Normal distribution (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Normal distribution" in English language version.

Last modified: 09:34:18, 9 August 2026 (UTC)

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Park, Sung Y.; Bera, Anil K. (2009). "Maximum Entropy Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Model" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 150 (2): 219–230. Bibcode:2009JEcon.150..219P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.511.9750. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.12.014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Maxwell (1860), p. 23. Maxwell, James Clerk (1860). "V. Illustrations of the dynamical theory of gases. — Part I: On the motions and collisions of perfectly elastic spheres". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4. 19 (124): 19–32. Bibcode:1860LEDPM..19...19M. doi:10.1080/14786446008642818.

aidanlyon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lyon, A. (2014). Why are Normal Distributions Normal?, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.

allisons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Kullback Leibler (KL) Distance of Two Normal (Gaussian) Probability Distributions". Allisons.org. December 5, 2007. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

ams.org (Global: 434^th place; English: 249^th place)

mathscinet.ams.org

Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene Ann, eds. (1983) [June 1964]. "Chapter 26, eqn 26.2.12". Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied Mathematics Series. Vol. 55 (Ninth reprint with additional corrections of tenth original printing with corrections (December 1972); first ed.). Washington D.C.; New York: United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards; Dover Publications. p. 932. ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0. LCCN 64-60036. MR 0167642. LCCN 65-12253.
Lukacs, Eugene (March 1942). "A Characterization of the Normal Distribution". Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 13 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1214/AOMS/1177731647. ISSN 0003-4851. JSTOR 2236166. MR 0006626. Zbl 0060.28509. Wikidata Q55897617.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

"It has been customary certainly to regard as an axiom the hypothesis that if any quantity has been determined by several direct observations, made under the same circumstances and with equal care, the arithmetical mean of the observed values affords the most probable value, if not rigorously, yet very nearly at least, so that it is always most safe to adhere to it." — Gauss (1809, section 177) Gauss, Carolo Friderico (1809). Theoria motvs corporvm coelestivm in sectionibvs conicis Solem ambientivm [Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections] (in Latin). Hambvrgi, Svmtibvs F. Perthes et I. H. Besser. English translation.
Hoel (1947, p. 31) and Mood (1950, p. 109) give this definition with slightly different notation. Hoel, Paul G. (1947). Introduction To Mathematical Statistics. New York: Wiley. Mood, Alexander McFarlane (1950). Introduction to the Theory of Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mood (1950, p. 112) explicitly defines the standard normal distribution. In contrast, Hoel (1947) explicitly defines the standard normal curve (p. 33) and introduces the term standard normal distribution (p. 69). Mood, Alexander McFarlane (1950). Introduction to the Theory of Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hoel, Paul G. (1947). Introduction To Mathematical Statistics. New York: Wiley.
McPherson (1990, p. 110) McPherson, Glen (1990). Statistics in Scientific Investigation: Its Basis, Application and Interpretation. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97137-7.
Stuart, Alan; Ord, J. Keith (1987). "The normal d.f.". Kendall's Advanced Theory of Statistics. Vol. 1: Distribution Theory. originally by Maurice Kendall (5th ed.). Charles Griffin & Co. § 5.37, pp. 183–185. ISBN 0-85264-285-7.
Lukacs, Eugene (March 1942). "A Characterization of the Normal Distribution". Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 13 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1214/AOMS/1177731647. ISSN 0003-4851. JSTOR 2236166. MR 0006626. Zbl 0060.28509. Wikidata Q55897617.
Williams, David (2001). Weighing the odds : a course in probability and statistics (Reprinted. ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 197–199. ISBN 978-0-521-00618-7.
José M. Bernardo; Adrian F. M. Smith (2000). Bayesian theory (Reprint ed.). Chichester [u.a.]: Wiley. pp. 209, 366. ISBN 978-0-471-49464-5.
Galambos & Simonelli (2004, Theorem 3.5) Galambos, Janos; Simonelli, Italo (2004). Products of Random Variables: Applications to Problems of Physics and to Arithmetical Functions. Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8247-5402-0.
Stigler (1986, p. 76) Stigler, Stephen M. (1986). The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-40340-6.
Gauss (1809, section 177) Gauss, Carolo Friderico (1809). Theoria motvs corporvm coelestivm in sectionibvs conicis Solem ambientivm [Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections] (in Latin). Hambvrgi, Svmtibvs F. Perthes et I. H. Besser. English translation.
Gauss (1809, section 179) Gauss, Carolo Friderico (1809). Theoria motvs corporvm coelestivm in sectionibvs conicis Solem ambientivm [Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections] (in Latin). Hambvrgi, Svmtibvs F. Perthes et I. H. Besser. English translation.
Gauss (1809, section 177) Gauss, Carolo Friderico (1809). Theoria motvs corporvm coelestivm in sectionibvs conicis Solem ambientivm [Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections] (in Latin). Hambvrgi, Svmtibvs F. Perthes et I. H. Besser. English translation.
Stigler (1986, p. 144) Stigler, Stephen M. (1986). The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-40340-6.
Hoel (1947) introduces the terms standard normal curve (p. 33) and standard normal distribution (p. 69). Hoel, Paul G. (1947). Introduction To Mathematical Statistics. New York: Wiley.
Mood (1950) explicitly defines the standard normal distribution (p. 112). Mood, Alexander McFarlane (1950). Introduction to the Theory of Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Winkelbauer, Andreas (2012). "Moments and Absolute Moments of the Normal Distribution". arXiv:1209.4340 [math.ST].
Karney (2016) Karney, C. F. F. (2016). "Sampling exactly from the normal distribution". ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 42 (1): 3:1–14. arXiv:1303.6257. doi:10.1145/2710016. S2CID 14252035.
Du, Fan & Wei (2022) Du, Y.; Fan, B.; Wei, B. (2022). "An improved exact sampling algorithm for the standard normal distribution". Computational Statistics. 37 (2): 721–737. arXiv:2008.03855. doi:10.1007/s00180-021-01136-w.

