Nuclear isomer (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Nuclear isomer" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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15doi.org

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12harvard.edu

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10web.archive.org

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9semanticscholar.org

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9nih.gov

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7arxiv.org

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2aps.org

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1iaea.org

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1surrey.ac.uk

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1zenodo.org

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1worldcat.org

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1bnl.gov

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1hafniumisomer.org

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1unh.edu

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1sciencenews.org

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12physics.com

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1fsu.edu

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1eurekalert.org

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1newscientist.com

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1washingtonpost.com

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1commondreams.org

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1dtic.mil

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2physics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.

aps.org (Global: 1,503^rd place; English: 1,378^th place)

link.aps.org

Rakopoulos, V.; Lantz, M.; Solders, A.; Al-Adili, A.; Mattera, A.; Canete, L.; Eronen, T.; Gorelov, D.; Jokinen, A.; Kankainen, A.; Kolhinen, V. S. (13 August 2018). "First isomeric yield ratio measurements by direct ion counting and implications for the angular momentum of the primary fission fragments". Physical Review C. 98 (2) 024612. Bibcode:2018PhRvC..98b4612R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.98.024612. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 125464341.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

Arnquist, I. J.; Avignone III, F. T.; Barabash, A. S.; Barton, C. J.; Bhimani, K. H.; Blalock, E.; Bos, B.; Busch, M.; Buuck, M.; Caldwell, T. S.; Christofferson, C. D.; Chu, P.-H.; Clark, M. L.; Cuesta, C.; Detwiler, J. A.; Efremenko, Yu.; Ejiri, H.; Elliott, S. R.; Giovanetti, G. K.; Goett, J.; Green, M. P.; Gruszko, J.; Guinn, I. S.; Guiseppe, V. E.; Haufe, C. R.; Henning, R.; Aguilar, D. Hervas; Hoppe, E. W.; Hostiuc, A.; Kim, I.; Kouzes, R. T.; Lannen V., T. E.; Li, A.; López-Castaño, J. M.; Massarczyk, R.; Meijer, S. J.; Meijer, W.; Oli, T. K.; Paudel, L. S.; Pettus, W.; Poon, A. W. P.; Radford, D. C.; Reine, A. L.; Rielage, K.; Rouyer, A.; Ruof, N. W.; Schaper, D. C.; Schleich, S. J.; Smith-Gandy, T. A.; Tedeschi, D.; Thompson, J. D.; Varner, R. L.; Vasilyev, S.; Watkins, S. L.; Wilkerson, J. F.; Wiseman, C.; Xu, W.; Yu, C.-H. (13 October 2023). "Constraints on the Decay of ^180mTa". Phys. Rev. Lett. 131 (15) 152501. arXiv:2306.01965. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.152501. PMID 37897780.
Zhang, Chuankun; Ooi, Tian; Higgins, Jacob S.; Doyle, Jack F.; von der Wense, Lars; Beeks, Kjeld; Leitner, Adrian; Kazakov, Georgy; Li, Peng; Thirolf, Peter G.; Schumm, Thorsten; Ye, Jun (4 September 2024). "Frequency ratio of the ^229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the ⁸⁷Sr atomic clock". Nature. 633 (8028): 63–70. arXiv:2406.18719. Bibcode:2024Natur.633...63Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07839-6. PMID 39232152. The transition frequency between the $I = 5/2$ ground state and the $I = 3/2$ excited state is determined as: $𝜈Th = .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}⁠1/6⁠ (𝜈a + 2𝜈b + 2𝜈c + 𝜈d) = 2020407384335(2) kHz$ .
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (26 January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118d2501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. Bibcode:2018Natur.556..321T. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..243S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

bnl.gov (Global: 5,926^th place; English: 7,350^th place)

nndc.bnl.gov

ENSDF data as compiled at National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 3.0 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.

commondreams.org (Global: 5,363^rd place; English: 3,477^th place)

"Superbomb ignites science dispute". San Francisco Chronicle. 28 September 2003. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

