphasis on arthropods". Arthropod Structure & Development. 34 (3): 379–396. Bibcode:2005ArtSD..34..379P. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2005.04.004.
Holtz P (1939). "Dopadecarboxylase". Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 27 (43): 724–725. Bibcode:1939NW.....27..724H. doi:10.1007/bf01494245. S2CID 260483975.
von Euler US (1945). "A sympathomimetic pressor substance in animal organ extracts". Nature. 156 (3949): 18–19. Bibcode:1945Natur.156...18V. doi:10.1038/156018b0. S2CID 4100718.

jpp.krakow.pl

Konturek SJ, Konturek JW, Pawlik T, Brzozowski T (2004). "Brain–gut axis and its role in the control of food intake" (PDF). Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 55 (1 Pt 2): 137–154. PMID 15082874.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Andersen AM (1975). "Structural studies of metabolic products of dopamine. IV. Crystal and molecular structure of (-)-noradrenaline". Acta Chemica Scandinavica B. 29 (8): 871–876. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.29b-0871. PMID 1202890.
Aronson JK (February 2000). "'Where name and image meet'—the argument for 'adrenaline'". British Medical Journal. 320 (7233): 506–509. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7233.506. PMC 1127537. PMID 10678871.
Mittal R, Debs LH, Patel AP, Nguyen D, Patel K, O'Connor G, et al. (September 2017). "Neurotransmitters: The Critical Modulators Regulating Gut-Brain Axis". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 232 (9): 2359–2372. doi:10.1002/jcp.25518. PMC 5772764. PMID 27512962.
Broadley KJ (March 2010). "The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 125 (3): 363–375. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005. PMID 19948186.
Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 26 (5): 274–281. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007. PMID 15860375.
Wang X, Li J, Dong G, Yue J (February 2014). "The endogenous substrates of brain CYP2D". European Journal of Pharmacology. 724: 211–218. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.025. PMID 24374199.
O'Donnell J, Zeppenfeld D, McConnell E, Pena S, Nedergaard M (November 2012). "Norepinephrine: a neuromodulator that boosts the function of multiple cell types to optimize CNS performance". Neurochem Res. 37 (11): 2496–512. doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0818-x. PMC 3548657. PMID 22717696.
Eiden LE, Schäfer MK, Weihe E, Schütz B (2004). "The vesicular amine transporter family (SLC18): amine/proton antiporters required for vesicular accumulation and regulated exocytotic secretion of monoamines and acetylcholine". Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology. 447 (5): 636–640. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1100-5. PMID 12827358. S2CID 20764857.
Torres GE, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2003). "Plasma membrane monoamine transporters: structure, regulation and function". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 4 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1038/nrn1008. PMID 12511858. S2CID 21545649.
Dartt DA (May 2009). "Neural regulation of lacrimal gland secretory processes: relevance in dry eye diseases". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 28 (3): 155–177. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.04.003. PMC 3652637. PMID 19376264.
Tank AW, Lee Wong D (January 2015). "Peripheral and central effects of circulating catecholamines". Comprehensive Physiology. 5 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140007. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. PMID 25589262.
Bahler L, Molenaars RJ, Verberne HJ, Holleman F (September 2015). "Role of the autonomic nervous system in activation of human brown adipose tissue: A review of the literature". Diabetes & Metabolism. 41 (6): 437–445. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2015.08.005. PMID 26404650.
Kenney MJ, Ganta CK (July 2014). "Autonomic nervous system and immune system interactions". Comprehensive Physiology. 4 (3): 1177–1200. doi:10.1002/cphy.c130051. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. PMC 4374437. PMID 24944034.
Chistiakov DA, Ashwell KW, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV (2015). "Innervation of the arterial wall and its modification in atherosclerosis". Autonomic Neuroscience. 193: 7–11. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2015.06.005. PMID 26164815. S2CID 8150131.
Thorp AA, Schlaich MP (2015). "Relevance of Sympathetic Nervous System Activation in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome". Journal of Diabetes Research. 2015: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2015/341583. PMC 4430650. PMID 26064978.
Konturek SJ, Konturek JW, Pawlik T, Brzozowski T (2004). "Brain–gut axis and its role in the control of food intake" (PDF). Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 55 (1 Pt 2): 137–154. PMID 15082874.
Pakdeechote P, Dunn WR, Ralevic V (November 2007). "Cannabinoids inhibit noradrenergic and purinergic sympathetic cotransmission in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (5): 725–733. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707397. PMC 2190027. PMID 17641668.
Dahlstroem A, Fuxe K (1964). "Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons". Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Supplementum. 232 (Supplement 232): 1–55. PMID 14229500.
Antunes-Rodrigues J, de Castro M, Elias LL, Valença MM, McCann SM (January 2004). "Neuroendocrine control of body fluid metabolism" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. 84 (1): 169–208. doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2003. PMID 14715914. S2CID 14046. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019.
