North Germanic peoples (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "North Germanic peoples" in English language version.

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Kennedy 1963, p. 50 "[T]he pages of history have been filled with accounts of various Germanic peoples that made excursions in search of better homes; the Goths went into the Danube valley and thence into Italy and southern France ; and thence into Italy and southern France; the Franks seized what was later called France; the Vandals went down into Spain, and via Africa they "vandalized" Rome; the Angles, part of the Saxons, and the Jutes moved over into England; and the Burgundians and the Lombards worked south into France and Italy. Probably very early during these centuries of migration the three outstanding groups of the Germanic peoples — the North Germanic people of Scandinavia, the East Germanic branch, comprising the Goths chiefly, and the West Germanic group, comprising the remaining Germanic tribes — developed their notable group traits. Then, while the East Germanic tribes (that is, the Goths) passed gradually out of the pages of history and disappeared completely, the North Germanic, or Scandinavian, or Norse, peoples, as they are variously called, became a distinctive people, more and more unlike the West Germanic folk who inhabited Germany itself and, ultimately, Holland and Belgium and England. While that great migration of nations which the Germans have named the Volkerwanderung was going on, the Scandinavian division of the Germanic peoples had kept their habitation well to the north of the others and had been splitting up into the four subdivisions now known as the Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, and Icelanders. Long after the West Germanic and East Germanic peoples had made history farther south in Europe, the North Germanic tribes of Scandinavia began a series of expeditions which, during the eighth and ninth centuries, in the so-called Viking Age especially, led them to settle Iceland, to overrun England and even annex it to Denmark temporarily, and, most important of all, to settle in northern France and merge with the French to such an extent that Northmen became Normans, and later these Normans became the conquerors of England." Kennedy, Arthur Garfield (1963). "The Indo-European Language Family". In Lee, Donald Woodward (ed.). English Language Reader: Introductory Essays and Exercises. Dodd, Mead.
Spaeth 1921, p. 190 "The word Nordic is used to suggest the racial origin of the peoples of Northern and Northwestern Europe. The word Germanic denotes their linguistic and cultural unity. The main divisions of Germanic are: 1. East Germanic, including the Goths, both Ostrogoths and Visigoths. 2. North Germanic, including the Scandinavians, Danes, Icelanders, Swedes, "Norsemen." 3. West Germanic. The Old English (Anglo-Saxons) belong to this division, of which the continental representatives are the Teutonic peoples, High and Low Franks and Saxons, Alemanni, etc. English and German are both West Germanic languages. Care should be taken not to confuse Germanic and German. Germcm (Deutsch) is the literary language of the High German division of the Teutonic dialects. "Germanic" (Germanisch) is a generic term covering all that is included in East, North and West Germanic." Spaeth, John Duncan Ernst (1921). Old English Poetry. Princeton University Press.
Davies 1999, pp. 229–245 "For reasons of convenience, modern scholarship calls both sorts of Scandinavians 'Vikings', thereby blurring the distinction. Furthermore, there is another mistaken tendency to identify the 'Northmen' or 'Norsemen' with modern Norway, and the 'Danes' with modern Denmark. This is not appropriate for the simple reason that in the period in question the separate Scandinavian nations of Norwegians, Danes, and Swedes had not yet come into existence. The Viking appellation, therefore, needs to be glossed. It refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group... Ottar belonged to a group of peoples who were beginning to have a huge impact on European history.They are now called 'Scandinavians', though historically they were called 'Northmen." Davies, Norman (1999). The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198030737.
Jones 2001, pp. 76–77 Jones, Gwyn (2001). A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192801340.
Jones 2001, p. 485 "North Germanic (Scandinavian) peoples" Jones, Gwyn (2001). A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192801340.
Mawer 1913, p. 145 "North Germanic peoples, or the Northmen as we can more fitly describe them Mawer, Allen (1913). The Vikings. The University Press.
Jones 2001, p. 164 "I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys and encamped by the Atil (Itil, Volga). I have never seen more perfect physical specimens, tall as date palms, blond and ruddy..." Jones, Gwyn (2001). A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192801340.
Vasiliev 1936, pp. 117–135 Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1936). The Goths in the Crimea. Medieval Academy of America.
Jones 2001, p. 71 "Throughout the Viking period the Nordic peoples continued to speak a mutually intelligible language." Jones, Gwyn (2001). A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192801340.

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Haak, Wolfgang (2 March 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.

