Nuclear isomer (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Nuclear isomer" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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13doi.org

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10web.archive.org

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9semanticscholar.org

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7nih.gov

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6harvard.edu

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6arxiv.org

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3aps.org

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1surrey.ac.uk

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1zenodo.org

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1worldcat.org

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1hafniumisomer.org

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1unh.edu

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1sciencenews.org

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12physics.com

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1eurekalert.org

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1newscientist.com

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1washingtonpost.com

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1commondreams.org

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1dtic.mil

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1daviddarling.info

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1ucdavis.edu

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2physics.com

von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.

aps.org

link.aps.org

Rakopoulos, V.; Lantz, M.; Solders, A.; Al-Adili, A.; Mattera, A.; Canete, L.; Eronen, T.; Gorelov, D.; Jokinen, A.; Kankainen, A.; Kolhinen, V. S. (13 August 2018). "First isomeric yield ratio measurements by direct ion counting and implications for the angular momentum of the primary fission fragments". Physical Review C. 98 (2): 024612. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.98.024612. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 125464341.
Tiedau, J.; Okhapkin, M. V.; Zhang, K.; Thielking, J.; Zitzer, G.; Peik, E.; Schaden, F.; Pronebner, T.; Morawetz, I.; De Col, L. Toscani; Schneider, F.; Leitner, A.; Pressler, M.; Kazakov, G. A.; Beeks, K. (29 April 2024). "Laser Excitation of the Th-229 Nucleus". Physical Review Letters. 132 (18) 182501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.182501.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

arxiv.org

Zhang, Chuankun; Ooi, Tian; Higgins, Jacob S.; Doyle, Jack F.; von der Wense, Lars; Beeks, Kjeld; Leitner, Adrian; Kazakov, Georgy; Li, Peng; Thirolf, Peter G.; Schumm, Thorsten; Ye, Jun (4 September 2024). "Frequency ratio of the ^229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the ⁸⁷Sr atomic clock". Nature. 633 (8028): 63–70. arXiv:2406.18719. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07839-6. PMID 39232152. The transition frequency between the $I = 5/2$ ground state and the $I = 3/2$ excited state is determined as: $𝜈Th = .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}⁠1/6⁠ (𝜈a + 2𝜈b + 2𝜈c + 𝜈d) = 2020407384335(2) kHz$ .
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (26 January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

commondreams.org

"Superbomb ignites science dispute". San Francisco Chronicle. 28 September 2003. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012.

daviddarling.info

Darling, David. "isomeric transition". Encyclopedia of Science. Retrieved 16 August 2019.

doi.org

Walker, Philip M.; Carroll, James J. (2007). "Nuclear Isomers: Recipes from the Past and Ingredients for the Future" (PDF). Nuclear Physics News. 17 (2): 11–15. doi:10.1080/10506890701404206. S2CID 22342780.
Hahn, Otto (1921). "Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran". Die Naturwissenschaften. 9 (5): 84. Bibcode:1921NW......9...84H. doi:10.1007/BF01491321. S2CID 28599831.
Rakopoulos, V.; Lantz, M.; Solders, A.; Al-Adili, A.; Mattera, A.; Canete, L.; Eronen, T.; Gorelov, D.; Jokinen, A.; Kankainen, A.; Kolhinen, V. S. (13 August 2018). "First isomeric yield ratio measurements by direct ion counting and implications for the angular momentum of the primary fission fragments". Physical Review C. 98 (2): 024612. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.98.024612. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 125464341.
C. B. Collins; et al. (1988). "Depopulation of the isomeric state ¹⁸⁰Ta^m by the reaction ¹⁸⁰Ta^m(γ,γ′)¹⁸⁰Ta" (PDF). Physical Review C. 37 (5): 2267–2269. Bibcode:1988PhRvC..37.2267C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.37.2267. PMID 9954706. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2019.
D. Belic; et al. (1999). "Photoactivation of ¹⁸⁰Ta^m and Its Implications for the Nucleosynthesis of Nature's Rarest Naturally Occurring Isotope". Physical Review Letters. 83 (25): 5242–5245. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.5242B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.5242.
Tiedau, J.; Okhapkin, M. V.; Zhang, K.; Thielking, J.; Zitzer, G.; Peik, E.; Schaden, F.; Pronebner, T.; Morawetz, I.; De Col, L. Toscani; Schneider, F.; Leitner, A.; Pressler, M.; Kazakov, G. A.; Beeks, K. (29 April 2024). "Laser Excitation of the Th-229 Nucleus". Physical Review Letters. 132 (18) 182501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.182501.
Zhang, Chuankun; Ooi, Tian; Higgins, Jacob S.; Doyle, Jack F.; von der Wense, Lars; Beeks, Kjeld; Leitner, Adrian; Kazakov, Georgy; Li, Peng; Thirolf, Peter G.; Schumm, Thorsten; Ye, Jun (4 September 2024). "Frequency ratio of the ^229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the ⁸⁷Sr atomic clock". Nature. 633 (8028): 63–70. arXiv:2406.18719. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07839-6. PMID 39232152. The transition frequency between the $I = 5/2$ ground state and the $I = 3/2$ excited state is determined as: $𝜈Th = .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}⁠1/6⁠ (𝜈a + 2𝜈b + 2𝜈c + 𝜈d) = 2020407384335(2) kHz$ .
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (26 January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Peik, Ekkehard; Tamm, Christian (15 January 2003). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

dtic.mil

apps.dtic.mil

M. S. Litz & G. Merkel (December 2004). "Controlled extraction of energy from nuclear isomers" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.