Rinaman L (February 2011). "Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic, endocrine, cognitive, and behavioral functions". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 300 (2): R222–R235. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00556.2010. PMC 3043801. PMID 20962208.
Bruinstroop E, Cano G, Vanderhorst VG, Cavalcante JC, Wirth J, Sena-Esteves M, et al. (June 2012). "Spinal projections of the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 noradrenergic cell groups in rats". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 520 (9): 1985–2001. doi:10.1002/cne.23024. PMC 3508755. PMID 22173709.
Sara SJ, Bouret S (2012). "Orienting and reorienting: the locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal". Neuron. 76 (1): 130–141. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.011. PMID 23040811.
Berridge CW, Schmeichel BE, España RA (2012). "Noradrenergic modulation of wakefulness/arousal". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 16 (2): 187–197. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.12.003. PMC 3278579. PMID 22296742.
Sara SJ (2015). "Locus Coeruleus in time with the making of memories". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 35: 87–94. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.07.004. PMID 26241632. S2CID 206952441.
Feng J, Hu H (December 2019). "A novel player in the field: Merkel disc in touch, itch and pain". Experimental Dermatology. 28 (12): 1412–1415. doi:10.1111/exd.13945. PMC 6800577. PMID 31001848.
Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, et al. (March 2017). "Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016" (PDF). Critical Care Medicine. 45 (3): 486–552. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002255. PMID 28098591. S2CID 52827184. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2021. We recommend norepinephrine as the first-choice vasopressor (strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence).
Deedwania PC (2015). "Management of Patients With Stable Angina and Type 2 Diabetes". Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. 16 (2): 105–113. doi:10.3909/ricm0742. PMID 26198557. S2CID 22137234.
Mareev Y, Cleland JG (2015). "Should β-Blockers Be Used in Patients With Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation?". Clinical Therapeutics. 37 (10): 2215–2224. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.08.017. PMID 26391145. S2CID 3393256.
Kumar A, Agarwal S (2014). "Marfan syndrome: An eyesight of syndrome". Meta Gene. 2: 96–105. doi:10.1016/j.mgene.2013.10.008. PMC 4287801. PMID 25606393.
Inoue K (2014). "Managing adverse effects of glaucoma medications". Clinical Ophthalmology. 8: 903–913. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S44708. PMC 4025938. PMID 24872675.
Brugués AO (2011). "Music performance anxiety. Part 2. A review of treatment options". Medical Problems of Performing Artists. 26 (3): 164–171. doi:10.21091/mppa.2011.3026. PMID 21987072.
Fitch K (2012). "Proscribed drugs at the Olympic Games: permitted use and misuse (doping) by athletes". Clinical Medicine. 12 (3): 257–260. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.12-3-257. PMC 4953490. PMID 22783779.
Hollingsworth JM, Wilt TJ (August 2014). "Lower urinary tract symptoms in men". BMJ. 349: g4474. doi:10.1136/bmj.g4474. PMC 4688452. PMID 25125424.
Campschroer T, Zhu X, Vernooij RW, Lock MT (April 2018). "Alpha-blockers as medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (4): CD008509. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008509.pub3. PMC 6494465. PMID 29620795.
Green B (July 2014). "Prazosin in the treatment of PTSD". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 20 (4): 253–259. doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000452561.98286.1e. PMID 25036580. S2CID 40069887.
Corazza O, Martinotti G, Santacroce R, Chillemi E, Di Giannantonio M, Schifano F, et al. (2014). "Sexual enhancement products for sale online: raising awareness of the psychoactive effects of yohimbine, maca, horny goat weed, and Ginkgo biloba". BioMed Research International. 2014: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2014/841798. PMC 4082836. PMID 25025070.
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Antunes-Rodrigues J, de Castro M, Elias LL, Valença MM, McCann SM (January 2004). "Neuroendocrine control of body fluid metabolism" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. 84 (1): 169–208. doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2003. PMID 14715914. S2CID 14046. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019.

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web.archive.org

Antunes-Rodrigues J, de Castro M, Elias LL, Valença MM, McCann SM (January 2004). "Neuroendocrine control of body fluid metabolism" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. 84 (1): 169–208. doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2003. PMID 14715914. S2CID 14046. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2019.
Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, et al. (March 2017). "Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016" (PDF). Critical Care Medicine. 45 (3): 486–552. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002255. PMID 28098591. S2CID 52827184. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2021. We recommend norepinephrine as the first-choice vasopressor (strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence).

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