berkeley.edu (Global: 621^st place; English: 429^th place)

cs.berkeley.edu

Jordan, Michael I. (February 8, 2010). "Stat260: Bayesian Modeling and Inference: The Conjugate Prior for the Normal Distribution" (PDF).

bnf.fr (Global: 61^st place; English: 357^th place)

gallica.bnf.fr

Laplace (1774, Problem III) Laplace, Pierre-Simon de (1774). "Mémoire sur la probabilité des causes par les événements". Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris (Savants étrangers), Tome 6: 621–656. Translated by Stephen M. Stigler in Statistical Science 1 (3), 1986: JSTOR 2245476.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

"It has been customary certainly to regard as an axiom the hypothesis that if any quantity has been determined by several direct observations, made under the same circumstances and with equal care, the arithmetical mean of the observed values affords the most probable value, if not rigorously, yet very nearly at least, so that it is always most safe to adhere to it." — Gauss (1809, section 177) Gauss, Carolo Friderico (1809). Theoria motvs corporvm coelestivm in sectionibvs conicis Solem ambientivm [Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections] (in Latin). Hambvrgi, Svmtibvs F. Perthes et I. H. Besser. English translation.
Cover & Thomas (2006), p. 254. Cover, Thomas M.; Thomas, Joy A. (2006). Elements of Information Theory. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780471241959.
Bryc (1995, p. 23) Bryc, Wlodzimierz (1995). The Normal Distribution: Characterizations with Applications. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97990-8.
Bryc (1995, p. 24) Bryc, Wlodzimierz (1995). The Normal Distribution: Characterizations with Applications. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97990-8.
Bryc (1995, p. 35) Bryc, Wlodzimierz (1995). The Normal Distribution: Characterizations with Applications. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97990-8.
Bryc (1995, p. 27) Bryc, Wlodzimierz (1995). The Normal Distribution: Characterizations with Applications. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97990-8.
Maxwell (1860), p. 23. Maxwell, James Clerk (1860). "V. Illustrations of the dynamical theory of gases. — Part I: On the motions and collisions of perfectly elastic spheres". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4. 19 (124): 19–32. Bibcode:1860LEDPM..19...19M. doi:10.1080/14786446008642818.
Bryc (1995), p. 1. Bryc, Wlodzimierz (1995). The Normal Distribution: Characterizations with Applications. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97990-8.
Larkoski, Andrew J. (2023). Quantum Mechanics: A Mathematical Introduction. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-1-009-12222-1. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
Jaynes, Edwin T. (2003). Probability Theory: The Logic of Science. Cambridge University Press. pp. 592–593. ISBN 9780521592710.
Gauss (1809, section 177) Gauss, Carolo Friderico (1809). Theoria motvs corporvm coelestivm in sectionibvs conicis Solem ambientivm [Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections] (in Latin). Hambvrgi, Svmtibvs F. Perthes et I. H. Besser. English translation.
Gauss (1809, section 179) Gauss, Carolo Friderico (1809). Theoria motvs corporvm coelestivm in sectionibvs conicis Solem ambientivm [Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections] (in Latin). Hambvrgi, Svmtibvs F. Perthes et I. H. Besser. English translation.
Gauss (1809, section 177) Gauss, Carolo Friderico (1809). Theoria motvs corporvm coelestivm in sectionibvs conicis Solem ambientivm [Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections] (in Latin). Hambvrgi, Svmtibvs F. Perthes et I. H. Besser. English translation.