books.google.com

Moberg 1972, p. 264 "Ethnically they were of Germanic origin. They spoke a North Germanic tongue, best described as Scandinavian or Old Norse. That is to say, all Vikings spoke the same language, and this must have been conducive to a feeling of solidarity among the Nordic peoples." Moberg, Vilhelm (1972). History of the Swedish people: from prehistory to the Renaissance. Pantheon. ISBN 978-0394481920.
Ostergren & Le Boss 2011, p. 166 "The north Germanic peoples occupied the southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. They subsequently spread westward across the Danish islands and Jutland, and their linguistic descendants today are the Scandinavians and the Icelanders." Ostergren, Robert Clifford; Le Boss, Mathias (2011). The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1609181406.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "Sweden was the mother of the Scandinavian peoples: from Sweden came both the Danes and the Norwegians. In the early days of Scandinavian expansion Norway was called the noróvegr, just as in later viking times the norðrvegr, just as in later viking times the Baltic lands were the austrvegr. The home of the oldest Norse culture and the oldest Norse traditions was Sweden, though these traditions had to be carried to distant Iceland before they were given an enduring form. Snorri made no mistake when he began his history of the northern nations, Heimskringla, with the legends of ancient Sweden." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
D'Epiro 2010, p. 1 "The Northmen, Norsemen, or Norse were North Germanic peoples who settled in the Scandinavian countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark" D'Epiro, Peter (2010). The Book of Firsts: 150 World-Changing People and Events, from Caesar Augustus to the Internet. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0307476661.
Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 831–835 Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438129181.
Bruce 2014, p. 16 "These Langobards thus lived south of the Angles and east of the Saxons, and were somewhat removed from the North Germanic people of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway" Bruce, Alexander M. (2014). Scyld and Scef: Expanding the Analogues. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317944218.
Lawrence 1967, p. 37 "The Germanic peoples were of course in no way particularly identified with the territory covered by modern Germany; they stretched from southern Russia, where the Goths were settled in the fourth century, when they first came to grips with Roman power, to Iceland, which was settled mainly by Norwegians in the ninth century. The usual subdivisions are: North-Germanic, comprising the Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, and Icelanders; West- Germanic, mainly English (Anglo-Saxon), Dutch, and German; East-Germanic, Goths, Vandals, and Burgundians. These subdivisions have been established rather on the basis of language than of geographical location, yet, roughly speaking, the results of the two classifications coincide." Lawrence, William Witherle (1967). Beowulf and Epic Tradition. Hafner.
Thompson 1995, p. 494 "The North Germanic, or Scandinavian group, consists of the Norwegians, Danes, Swedes, and Icelanders. It is particularly interesting to follow the literary activity of three of these Germanic peoples, the Anglo-Saxons, the Scandinavians, and the Germans." Thompson, Stith (1995). Our Heritage of World Literature. Cordon Company. ISBN 978-0809310913.
Kendrick 1930, p. 3 "The Viking Period of history-books, as is everywhere understood, does not extend backwards to include such early exploits but begins only at the end of the eighth century when the Scandinavian peoples and the Danes show unwonted activity and more than usual daring and persistency in their robberies across the seas." Kendrick, Thomas Downing (1930). A History of the Vikings. Barnes & Noble.
Waldman & Mason 2006, p. 830 "The Vikings, known by a number of different names, the most prevalent alternate name Norse or Norsemen, were related to GERMANICS, that is, other Germanic-speaking peoples. Grouped together as SCANDINAVIANS they are also described as Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians, depending on the part of Scandinavia in which they originated..." Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438129181.
Kristinsson 2010, p. 176 "The same can be said of Viking Age Scandinavians who did not have a common ethnonym but expressed their common identity through the geographical and linguistic terms... There is absolutely no doubt about a common Northern identity during the Viking Age and afterwards... it even survives today. Kristinsson, Axel (2010). Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age. ReykjavíkurAkademían. ISBN 978-9979992219.
Simpson 1980, p. 9 "Nor were the Viking raiders as a whole referred to by that name by their contemporaries. The Anglo-Saxons called them all ‘Danes’, whichever land they came from; the Franks called them Normanni, ‘Northmen’; the Germans called them ‘Ashmen’, perhaps in allusion to their ships, though these were in fact made of oak; the Irish called them either Gaill, ‘Foreigners’, or Loch- lannaighy ‘Northerners’, though they also sometimes distinguished between Danes and Norwegians as ‘Black Northerners’ and ‘White Northerners’; Spanish Arabs called them Majus, ‘Heathens’; in the east, the Slavs, Arabs and Byzantine Greeks called them Rus or Ros9 which probably was originally a Finnish name for the Swedes. As for the Scandinavians themselves, they usually thought of themselves as inhabitants of a particular region—‘Men of Vestfold’, ‘Men of Hordaland’, ‘Men of the Uplands’, and so forth—but as the sense of national identity grew so too did the use of national names. They also used the term Nordmenn, sometimes in the limited sense ‘Norwegians’ but more often in the general sense ‘Scandinavians’; the latter usage has given rise to the general terms ‘Northmen’, ‘Norsemen’ and ‘Norse’ in modem English." Simpson, Jacqueline (1980). The Viking World. Batsford. ISBN 0713407778.
Luscombe & Riley-Smith 2004, p. 290 "Contemporaries distinguished four main groups of Scandinavians: Danes, Götar, Svear and Norwegians or Northmen (a name that foreigners sometimes used to describe all Scandinavians" Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2004). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, C.1024-c.1198. Cambridge University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0521414111.
Christiansen 2008, p. 4 "Norse is a linguistic term which is sometimes applied to Norwegians and their colonies, but not to Danes or Swedes. Ditto for Norsemen. Northmen was used at the time, and covers the lot, but may seem to exclude women." Christiansen, Eric (2008). Norsemen in the Viking Age. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470692769.