The standard reference Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. uses approximately 10^-7 seconds
Walker, Philip M.; Carroll, James J. (2007). "Nuclear Isomers: Recipes from the Past and Ingredients for the Future" (PDF). Nuclear Physics News. 17 (2): 11–15. doi:10.1080/10506890701404206. S2CID 22342780.
Arnquist, I. J.; Avignone III, F. T.; Barabash, A. S.; Barton, C. J.; Bhimani, K. H.; Blalock, E.; Bos, B.; Busch, M.; Buuck, M.; Caldwell, T. S.; Christofferson, C. D.; Chu, P.-H.; Clark, M. L.; Cuesta, C.; Detwiler, J. A.; Efremenko, Yu.; Ejiri, H.; Elliott, S. R.; Giovanetti, G. K.; Goett, J.; Green, M. P.; Gruszko, J.; Guinn, I. S.; Guiseppe, V. E.; Haufe, C. R.; Henning, R.; Aguilar, D. Hervas; Hoppe, E. W.; Hostiuc, A.; Kim, I.; Kouzes, R. T.; Lannen V., T. E.; Li, A.; López-Castaño, J. M.; Massarczyk, R.; Meijer, S. J.; Meijer, W.; Oli, T. K.; Paudel, L. S.; Pettus, W.; Poon, A. W. P.; Radford, D. C.; Reine, A. L.; Rielage, K.; Rouyer, A.; Ruof, N. W.; Schaper, D. C.; Schleich, S. J.; Smith-Gandy, T. A.; Tedeschi, D.; Thompson, J. D.; Varner, R. L.; Vasilyev, S.; Watkins, S. L.; Wilkerson, J. F.; Wiseman, C.; Xu, W.; Yu, C.-H. (13 October 2023). "Constraints on the Decay of ^180mTa". Phys. Rev. Lett. 131 (15) 152501. arXiv:2306.01965. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.152501. PMID 37897780.
Hahn, Otto (1921). "Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran". Die Naturwissenschaften. 9 (5): 84. Bibcode:1921NW......9...84H. doi:10.1007/BF01491321. S2CID 28599831.
Rakopoulos, V.; Lantz, M.; Solders, A.; Al-Adili, A.; Mattera, A.; Canete, L.; Eronen, T.; Gorelov, D.; Jokinen, A.; Kankainen, A.; Kolhinen, V. S. (13 August 2018). "First isomeric yield ratio measurements by direct ion counting and implications for the angular momentum of the primary fission fragments". Physical Review C. 98 (2) 024612. Bibcode:2018PhRvC..98b4612R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.98.024612. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 125464341.
C. B. Collins; et al. (1988). "Depopulation of the isomeric state ¹⁸⁰Ta^m by the reaction ¹⁸⁰Ta^m(γ,γ′)¹⁸⁰Ta" (PDF). Physical Review C. 37 (5): 2267–2269. Bibcode:1988PhRvC..37.2267C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.37.2267. PMID 9954706. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2019.
D. Belic; et al. (1999). "Photoactivation of ¹⁸⁰Ta^m and Its Implications for the Nucleosynthesis of Nature's Rarest Naturally Occurring Isotope". Physical Review Letters. 83 (25): 5242–5245. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.5242B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.5242.
Tiedau, J.; Okhapkin, M. V.; Zhang, K.; Thielking, J.; Zitzer, G.; Peik, E.; Schaden, F.; Pronebner, T.; Morawetz, I.; De Col, L. Toscani; Schneider, F.; Leitner, A.; Pressler, M.; Kazakov, G. A.; Beeks, K. (29 April 2024). "Laser Excitation of the Th-229 Nucleus". Physical Review Letters. 132 (18) 182501. Bibcode:2024PhRvL.132r2501T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.182501. PMID 38759160.
Zhang, Chuankun; Ooi, Tian; Higgins, Jacob S.; Doyle, Jack F.; von der Wense, Lars; Beeks, Kjeld; Leitner, Adrian; Kazakov, Georgy; Li, Peng; Thirolf, Peter G.; Schumm, Thorsten; Ye, Jun (4 September 2024). "Frequency ratio of the ^229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the ⁸⁷Sr atomic clock". Nature. 633 (8028): 63–70. arXiv:2406.18719. Bibcode:2024Natur.633...63Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07839-6. PMID 39232152. The transition frequency between the $I = 5/2$ ground state and the $I = 3/2$ excited state is determined as: $𝜈Th = .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}⁠1/6⁠ (𝜈a + 2𝜈b + 2𝜈c + 𝜈d) = 2020407384335(2) kHz$ .
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (26 January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118d2501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. Bibcode:2018Natur.556..321T. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..243S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Peik, Ekkehard; Tamm, Christian (15 January 2003). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

dtic.mil (Global: 833^rd place; English: 567^th place)

apps.dtic.mil

M. S. Litz & G. Merkel (December 2004). "Controlled extraction of energy from nuclear isomers" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.