cnx.org (Global: low place; English: 9,494^th place)

Scott, Clayton; Nowak, Robert (August 7, 2003). "The Q-function". Connexions.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

"My custom of terming the curve the Gauss–Laplacian or normal curve saves us from proportioning the merit of discovery between the two great astronomer mathematicians." quote from Pearson (1905, p. 189) Pearson, Karl (1905). "'Das Fehlergesetz und seine Verallgemeinerungen durch Fechner und Pearson'. A rejoinder". Biometrika. 4 (1): 169–212. doi:10.2307/2331536. JSTOR 2331536.
Besides those specifically referenced here, such use is encountered in the works of Peirce, Galton (Galton (1889, chapter V)) and Lexis (Lexis (1878), Rohrbasser & Véron (2003)) c. 1875.^{[citation needed]} Galton, Francis (1889). Natural Inheritance (PDF). London, UK: Richard Clay and Sons. Lexis, Wilhelm (1878). "Sur la durée normale de la vie humaine et sur la théorie de la stabilité des rapports statistiques". Annales de Démographie Internationale. II. Paris: 447–462. Rohrbasser, Jean-Marc; Véron, Jacques (2003). "Wilhelm Lexis: The Normal Length of Life as an Expression of the "Nature of Things"". Population. 58 (3): 303–322. doi:10.3917/pope.303.0303.
Tsokos, Chris; Wooten, Rebecca (January 1, 2016). Tsokos, Chris; Wooten, Rebecca (eds.). The Joy of Finite Mathematics. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 231–263. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802967-1.00007-3. ISBN 978-0-12-802967-1.
Harris, Frank E. (January 1, 2014). Harris, Frank E. (ed.). Mathematics for Physical Science and Engineering. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 663–709. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801000-6.00018-3. ISBN 978-0-12-801000-6.
Stigler (1982) Stigler, Stephen M. (1982). "A Modest Proposal: A New Standard for the Normal". The American Statistician. 36 (2): 137–138. doi:10.2307/2684031. JSTOR 2684031.
Halperin, Hartley & Hoel (1965, item 7) Halperin, Max; Hartley, Herman O.; Hoel, Paul G. (1965). "Recommended Standards for Statistical Symbols and Notation. COPSS Committee on Symbols and Notation". The American Statistician. 19 (3): 12–14. doi:10.2307/2681417. JSTOR 2681417.
Vaart, A. W. van der (October 13, 1998). Asymptotic Statistics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511802256. ISBN 978-0-511-80225-6.
Park, Sung Y.; Bera, Anil K. (2009). "Maximum Entropy Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Model" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 150 (2): 219–230. Bibcode:2009JEcon.150..219P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.511.9750. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.12.014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Lukacs, Eugene (March 1942). "A Characterization of the Normal Distribution". Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 13 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1214/AOMS/1177731647. ISSN 0003-4851. JSTOR 2236166. MR 0006626. Zbl 0060.28509. Wikidata Q55897617.
Fan (1991, p. 1258) Fan, Jianqing (1991). "On the optimal rates of convergence for nonparametric deconvolution problems". The Annals of Statistics. 19 (3): 1257–1272. doi:10.1214/aos/1176348248. JSTOR 2241949.
Lukacs, Eugene (1942). "A Characterization of the Normal Distribution". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 13 (1): 91–3. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177731647. ISSN 0003-4851. JSTOR 2236166.
Lukacs & King (1954) Lukacs, Eugene; King, Edgar P. (1954). "A Property of Normal Distribution". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 25 (2): 389–394. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177728796. JSTOR 2236741.
John, S (1982). "The three parameter two-piece normal family of distributions and its fitting". Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods. 11 (8): 879–885. doi:10.1080/03610928208828279.