Sawyer 2001, p. 2 "The peoples these Scandinavians encountered gave them a variety of names: the Franks normally called them Northmen or Danes, while for the English they were generally Danes or heathens. The Irish described the early raiders as pagans or gentiles, but by the middle of the ninth century they began to call them foreigners, the Norwegians and Danes being distinguished as 'white' and 'black' foreigners, Finngalland DubgalL In eastern Europe the Slavs called the Scandinavian invaders Rus, a word derived trom the Finnish name for the Svear, which itself came from a word meaning 'rowers' or 'crew of oarsmen'. It was 'Rus', variants of which were used in Arabic and Byzantine Greek texts, which eventually gave Russia its name. In the ninth century it was only the English who, occasionally, called the invaders Vikings, a Scandinavian word that now has a wider meaning, and is used to describe many aspects of Scandinavian society in what is commonly called the Age of the Vikings." Sawyer, Peter (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192854346.
Helle, Kouri & Oleson 2003, p. 105 "The people these Scandinavians encountered described them in various ways. In western Europe they were often identified as Danes or Northmen, and were sometimes called heathens or gentiles." Helle, Knut; Kouri, E. I. [in Finnish]; Oleson, Jens I. [in Danish] (2003). The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Edition 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521472999.
Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 666–675 Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438129181.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "The later expansion of the Scandinavian nations in the viking age may be regarded as the final wave of North Germanic migration; but the process was probably not the same, and the results were essentially different. When the Goths and Burgundians migrated from Scandinavia, the North Germanic peoples spoke a language nearly identical with that of other Germanic nations. After their departure came a period of great linguistic change, when Germanic broke up into distinct groups of dialects; the language of the Goths then became rapidly differentiated from Norse, and their national traditions and culture also took divergent lines of development." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Gordon & Taylor 1962, p. 265 "Norse was the language spoken by the North Germanic peoples (Scandinavians) from the time when Norse first became differentiated from the speech of the other Germanic peoples, that is, roughly, from about 100, until about 1500." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Ränk 1976, pp. 7–9 "Contacts with the Germanic tribes occurred repeatedly in different periods up to historical times. It is thought that the Estonians, or more properly the inhabitants of the Proto-Balto-Finnic settlements in the Estonian area, had contacts with Germanic peoples as early as the Bronze Age. It is not impossible that at that time there were even temporary Germanic settlements on the Estonian shore, although we do not have any definite proof. On the basis of linguistic chronology, the older contacts with the Germanic tribes occur about the beginning of the Christian era or the first centuries A.D. The linguistic data also indicate that these first contacts must have occurred with some Eastern Germanic people, perhaps the Goths who, according to the older school of archeologists, were the original inhabitants of Estonia prior to the Balto-Finns. Contacts are not impossible also with the Northern Germanic peoples, i.e., with the Scandinavians directly across the sea... The Germanic influence is noticeable also in Estonian culture, although it has fused with local traditions. Among the Estonian folklorists, O. Loorits especially has emphasized the influence exercised by the Germanic peoples on the formation of the Estonians' ancient religious concept of the world and their spiritual world, and he feels that there must have been Germanic settlements on Estonian shores to cause such deep influences. Some other phenomena which can be linked with the Eastern Germanic peoples also suggest that Germanic settlements existed on Estonian shores at that time. First of all, a great number of Germanic words came into the Estonian language at that time. This word stock of foreign origin reflects in a characteristic way not only commercial relationships, seafaring, etc., but also closer connections between the Estonians and the Germanic peoples.... [T]his in its turn makes the existence of the Germanic agricultural settlements in Estonia evident." Ränk, Gustav (1976). Old Estonia, The People and Culture. Indiana University. ISBN 9780877501909.
Barbour & Stevenson 1990, pp. 29–30 "For the period when the existence of the Germanic tribes is first clearly recorded by Roman writers, archaeological evidence suggests five tribal groups, with perhaps five incipient distinct Germanic languages, as follows: (1) North Germanic tribes (Scandinavians)..." Barbour, Stephen; Stevenson, Patrick (1990). Variation in German: A Critical Approach to German Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521357043.
Diringer 1948, p. 518 ""Old Norse" was spoken by the North Germanic or Scandinavian peoples" Diringer, David (1948). The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind. Philosophical Library.
Leach 1939, p. 180 "One of the reasons for this is doubtless to be found in the close racial affinity of the Scandinavians, as North Germanics, with the Anglo-Saxons, and in the consciousness of this affinity existing in all modern nationality groups of North Germanic ethnic stock" Leach, Henry Goddard (1939). The American-Scandinavian Review. American-Scandinavian Foundation.
Donaldson 1983, p. 122 "Not all the Germanic peoples left the Baltic region in the period concerned and consequently those that stayed behind were to become the ancestors of the present-day North Germanic peoples, the Scandinavians" Donaldson, Bruce C. (1983). Dutch: a linguistic history of Holland and Belgium. M. Nijhoff. ISBN 978-9024791668.
Bolling & Bloch 1968, p. 29 "Northern Germanic peoples, i.e. the Scandinavians..." Bolling, George Melville; Bloch, Bernard (1968). Language. Linguistic Society of America.
Herbermann 1913, p. 615 "[Icelanders] dwell chiefly by the shores of the ocean, and in the river valleys which open towards the sea. They belong for the greater part to the North Germanic race (Norsemen) Herbermann, Charles George (1913). The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church, Volume 7. Universal Knowledge Foundation. p. 615.
Smith 2006, p. 8 "Towards the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, large numbers of North Germanic (Norse) peoples settled in northern England. Smith, Jeremy J. (2006). Essentials of Early English: Old, Middle and Early Modern English. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134292431.
Fee 2011, p. 3 "“Viking” is a term used to describe a certain class of marauding Scandinavian warrior from the 8th through the 11th century. However, when discussing the entire culture of the northern Germanic peoples of the early Middle Ages, and especially in terms of the languages and literatures of these peoples, it would be more accurate to use the term “Norse.” Therefore during the Middle Ages and beyond, it therefore might be useful to speak of “German” peoples in middle Europe and of “Norse” peoples in Scandinavia and the North Atlantic." Fee, Christopher R. (2011). Mythology in the Middle Ages: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0313027253.