eurekalert.org (Global: 3,538^th place; English: 3,083^rd place)

David Hambling (16 August 2003). "Gamma-ray weapons". Reuters EurekAlert. New Scientist. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2010.

fsu.edu (Global: 2,584^th place; English: 1,811^th place)

web1.eng.famu.fsu.edu

Leon van Dommelen, Quantum Mechanics for Engineers, Section 14.20 Archived 5 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine

hafniumisomer.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

C. B. Collins; et al. (1988). "Depopulation of the isomeric state ¹⁸⁰Ta^m by the reaction ¹⁸⁰Ta^m(γ,γ′)¹⁸⁰Ta" (PDF). Physical Review C. 37 (5): 2267–2269. Bibcode:1988PhRvC..37.2267C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.37.2267. PMID 9954706. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2019.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Hahn, Otto (1921). "Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran". Die Naturwissenschaften. 9 (5): 84. Bibcode:1921NW......9...84H. doi:10.1007/BF01491321. S2CID 28599831.
Rakopoulos, V.; Lantz, M.; Solders, A.; Al-Adili, A.; Mattera, A.; Canete, L.; Eronen, T.; Gorelov, D.; Jokinen, A.; Kankainen, A.; Kolhinen, V. S. (13 August 2018). "First isomeric yield ratio measurements by direct ion counting and implications for the angular momentum of the primary fission fragments". Physical Review C. 98 (2) 024612. Bibcode:2018PhRvC..98b4612R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.98.024612. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 125464341.
C. B. Collins; et al. (1988). "Depopulation of the isomeric state ¹⁸⁰Ta^m by the reaction ¹⁸⁰Ta^m(γ,γ′)¹⁸⁰Ta" (PDF). Physical Review C. 37 (5): 2267–2269. Bibcode:1988PhRvC..37.2267C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.37.2267. PMID 9954706. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2019.
D. Belic; et al. (1999). "Photoactivation of ¹⁸⁰Ta^m and Its Implications for the Nucleosynthesis of Nature's Rarest Naturally Occurring Isotope". Physical Review Letters. 83 (25): 5242–5245. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.5242B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.5242.
Tiedau, J.; Okhapkin, M. V.; Zhang, K.; Thielking, J.; Zitzer, G.; Peik, E.; Schaden, F.; Pronebner, T.; Morawetz, I.; De Col, L. Toscani; Schneider, F.; Leitner, A.; Pressler, M.; Kazakov, G. A.; Beeks, K. (29 April 2024). "Laser Excitation of the Th-229 Nucleus". Physical Review Letters. 132 (18) 182501. Bibcode:2024PhRvL.132r2501T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.182501. PMID 38759160.
Zhang, Chuankun; Ooi, Tian; Higgins, Jacob S.; Doyle, Jack F.; von der Wense, Lars; Beeks, Kjeld; Leitner, Adrian; Kazakov, Georgy; Li, Peng; Thirolf, Peter G.; Schumm, Thorsten; Ye, Jun (4 September 2024). "Frequency ratio of the ^229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the ⁸⁷Sr atomic clock". Nature. 633 (8028): 63–70. arXiv:2406.18719. Bibcode:2024Natur.633...63Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07839-6. PMID 39232152. The transition frequency between the $I = 5/2$ ground state and the $I = 3/2$ excited state is determined as: $𝜈Th = .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}⁠1/6⁠ (𝜈a + 2𝜈b + 2𝜈c + 𝜈d) = 2020407384335(2) kHz$ .
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (26 January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118d2501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. Bibcode:2018Natur.556..321T. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..243S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Peik, Ekkehard; Tamm, Christian (15 January 2003). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

iaea.org (Global: 1,168^th place; English: 1,193^rd place)

www-nds.iaea.org

The standard reference Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. uses approximately 10^-7 seconds

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 716^th place)