Maxwell (1860), p. 23. Maxwell, James Clerk (1860). "V. Illustrations of the dynamical theory of gases. — Part I: On the motions and collisions of perfectly elastic spheres". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4. 19 (124): 19–32. Bibcode:1860LEDPM..19...19M. doi:10.1080/14786446008642818.
Wichura, Michael J. (1988). "Algorithm AS241: The Percentage Points of the Normal Distribution". Applied Statistics. 37 (3): 477–84. doi:10.2307/2347330. JSTOR 2347330.
Kinderman & Monahan (1977) Kinderman, Albert J.; Monahan, John F. (1977). "Computer Generation of Random Variables Using the Ratio of Uniform Deviates". ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 3 (3): 257–260. doi:10.1145/355744.355750. S2CID 12884505.
Leva (1992) Leva, Joseph L. (1992). "A fast normal random number generator" (PDF). ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 18 (4): 449–453. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.544.5806. doi:10.1145/138351.138364. S2CID 15802663. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Marsaglia & Tsang (2000) Marsaglia, George; Tsang, Wai Wan (2000). "The Ziggurat Method for Generating Random Variables". Journal of Statistical Software. 5 (8). doi:10.18637/jss.v005.i08.
Karney (2016) Karney, C. F. F. (2016). "Sampling exactly from the normal distribution". ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 42 (1): 3:1–14. arXiv:1303.6257. doi:10.1145/2710016. S2CID 14252035.
Du, Fan & Wei (2022) Du, Y.; Fan, B.; Wei, B. (2022). "An improved exact sampling algorithm for the standard normal distribution". Computational Statistics. 37 (2): 721–737. arXiv:2008.03855. doi:10.1007/s00180-021-01136-w.
Monahan (1985, section 2) Monahan, J. F. (1985). "Accuracy in random number generation". Mathematics of Computation. 45 (172): 559–568. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1985-0804945-X.
Wallace (1996) Wallace, C. S. (1996). "Fast pseudo-random generators for normal and exponential variates". ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 22 (1): 119–127. doi:10.1145/225545.225554. S2CID 18514848.
Pearson (1905, p. 189) Pearson, Karl (1905). "'Das Fehlergesetz und seine Verallgemeinerungen durch Fechner und Pearson'. A rejoinder". Biometrika. 4 (1): 169–212. doi:10.2307/2331536. JSTOR 2331536.
Stigler (1978, p. 243) Stigler, Stephen M. (1978). "Mathematical Statistics in the Early States". The Annals of Statistics. 6 (2): 239–265. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344123. JSTOR 2958876.
Stigler (1978, p. 244) Stigler, Stephen M. (1978). "Mathematical Statistics in the Early States". The Annals of Statistics. 6 (2): 239–265. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344123. JSTOR 2958876.
Sun, Jingchao; Kong, Maiying; Pal, Subhadip (June 22, 2021). "The Modified-Half-Normal distribution: Properties and an efficient sampling scheme". Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods. 52 (5): 1591–1613. doi:10.1080/03610926.2021.1934700. ISSN 0361-0926. S2CID 237919587.

dx.doi.org

Vaart, A. W. van der (October 13, 1998). Asymptotic Statistics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511802256. ISBN 978-0-511-80225-6.

elsevier.com (Global: 365^th place; English: 372^nd place)

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Tsokos, Chris; Wooten, Rebecca (January 1, 2016). Tsokos, Chris; Wooten, Rebecca (eds.). The Joy of Finite Mathematics. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 231–263. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802967-1.00007-3. ISBN 978-0-12-802967-1.
Harris, Frank E. (January 1, 2014). Harris, Frank E. (ed.). Mathematics for Physical Science and Engineering. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 663–709. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801000-6.00018-3. ISBN 978-0-12-801000-6.