Leeming 2014, p. 143 "Who were the Norse people? The term Norse is commonly applied to pre-Christian northern Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the so-called Viking Age. Old Norse gradually developed into the North Germanic languages, including Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Bronze Age rock carvings in Scandinavia suggest a Bronze Age origin for the Norse people." Leeming, David A. (2014). The Handy Mythology Answer Book. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 978-1578595211.
McTurk 2008, p. 7 "Old Norse' defines the culture of Norway and Iceland during the Middle Ages. It is a somewhat illogical concept as it is largely synonymous with 'Norse'... The term 'Norse' is often used as a translation of norroenn. As such it applies to all the Germanic peoples of Scandinavia and their colonies in the British Isles and the North Atlantic." McTurk, Rory (2008). A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1405137386.
Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 830–831 Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438129181.
Waldman & Mason 2006, p. 786 Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438129181.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "From the beginning of history energetic warlike tribes issued from Sweden and passed to a career of conquest in the south; in the phrase of the Gothic historian Jordanes, Sweden was a 'factory of nations' (officina gentium). The migrations of the Burgundians, Goths, and Gepids (preceded perhaps by the Vandals) are the earliest that are known; archaeology dates the coming of the Burgundians to the south shore of the Baltic about 200 B.C.," and the Goths may have begun their southward movement about the same time..." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 665–666 Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438129181.
Amory 2003, p. 141 "For they all have white bodies and fair hair, and are tall and handsome to look upon, and they use the same laws and practise a common religion. For they are all of the Arian faith, and have one language called Gothic; and, as it seems to me, they all came originally from one tribe, and were distinguished later by the names of those who led each group." Amory, Patrick (2003). People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521526357.
Paul the Deacon 1974, pp. 2–3 "The race of Winnili, that is, of Langobards, which afterwards ruled prosperously in Italy, deducing its origin from the German peoples, came from the island which is called Scadinavia, although other causes of their emigration are also alleged." Paul the Deacon (1974). History of the Lombards. ISBN 978-0812210798.
Paul the Deacon 1974, p. 1 Paul the Deacon (1974). History of the Lombards. ISBN 978-0812210798.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "Somewhat later was the migration of the Heruli, who were driven out by the southward advance of the Danes in Sweden. After centuries of wandering, The Heruli were overwhelmed by the Lombards, and the remnant of them returned to their old home in south Sweden, about a.d. 510. " Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 388–390 Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438129181.
Mallory 1997, p. 219 "North Germanic speakers, originally at home in southern Sweden and Norway, moved into Denmark very late in the prehistoric period and repopulated an area that was largely depopulated by the movement of the original West Germanic speakers to the British Isles." Mallory, J. P. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1884964982.
Johnston 2005, p. 1 "THE NORTH GERMANIC TRIBES" Johnston, Ruth A. (2005). A Companion to Beowulf. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313332241.
Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 835–841 Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438129181.
Johnston 2005, p. 43 "Runes, the early form of writing among the North Germanic tribes, were often involved in magic and were associated with the great god Woden." Johnston, Ruth A. (2005). A Companion to Beowulf. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313332241.
Merriam-Webster, Inc 1995, p. 1111 "His [Thor's] figure was generally secondary to that of Odin, who in some traditions was his father; but in Iceland, and perhaps among all North Germanic peoples except the royal families, he was apparently worshiped more than any other god" Merriam-Webster, Inc (1995). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. ISBN 978-0877790426.
Bury 1964, p. 428 "During the second or third century A.D. the Sarmatian hordes were driven out by the German Goths and Heruli. The Gothic dominion lasted over two centuries, and is the only non- nomadic episode in the history of the steppe. The Goths were the most magnificent German people, and their influence on the Slavs must have been enormous. Bury, John Bagnell (1964). The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 2. The University Press.
Temple 1757, p. 353 "Each of these countries was like a mighty hive, which, by the vigour of propagation and health of climate, growing too full of people, threw out some new swarm at certain periods of time, that took wing, and sought out some new abode, expelling or subduing the old inhabitants, and seating themselves in their rooms." Temple, William (1757). The Works of Sir William Temple Bart, Volume 3.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "There is evidence of early viking activity among the Scandinavian peoples, as among the other seafaring Germans: it is known from Frankish annals and the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf, for example, that between 512 and 520 Hugleik, King of the Gautar in the south of Sweden, made a raid on the Rhineland, where he took great booty, but was defeated and killed before he could carry it off. And Norwegian vikings had made settlements in the Shetlands before 700." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "The destruction by Charlemagne of the naval power of the Frisians, once the rivals of the Norsemen on the sea, coincided with the rise of Scandinavian power, and probably played an important part in facilitating the Scandinavian advance." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Brøndsted 1965, p. 19 "In the eighth century the difference between Denmark and Norway on the one hand and Sweden on the other was that Sweden was already an organized and ancient kingdom (based on Uppland), strong enough to engage in colonial expansion beyond its frontiers. These extensions of its territory were partly into Latvia and Estonia, and partly farther eastwards towards the southern shores of Lakes Ladoga and Onega." Brøndsted, Johannes (1965). The Vikings. Penguin Books.