eurekalert.org

David Hambling (16 August 2003). "Gamma-ray weapons". Reuters EurekAlert. New Scientist. Retrieved 12 December 2010.

fsu.edu

eng.fsu.edu

Leon van Dommelen, Quantum Mechanics for Engineers Archived 5 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine (Chapter 14).

hafniumisomer.org

C. B. Collins; et al. (1988). "Depopulation of the isomeric state ¹⁸⁰Ta^m by the reaction ¹⁸⁰Ta^m(γ,γ′)¹⁸⁰Ta" (PDF). Physical Review C. 37 (5): 2267–2269. Bibcode:1988PhRvC..37.2267C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.37.2267. PMID 9954706. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2019.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Hahn, Otto (1921). "Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran". Die Naturwissenschaften. 9 (5): 84. Bibcode:1921NW......9...84H. doi:10.1007/BF01491321. S2CID 28599831.
C. B. Collins; et al. (1988). "Depopulation of the isomeric state ¹⁸⁰Ta^m by the reaction ¹⁸⁰Ta^m(γ,γ′)¹⁸⁰Ta" (PDF). Physical Review C. 37 (5): 2267–2269. Bibcode:1988PhRvC..37.2267C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.37.2267. PMID 9954706. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2019.
D. Belic; et al. (1999). "Photoactivation of ¹⁸⁰Ta^m and Its Implications for the Nucleosynthesis of Nature's Rarest Naturally Occurring Isotope". Physical Review Letters. 83 (25): 5242–5245. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.5242B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.5242.
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Peik, Ekkehard; Tamm, Christian (15 January 2003). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

newscientist.com

Jeff Hecht (19 June 2006). "A perverse military strategy". New Scientist. Retrieved 12 December 2010.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

C. B. Collins; et al. (1988). "Depopulation of the isomeric state ¹⁸⁰Ta^m by the reaction ¹⁸⁰Ta^m(γ,γ′)¹⁸⁰Ta" (PDF). Physical Review C. 37 (5): 2267–2269. Bibcode:1988PhRvC..37.2267C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.37.2267. PMID 9954706. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2019.
Zhang, Chuankun; Ooi, Tian; Higgins, Jacob S.; Doyle, Jack F.; von der Wense, Lars; Beeks, Kjeld; Leitner, Adrian; Kazakov, Georgy; Li, Peng; Thirolf, Peter G.; Schumm, Thorsten; Ye, Jun (4 September 2024). "Frequency ratio of the ^229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the ⁸⁷Sr atomic clock". Nature. 633 (8028): 63–70. arXiv:2406.18719. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07839-6. PMID 39232152. The transition frequency between the $I = 5/2$ ground state and the $I = 3/2$ excited state is determined as: $𝜈Th = .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}⁠1/6⁠ (𝜈a + 2𝜈b + 2𝜈c + 𝜈d) = 2020407384335(2) kHz$ .
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (26 January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

ptb.de

Peik, Ekkehard; Tamm, Christian (15 January 2003). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2019.

sciencenews.org

Conover, Emily (4 September 2024). "A nuclear clock prototype hints at ultraprecise timekeeping". ScienceNews.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Walker, Philip M.; Carroll, James J. (2007). "Nuclear Isomers: Recipes from the Past and Ingredients for the Future" (PDF). Nuclear Physics News. 17 (2): 11–15. doi:10.1080/10506890701404206. S2CID 22342780.
Hahn, Otto (1921). "Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran". Die Naturwissenschaften. 9 (5): 84. Bibcode:1921NW......9...84H. doi:10.1007/BF01491321. S2CID 28599831.
Rakopoulos, V.; Lantz, M.; Solders, A.; Al-Adili, A.; Mattera, A.; Canete, L.; Eronen, T.; Gorelov, D.; Jokinen, A.; Kankainen, A.; Kolhinen, V. S. (13 August 2018). "First isomeric yield ratio measurements by direct ion counting and implications for the angular momentum of the primary fission fragments". Physical Review C. 98 (2): 024612. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.98.024612. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 125464341.
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (26 January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Peik, Ekkehard; Tamm, Christian (15 January 2003). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

surrey.ac.uk

epubs.surrey.ac.uk

Walker, Philip M.; Carroll, James J. (2007). "Nuclear Isomers: Recipes from the Past and Ingredients for the Future" (PDF). Nuclear Physics News. 17 (2): 11–15. doi:10.1080/10506890701404206. S2CID 22342780.

ucdavis.edu

nssc.physics.ucdavis.edu

Gardiner, Steven (12 August 2017). "How to read nuclear decay schemes from the WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes" (PDF). University of California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2019.

unh.edu

einstein.unh.edu

"UNH researchers search for stimulated gamma ray emission". UNH Nuclear Physics Group. 1997. Archived from the original on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2006.

uni-muenchen.de

med.physik.uni-muenchen.de

"Results on ^229mThorium published in "Nature"" (Press release). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. 6 May 2016. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.

washingtonpost.com

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