encyclopedia.com (Global: 457^th place; English: 342^nd place)

Normal Distribution, Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology

galton.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Besides those specifically referenced here, such use is encountered in the works of Peirce, Galton (Galton (1889, chapter V)) and Lexis (Lexis (1878), Rohrbasser & Véron (2003)) c. 1875.^{[citation needed]} Galton, Francis (1889). Natural Inheritance (PDF). London, UK: Richard Clay and Sons. Lexis, Wilhelm (1878). "Sur la durée normale de la vie humaine et sur la théorie de la stabilité des rapports statistiques". Annales de Démographie Internationale. II. Paris: 447–462. Rohrbasser, Jean-Marc; Véron, Jacques (2003). "Wilhelm Lexis: The Normal Length of Life as an Expression of the "Nature of Things"". Population. 58 (3): 303–322. doi:10.3917/pope.303.0303.

inrialpes.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

www-biba.inrialpes.fr

Jaynes, Edwin J.; Probability Theory: The Logic of Science, Ch. 7.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

"My custom of terming the curve the Gauss–Laplacian or normal curve saves us from proportioning the merit of discovery between the two great astronomer mathematicians." quote from Pearson (1905, p. 189) Pearson, Karl (1905). "'Das Fehlergesetz und seine Verallgemeinerungen durch Fechner und Pearson'. A rejoinder". Biometrika. 4 (1): 169–212. doi:10.2307/2331536. JSTOR 2331536.
Stigler (1982) Stigler, Stephen M. (1982). "A Modest Proposal: A New Standard for the Normal". The American Statistician. 36 (2): 137–138. doi:10.2307/2684031. JSTOR 2684031.
Halperin, Hartley & Hoel (1965, item 7) Halperin, Max; Hartley, Herman O.; Hoel, Paul G. (1965). "Recommended Standards for Statistical Symbols and Notation. COPSS Committee on Symbols and Notation". The American Statistician. 19 (3): 12–14. doi:10.2307/2681417. JSTOR 2681417.
Duff, Michael (2003). "Normal Distribution Algorithms". The Mathematical Gazette. 87 (509): 331–336. JSTOR 3621062.
Lukacs, Eugene (March 1942). "A Characterization of the Normal Distribution". Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 13 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1214/AOMS/1177731647. ISSN 0003-4851. JSTOR 2236166. MR 0006626. Zbl 0060.28509. Wikidata Q55897617.
Fan (1991, p. 1258) Fan, Jianqing (1991). "On the optimal rates of convergence for nonparametric deconvolution problems". The Annals of Statistics. 19 (3): 1257–1272. doi:10.1214/aos/1176348248. JSTOR 2241949.
Lukacs, Eugene (1942). "A Characterization of the Normal Distribution". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 13 (1): 91–3. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177731647. ISSN 0003-4851. JSTOR 2236166.
Basu, D.; Laha, R. G. (1954). "On Some Characterizations of the Normal Distribution". Sankhyā. 13 (4): 359–62. ISSN 0036-4452. JSTOR 25048183.
Lukacs & King (1954) Lukacs, Eugene; King, Edgar P. (1954). "A Property of Normal Distribution". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 25 (2): 389–394. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177728796. JSTOR 2236741.
Wichura, Michael J. (1988). "Algorithm AS241: The Percentage Points of the Normal Distribution". Applied Statistics. 37 (3): 477–84. doi:10.2307/2347330. JSTOR 2347330.
Laplace (1774, Problem III) Laplace, Pierre-Simon de (1774). "Mémoire sur la probabilité des causes par les événements". Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris (Savants étrangers), Tome 6: 621–656. Translated by Stephen M. Stigler in Statistical Science 1 (3), 1986: JSTOR 2245476.
Pearson (1905, p. 189) Pearson, Karl (1905). "'Das Fehlergesetz und seine Verallgemeinerungen durch Fechner und Pearson'. A rejoinder". Biometrika. 4 (1): 169–212. doi:10.2307/2331536. JSTOR 2331536.
Stigler (1978, p. 243) Stigler, Stephen M. (1978). "Mathematical Statistics in the Early States". The Annals of Statistics. 6 (2): 239–265. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344123. JSTOR 2958876.
Stigler (1978, p. 244) Stigler, Stephen M. (1978). "Mathematical Statistics in the Early States". The Annals of Statistics. 6 (2): 239–265. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344123. JSTOR 2958876.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