Sawyer 2001, p. 141 "Around 750, a small settlement was established at Staraia Ladoga... Traders and raiders from Scandinavia had visited the shores of the south-eastern Baltic and Lake Ladoga for some time before this, and some had even established settlements in what are today Estonia and Latvia." Sawyer, Peter (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192854346.
Mägi 2018, p. 154 "Coastal Estonia and the western and south-western coasts of Finland (including the Åland archipelago), as well as Livic areas in present-day Latvia, Karelia, and certain areas on the coast of the eastern end of the Finnish Gulf and Lake Ladoga, as well as Gotland and central Sweden, on the other hand, demonstrated an archaeologically very homogenous warrior culture, which can be observed as early as the 7th–8th centuries... Originally Scandinavian artefact types, ornament styles, grave forms, but presumably also attitude, stories, and legends, were taken over in these neighbouring coastal zones, adapted in local culture, and developed further locally... This was a multi-ethnic, mainly Eastern Scandinavian – Baltic-Finnic-based milieu, where however, the means of expression were borrowed from Sweden, and where self-identity probably relied greatly on Scandinavian values. The latter suggests that the lingua franca used in this milieu was presumably the eastern dialect of Old Norse, or perhaps a kind of pidgin Scandinavia based on Old Norse and Baltic Finnic." Mägi, Marika (17 May 2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea. BRILL. p. 154. ISBN 978-90-04-36381-6.
McLaughlin 1970, p. 35 "Some of the Vikings were Swedes, some Norwegian, and some Danes, but they were all North Germanic people who spoke much the same language and whose social and cultural patterns of behavior were very much alike" McLaughlin, John Cameron (1970). Aspects of the history of English. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030786600.
Baldi 1995, p. 128 "The North Germanic peoples were quite expansive from the time of the Vikings (from about 800 A.D.)" Baldi, Philip (1995). An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0809310913.
Fortson 2009, p. 372 "The Northern Germanic pirates known as Vikings mostly spoke varieties of Old Norse; for reasons that are still unclear, in the late eighth century these Norsemen began a series of raids that soon grew into a scourge as they ravaged and terrified any part of Europe that was reachable by boat." Fortson, Benjamin W. (2009). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1405188968.
Tolkien & Drout 2002, p. 156 "Vikings (who were Northern Germanic tribes, i.e., "Teutons" in the old nomenclature)..." Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel; Drout, Michael D. C. (2002). Beowulf and the critics. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. ISBN 978-0866982900.
Daly 1976, p. VII "The Norse (people of the north) are known today as the Scandinavians— the people of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands" Daly, Kathleen N. (1976). Norse Mythology A to Z. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438128016.
World Book Inc. 1999, p. 378 "Europeans called the Scandinavians Norsemen, Northmen, or Danes" World Book, Inc (1999). The World Book encyclopedia, Volume 2. World Book, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0716600992.
Sawyer 2001, p. 90 "In 875 Danes and Norsemen were competing..." Sawyer, Peter (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192854346.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "Parts of Scandinavia must have been over-populated, to judge from the never-ending stream of men that came forth from those lands; in viking life mortality was high, but there was never any lack of men to replace those killed. The hypothesis of over-population is strengthened by such legends as that told in selection xxi, according to which the island of Gotland became crowded, and one man of every three was selected by lot and sent away from the island ; and Saxo Grammaticus has a similar story of the origin of the Danish settlements on Baltic lands in the tenth century. Over-population, moreover, is the explanation of viking activity given by the early Norman his- torians, Dudo and William of Jumieges." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "An immediate cause of many of the early raids was the fear and resentment roused in the Scandinavians by Charlemagne's military operations in the north of Germany, especially as he threatened to invade Denmark." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "Great political changes, too, in the ninth century drove many Norsemen into exile, who then took up a viking career. Harald Fairhair exiled many great fighting men in the process of consolidating the realm of Norway; and the struggles of rival princes for the throne of Denmark drove bands of followers abroad, as one or other of the claimants got the upper hand." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "The true Scandinavian expansion, when distinctively Norse traditions and speech were carried to other lands, belongs to the viking period, which may be roughly dated from 750 to 1050. During this period bands of Scandinavian adventurers , sometimes in forces large enough to be called armies, sailed overseas in search of plunder, or to win land for settlement; these piratical adventurers were called vikings." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Katzner & Miller 2002, p. 12 "The North Germanic tribes spoke a language we now call Old Norse, the ancestor of the modern Scandinavian languages" Katzner, Kenneth; Miller, Kirk (2002). The Languages of the World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134532889.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 559–567 Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438129181.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "The final stage of Norse expansion in the west, the colonization of Greenland (which led to the discovery of America) was accomplished by notable feats of seamanship. These feats, moreover, afford striking illustration of the Norsemen’s great contribution to navigation: they were the first people who ventured to sail out to open sea. Before viking seafarers appear in history, voyagers were careful to follow courses that were never far from land; but the Norsemen struck boldly across the North Sea to the Orkneys and Shetlands, and they voyaged regularly across the open Atlantic to Iceland. These voyages were made in open boats; some ships had a small cabin at either end, but many had no deck or shelter of any kind. The hardships of voyages across the open sea in such ships must have been intense, but the Norsemen endured them habitually." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "The first settler in Iceland was the Norwegian Ingolf, who came in 874. 1 He was soon followed by many of the exiled chiefs whom Harald had driven from Norway and the Scottish isles-; they were indeed the larger part of the settlement. They were men who were determined to keep their old freedom at all costs, and preferred to give up their possessions and live in a wild and barren land rather than yield to the new monarchy. They came to Iceland to save the old order of heroic society, and they preserved it there much as it had existed in early Germanic times before the great kings made their power absolute by destroying the free fellowship of the small lord and his men. The settlers of Iceland were men of more than usual force of will and love of liberty, the best of the Norwegian aristocracy The proportion of well-born men there was greater than in any other Scandinavian land, and it was in the gentleman's household that the literary arts were practised most. Half or more than half of the literary power of Norway was thus concentrated in Iceland, and it throve the more for its concentration." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "In the eyes of the literary historian the most important of the Norse colonies is Iceland ; for in Iceland was written the greater part of Old Norse literature that survives today, and almost all that is of merit." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Gordon & Taylor 1962 "The Greenland settlers and their descendants were intrepid voyagers and explorers. Eirlk’s son Leif sailed across the Atlan- tic to Scotland on his way to Norway, making the first trans- oceanic voyage known in history. And the Greenlanders also reached America ; no one who is acquainted with the historical value of Norse tradition can doubt it." Gordon, Eric Valentine; Taylor, A. R. (1962). An Introduction to Old Norse. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111054.
Berlitz 2015 "Some 86 percent of the people living in Norway today are ethnic Norwegians, a North Germanic people" Berlitz (1 June 2015). Berlitz: Norway Pocket Guide. Apa Publications (UK). ISBN 978-1780048598.
Höffe 2007, p. 124 "Similarly homogenous are the countries of China (with 92% Han Chinese) and Korea, as well as Scandinavia, in particular Sweden (where more than 95% belong to the North Germanic people of the Swedes. Iceland, which is even more homogeneous, was settled by the Vikings almost a thousand years ago, has remained unspoilt by outsiders ever since, and is now comprised almost exclusively of Icelanders in the ethnic sense.)" Höffe, Otfried (2007). Democracy in an Age of Globalisation. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1402056628.
Smith 1913, p. 247 "Teutonic, ( Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Icelanders, English..." Smith, Thomas Alford (1913). A Geography of Europe. Macmillan.
Wade 1930, p. 518 "SCANDINAVIANS. People of the Scandinavian group of the Teutonic stock, consisting of the Norwegians, Swedes, Danes, and Icelanders." Wade, Herbert Treadwell (1930). The New International Encyclopaedia. Vol. 20. Dodd, Mead.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2007, p. 113 "Scandinavians (Swedes, Danes, Norwegians) are Germanic peoples, specifically the northern branch, and descendants of Vikings. Their languages and histories are closely related." McGraw-Hill Higher Education (2007). Contemporary World Regional Geography: Global Connections, Local Voices. ISBN 978-0072826838.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2007, p. 572 "Germanic peoples (3A). A broadly defined group of peoples from northern Europe who began to move south into Germany and other areas of Europe around 500 B.C. Modern Germans, Austrians, Dutch, and the Scandinavians (Danes, Norwegians, Swedes) are the most numerous of today's Germanic peoples." McGraw-Hill Higher Education (2007). Contemporary World Regional Geography: Global Connections, Local Voices. ISBN 978-0072826838.
Myers 1894, p. 13 "The Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes represent the Scandinavian branch of the Teutonic family." Myers, Philip Van Ness (1894). Ancient History for Colleges and High Schools. Vol. 1. Ginn.
Clarke 1873, p. 1 "European branches are thus divided... Germanic... Scandinavians ..Danes and Norwegians. Swedes. Icelanders." Clarke, Hyde (1873). A Short Handbook of the Comparative Philology. Lockwood.
Marshall Cavendish 2010, p. 1186 "Danes, Icelanders, Norwegians, and Swedes are Germanic, descendants of peoples who first moved northward from the North European Plain some 10,000 years ago, when the ice sheets of the last glacial period retreated." Marshall Cavendish (2010). World and Its Peoples. ISBN 978-0761478973.
Collier 1921, p. 321 ""TEU'I'ONIC PEOPLES, a term now applied: (1) to the High Germans, including the German inhabitants of Upper and Middle Germany and those of Smtzerland and Austria. (2) The Low Germans, including the Frisians, the Plattdeutsch, the Dutch, the Flemings, and the English descended from the Saxons, Angles, etc., who settled in Britain. (3) The Scandinavians, including the NorWegians, Swedes, Danes and Icelanders." Collier (1921). Contemporary World Regional Geography: Global Connections, Local Voices. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press.
Patrick & Geddie 1921, p. 53 "The Teutonic peoples, as they exist at the present day, are divided into two principal branches: (1) Scandinavian, embracing Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders; and (2) West Germanic, which includes, besides the German-speaking inhabitants of Germany proper (see Germany) and Switzerland (q. v.), also the population of the Netherlands (the Dutch), the Flemings of Belgium, and the descendants of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes in Great Britain, together with their offspring in North America, Australia, and other British colonies— the English- speaking peoples of the world." Patrick, David; Geddie, William (1921). Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge. Vol. 10. W. & R. Chambers.
Rand McNally 1944, p. 384 "Under the Indo-Europeans, the chief groups are the Celts (Irish, Manx, Welsh); the Teutons, consisting of Scandinavians (Danes, Swedes, Norwegians), Low Germans (English, Netherlands, Low Germans), and High Germans..." Rand McNally (1944). Rand McNally World Atlas.
Logan 2013, p. 8 "The primitive Nordic language (donsk tunga, vox danica) was still in use among these Nordic peoples at the beginnings of the Viking Age." Logan, F. Donald (2013). The Vikings in History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-52709-8. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
van der Sijs 2009, p. 58 ""Dutch quite often refers to German (because of the similarity in sound between Dutch and Deutsch) and sometimes even Scandinavians and other Germanic people." van der Sijs, Nicoline (2009). Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-9089641243.
Iowa Council of Teachers of English 1967, p. 3 "The Scandinavians are a North Germanic people closely related to the Anglo-Saxons, the Frisians, the Germans, and the Dutch." Iowa Council of Teachers of English (1967). Iowa English Yearbook, Issue 1-6.
Chapman and Hall 1916, p. 244 "In 1848-9 Sweden sent troops to Funen with the intention of fighting Germany, and in 1864 Swedes streamed into Denmark in order to prevent the danger threatening the North Germanic peoples." Chapman and Hall (1916). The Fortnightly Review, Volume 105. Chapman and Hall.