lccn.loc.gov

Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene Ann, eds. (1983) [June 1964]. "Chapter 26, eqn 26.2.12". Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied Mathematics Series. Vol. 55 (Ninth reprint with additional corrections of tenth original printing with corrections (December 1972); first ed.). Washington D.C.; New York: United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards; Dover Publications. p. 932. ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0. LCCN 64-60036. MR 0167642. LCCN 65-12253.

loc.gov

Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene Ann, eds. (1983) [June 1964]. "Chapter 26, eqn 26.2.12". Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied Mathematics Series. Vol. 55 (Ninth reprint with additional corrections of tenth original printing with corrections (December 1972); first ed.). Washington D.C.; New York: United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards; Dover Publications. p. 932. ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0. LCCN 64-60036. MR 0167642. LCCN 65-12253.

mathsisfun.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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persee.fr (Global: 310^th place; English: 770^th place)

Besides those specifically referenced here, such use is encountered in the works of Peirce, Galton (Galton (1889, chapter V)) and Lexis (Lexis (1878), Rohrbasser & Véron (2003)) c. 1875.^{[citation needed]} Galton, Francis (1889). Natural Inheritance (PDF). London, UK: Richard Clay and Sons. Lexis, Wilhelm (1878). "Sur la durée normale de la vie humaine et sur la théorie de la stabilité des rapports statistiques". Annales de Démographie Internationale. II. Paris: 447–462. Rohrbasser, Jean-Marc; Véron, Jacques (2003). "Wilhelm Lexis: The Normal Length of Life as an Expression of the "Nature of Things"". Population. 58 (3): 303–322. doi:10.3917/pope.303.0303.

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Park, Sung Y.; Bera, Anil K. (2009). "Maximum Entropy Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Model" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 150 (2): 219–230. Bibcode:2009JEcon.150..219P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.511.9750. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.12.014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Leva (1992) Leva, Joseph L. (1992). "A fast normal random number generator" (PDF). ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 18 (4): 449–453. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.544.5806. doi:10.1145/138351.138364. S2CID 15802663. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

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Kinderman & Monahan (1977) Kinderman, Albert J.; Monahan, John F. (1977). "Computer Generation of Random Variables Using the Ratio of Uniform Deviates". ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 3 (3): 257–260. doi:10.1145/355744.355750. S2CID 12884505.
Leva (1992) Leva, Joseph L. (1992). "A fast normal random number generator" (PDF). ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 18 (4): 449–453. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.544.5806. doi:10.1145/138351.138364. S2CID 15802663. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Karney (2016) Karney, C. F. F. (2016). "Sampling exactly from the normal distribution". ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 42 (1): 3:1–14. arXiv:1303.6257. doi:10.1145/2710016. S2CID 14252035.
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Sun, Jingchao; Kong, Maiying; Pal, Subhadip (June 22, 2021). "The Modified-Half-Normal distribution: Properties and an efficient sampling scheme". Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods. 52 (5): 1591–1613. doi:10.1080/03610926.2021.1934700. ISSN 0361-0926. S2CID 237919587.

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Sun, Jingchao; Kong, Maiying; Pal, Subhadip (June 22, 2021). "The Modified-Half-Normal distribution: Properties and an efficient sampling scheme". Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods. 52 (5): 1591–1613. doi:10.1080/03610926.2021.1934700. ISSN 0361-0926. S2CID 237919587.

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Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene Ann, eds. (1983) [June 1964]. "Chapter 26, eqn 26.2.12". Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied Mathematics Series. Vol. 55 (Ninth reprint with additional corrections of tenth original printing with corrections (December 1972); first ed.). Washington D.C.; New York: United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards; Dover Publications. p. 932. ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0. LCCN 64-60036. MR 0167642. LCCN 65-12253.