britannica.com

Aubin, Hermann [in German]. "History of Europe: Barbarian migrations and invasions The Germans and Huns". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig. "History of Europe: The Bronze Age". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Petit, Paul; MacMullen, Ramsay. "Ancient Rome: The Barbarian Invasions". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Stein, Peter G.; Glendon, Mary Ann. "Germanic law". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Polomé, Edgar Charles; Turville-Petre, E.O.G. "Germanic religion and mythology". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
"Viking". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.

collinsdictionary.com

Webster's New World College Dictionary. "Germanic". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019. Germanic... designating or of a group of N European peoples including the Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, English, etc., or the peoples from whom they are descended

dagbladet.no

Meland, Astrid (7 May 2009). "Slik ble vi germanersvermere". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.

doi.org

DeAngelo 2010, pp. 257–286 "The term "Norse" will be used as a catchall term for all North Germanic peoples in the sagas who are placed in opposition to the Finnar by the authors" DeAngelo, Jeremy (2010). "The North and the Depiction of the "Finnar" in the Icelandic Sagas". Scandinavian Studies. 82 (3): 257–286. doi:10.2307/25769033. JSTOR 25769033. S2CID 159972559.
Haak, Wolfgang (2 March 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Mathieson, Iain (24 December 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
Allentoft, ME (11 June 2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMC 4918750. PMID 26062507. European Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Corded Ware, Bell Beakers, Unetice, and the Scandinavian cultures are genetically very similar to each other... The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two... Among Bronze Age Europeans, the highest tolerance frequency was found in Corded Ware and the closely-related Scandinavian Bronze Age cultures... The Andronovo culture, which arose in Central Asia during the later Bronze Age, is genetically closely related to the Sintashta peoples, and clearly distinct from both Yamnaya and Afanasievo. Therefore, Andronovo represents a temporal and geographical extension of the Sintashta gene pool... There are many similarities between Sintasthta/Androvono rituals and those described in the Rig Veda and such similarities even extend as far as to the Nordic Bronze Age.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Haak, Wolfgang (2 March 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Mathieson, Iain (24 December 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
Allentoft, ME (11 June 2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMC 4918750. PMID 26062507. European Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Corded Ware, Bell Beakers, Unetice, and the Scandinavian cultures are genetically very similar to each other... The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two... Among Bronze Age Europeans, the highest tolerance frequency was found in Corded Ware and the closely-related Scandinavian Bronze Age cultures... The Andronovo culture, which arose in Central Asia during the later Bronze Age, is genetically closely related to the Sintashta peoples, and clearly distinct from both Yamnaya and Afanasievo. Therefore, Andronovo represents a temporal and geographical extension of the Sintashta gene pool... There are many similarities between Sintasthta/Androvono rituals and those described in the Rig Veda and such similarities even extend as far as to the Nordic Bronze Age.

hathitrust.org

catalog.hathitrust.org

Clifford 1914, p. 321 "With the Swedes, Danes, and Icelanders, the Norwegians constitute the Scandinavian or Norse branch of the Teutonic stock." Clifford, John H. (1914). The Standard History of the World, by Great Historians. The University Society Inc.
Oxenstierna 1967, p. 3 "Here we are concerned exclusively with the Northern Germanic peoples..." Oxenstierna, Eric (1967). The World of the Norsemen. Nordgermanen.English. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

babel.hathitrust.org

Grosvenor 1918, p. 534 "The Scandinavians, or the Danes, Norwegians and Swedes, Teutonic peoples, are so intimately related in race and history, that, except with frequent repetition, it would be impossible to discuss them separately." Grosvenor, Edwin A. (December 1918). "The Races of Europe". National Geographic. XXXIV (6). National Geographic Society: 441–536.

jstor.org

DeAngelo 2010, pp. 257–286 "The term "Norse" will be used as a catchall term for all North Germanic peoples in the sagas who are placed in opposition to the Finnar by the authors" DeAngelo, Jeremy (2010). "The North and the Depiction of the "Finnar" in the Icelandic Sagas". Scandinavian Studies. 82 (3): 257–286. doi:10.2307/25769033. JSTOR 25769033. S2CID 159972559.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Haak, Wolfgang (2 March 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Mathieson, Iain (24 December 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
Allentoft, ME (11 June 2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMC 4918750. PMID 26062507. European Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Corded Ware, Bell Beakers, Unetice, and the Scandinavian cultures are genetically very similar to each other... The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two... Among Bronze Age Europeans, the highest tolerance frequency was found in Corded Ware and the closely-related Scandinavian Bronze Age cultures... The Andronovo culture, which arose in Central Asia during the later Bronze Age, is genetically closely related to the Sintashta peoples, and clearly distinct from both Yamnaya and Afanasievo. Therefore, Andronovo represents a temporal and geographical extension of the Sintashta gene pool... There are many similarities between Sintasthta/Androvono rituals and those described in the Rig Veda and such similarities even extend as far as to the Nordic Bronze Age.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Haak, Wolfgang (2 March 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Mathieson, Iain (24 December 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
Allentoft, ME (11 June 2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMC 4918750. PMID 26062507. European Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Corded Ware, Bell Beakers, Unetice, and the Scandinavian cultures are genetically very similar to each other... The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two... Among Bronze Age Europeans, the highest tolerance frequency was found in Corded Ware and the closely-related Scandinavian Bronze Age cultures... The Andronovo culture, which arose in Central Asia during the later Bronze Age, is genetically closely related to the Sintashta peoples, and clearly distinct from both Yamnaya and Afanasievo. Therefore, Andronovo represents a temporal and geographical extension of the Sintashta gene pool... There are many similarities between Sintasthta/Androvono rituals and those described in the Rig Veda and such similarities even extend as far as to the Nordic Bronze Age.

oldnorse.org

"What is Old Norse?". oldnorse.org. 13 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

DeAngelo 2010, pp. 257–286 "The term "Norse" will be used as a catchall term for all North Germanic peoples in the sagas who are placed in opposition to the Finnar by the authors" DeAngelo, Jeremy (2010). "The North and the Depiction of the "Finnar" in the Icelandic Sagas". Scandinavian Studies. 82 (3): 257–286. doi:10.2307/25769033. JSTOR 25769033. S2CID 159972559.

ucalgary.ca

people.ucalgary.ca

Jordanes 551, p. IV "Now from this island of Scandza, as from a hive of races or a womb of nations, the Goths are said to have come forth long ago under their king, Berig by name." Jordanes (551). The Origin and Deeds of the Goths. Translated by Mierow, Charles C.
Jordanes 551, p. III Jordanes (551). The Origin and Deeds of the Goths. Translated by Mierow, Charles C.

uchicago.edu

fathom.lib.uchicago.edu

""The Wrath of the Northmen": The Vikings and their Memory". The Fathom Archive. Retrieved 27 February 2024.

web.archive.org

"What is Old Norse?". oldnorse.org. 13 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
Aubin, Hermann [in German]. "History of Europe: Barbarian migrations and invasions The Germans and Huns". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig. "History of Europe: The Bronze Age". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Petit, Paul; MacMullen, Ramsay. "Ancient Rome: The Barbarian Invasions". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Stein, Peter G.; Glendon, Mary Ann. "Germanic law". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Polomé, Edgar Charles; Turville-Petre, E.O.G. "Germanic religion and mythology". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
"Viking". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Webster's New World College Dictionary. "Germanic". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019. Germanic... designating or of a group of N European peoples including the Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, English, etc., or the peoples from whom they are descended
Meland, Astrid (7 May 2009). "Slik ble vi germanersvermere". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.

wikipedia.org

is.wikipedia.org

Kristinsson 2010, p. 176 "The same can be said of Viking Age Scandinavians who did not have a common ethnonym but expressed their common identity through the geographical and linguistic terms... There is absolutely no doubt about a common Northern identity during the Viking Age and afterwards... it even survives today. Kristinsson, Axel (2010). Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age. ReykjavíkurAkademían. ISBN 978-9979992219.

fi.wikipedia.org

Helle, Kouri & Oleson 2003, p. 105 "The people these Scandinavians encountered described them in various ways. In western Europe they were often identified as Danes or Northmen, and were sometimes called heathens or gentiles." Helle, Knut; Kouri, E. I. [in Finnish]; Oleson, Jens I. [in Danish] (2003). The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Edition 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521472999.

da.wikipedia.org

Helle, Kouri & Oleson 2003, p. 105 "The people these Scandinavians encountered described them in various ways. In western Europe they were often identified as Danes or Northmen, and were sometimes called heathens or gentiles." Helle, Knut; Kouri, E. I. [in Finnish]; Oleson, Jens I. [in Danish] (2003). The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Edition 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521472999.

de.wikipedia.org

Aubin, Hermann [in German]. "History of Europe: Barbarian migrations and invasions The Germans and Huns". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2018.