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Leva (1992) Leva, Joseph L. (1992). "A fast normal random number generator" (PDF). ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 18 (4): 449–453. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.544.5806. doi:10.1145/138351.138364. S2CID 15802663. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

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UIUC, Lecture 21. The Multivariate Normal Distribution, 21.6:"Individually Gaussian Versus Jointly Gaussian".

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Park, Sung Y.; Bera, Anil K. (2009). "Maximum Entropy Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Model" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 150 (2): 219–230. Bibcode:2009JEcon.150..219P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.511.9750. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.12.014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Leva (1992) Leva, Joseph L. (1992). "A fast normal random number generator" (PDF). ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 18 (4): 449–453. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.544.5806. doi:10.1145/138351.138364. S2CID 15802663. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

wikidata.org (Global: 10^th place; English: 98^th place)

Lukacs, Eugene (March 1942). "A Characterization of the Normal Distribution". Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 13 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1214/AOMS/1177731647. ISSN 0003-4851. JSTOR 2236166. MR 0006626. Zbl 0060.28509. Wikidata Q55897617.

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Lukacs, Eugene (March 1942). "A Characterization of the Normal Distribution". Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 13 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1214/AOMS/1177731647. ISSN 0003-4851. JSTOR 2236166. MR 0006626. Zbl 0060.28509. Wikidata Q55897617.
Lukacs, Eugene (1942). "A Characterization of the Normal Distribution". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 13 (1): 91–3. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177731647. ISSN 0003-4851. JSTOR 2236166.
Basu, D.; Laha, R. G. (1954). "On Some Characterizations of the Normal Distribution". Sankhyā. 13 (4): 359–62. ISSN 0036-4452. JSTOR 25048183.
Huxley (1932) Huxley, Julian S. (1972) [First published 1932]. Problems of Relative Growth. London. ISBN 978-0-486-61114-3. OCLC 476909537.
Sun, Jingchao; Kong, Maiying; Pal, Subhadip (June 22, 2021). "The Modified-Half-Normal distribution: Properties and an efficient sampling scheme". Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods. 52 (5): 1591–1613. doi:10.1080/03610926.2021.1934700. ISSN 0361-0926. S2CID 237919587.

xmu.edu.cn (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Park, Sung Y.; Bera, Anil K. (2009). "Maximum Entropy Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Model" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 150 (2): 219–230. Bibcode:2009JEcon.150..219P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.511.9750. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.12.014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

york.ac.uk (Global: 7,811^th place; English: 4,790^th place)

De Moivre first published his findings in 1733, in a pamphlet Approximatio ad Summam Terminorum Binomii $(a + b) n$ in Seriem Expansi that was designated for private circulation only. But it was not until the year 1738 that he made his results publicly available. The original pamphlet was reprinted several times, see for example Walker (1985). Walker, Helen M. (1985). "De Moivre on the Law of Normal Probability" (PDF). In Smith, David Eugene (ed.). A Source Book in Mathematics. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-64690-9.
De Moivre, Abraham (1733), Corollary I – see Walker (1985, p. 77) Walker, Helen M. (1985). "De Moivre on the Law of Normal Probability" (PDF). In Smith, David Eugene (ed.). A Source Book in Mathematics. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-64690-9.

zbmath.org (Global: 2,089^th place; English: 1,141^st place)

Lukacs, Eugene (March 1942). "A Characterization of the Normal Distribution". Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 13 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1214/AOMS/1177731647. ISSN 0003-4851. JSTOR 2236166. MR 0006626. Zbl 0060.28509. Wikidata Q55897617.

zenodo.org (Global: 737^th place; English: 426^th place)

"My custom of terming the curve the Gauss–Laplacian or normal curve saves us from proportioning the merit of discovery between the two great astronomer mathematicians." quote from Pearson (1905, p. 189) Pearson, Karl (1905). "'Das Fehlergesetz und seine Verallgemeinerungen durch Fechner und Pearson'. A rejoinder". Biometrika. 4 (1): 169–212. doi:10.2307/2331536. JSTOR 2331536.
Pearson (1905, p. 189) Pearson, Karl (1905). "'Das Fehlergesetz und seine Verallgemeinerungen durch Fechner und Pearson'. A rejoinder". Biometrika. 4 (1): 169–212. doi:10.2307/2331536. JSTOR 2331536.

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