Jeff Hecht (19 June 2006). "A perverse military strategy". New Scientist. Retrieved 12 December 2010.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Arnquist, I. J.; Avignone III, F. T.; Barabash, A. S.; Barton, C. J.; Bhimani, K. H.; Blalock, E.; Bos, B.; Busch, M.; Buuck, M.; Caldwell, T. S.; Christofferson, C. D.; Chu, P.-H.; Clark, M. L.; Cuesta, C.; Detwiler, J. A.; Efremenko, Yu.; Ejiri, H.; Elliott, S. R.; Giovanetti, G. K.; Goett, J.; Green, M. P.; Gruszko, J.; Guinn, I. S.; Guiseppe, V. E.; Haufe, C. R.; Henning, R.; Aguilar, D. Hervas; Hoppe, E. W.; Hostiuc, A.; Kim, I.; Kouzes, R. T.; Lannen V., T. E.; Li, A.; López-Castaño, J. M.; Massarczyk, R.; Meijer, S. J.; Meijer, W.; Oli, T. K.; Paudel, L. S.; Pettus, W.; Poon, A. W. P.; Radford, D. C.; Reine, A. L.; Rielage, K.; Rouyer, A.; Ruof, N. W.; Schaper, D. C.; Schleich, S. J.; Smith-Gandy, T. A.; Tedeschi, D.; Thompson, J. D.; Varner, R. L.; Vasilyev, S.; Watkins, S. L.; Wilkerson, J. F.; Wiseman, C.; Xu, W.; Yu, C.-H. (13 October 2023). "Constraints on the Decay of ^180mTa". Phys. Rev. Lett. 131 (15) 152501. arXiv:2306.01965. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.152501. PMID 37897780.
C. B. Collins; et al. (1988). "Depopulation of the isomeric state ¹⁸⁰Ta^m by the reaction ¹⁸⁰Ta^m(γ,γ′)¹⁸⁰Ta" (PDF). Physical Review C. 37 (5): 2267–2269. Bibcode:1988PhRvC..37.2267C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.37.2267. PMID 9954706. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2019.
Tiedau, J.; Okhapkin, M. V.; Zhang, K.; Thielking, J.; Zitzer, G.; Peik, E.; Schaden, F.; Pronebner, T.; Morawetz, I.; De Col, L. Toscani; Schneider, F.; Leitner, A.; Pressler, M.; Kazakov, G. A.; Beeks, K. (29 April 2024). "Laser Excitation of the Th-229 Nucleus". Physical Review Letters. 132 (18) 182501. Bibcode:2024PhRvL.132r2501T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.182501. PMID 38759160.
Zhang, Chuankun; Ooi, Tian; Higgins, Jacob S.; Doyle, Jack F.; von der Wense, Lars; Beeks, Kjeld; Leitner, Adrian; Kazakov, Georgy; Li, Peng; Thirolf, Peter G.; Schumm, Thorsten; Ye, Jun (4 September 2024). "Frequency ratio of the ^229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the ⁸⁷Sr atomic clock". Nature. 633 (8028): 63–70. arXiv:2406.18719. Bibcode:2024Natur.633...63Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07839-6. PMID 39232152. The transition frequency between the $I = 5/2$ ground state and the $I = 3/2$ excited state is determined as: $𝜈Th = .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}⁠1/6⁠ (𝜈a + 2𝜈b + 2𝜈c + 𝜈d) = 2020407384335(2) kHz$ .
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (26 January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118d2501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. Bibcode:2018Natur.556..321T. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..243S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

ptb.de (Global: 9,128^th place; English: low place)

Peik, Ekkehard; Tamm, Christian (15 January 2003). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2019.

sciencenews.org (Global: 3,410^th place; English: 2,939^th place)

Conover, Emily (4 September 2024). "A nuclear clock prototype hints at ultraprecise timekeeping". ScienceNews.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Walker, Philip M.; Carroll, James J. (2007). "Nuclear Isomers: Recipes from the Past and Ingredients for the Future" (PDF). Nuclear Physics News. 17 (2): 11–15. doi:10.1080/10506890701404206. S2CID 22342780.
Hahn, Otto (1921). "Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran". Die Naturwissenschaften. 9 (5): 84. Bibcode:1921NW......9...84H. doi:10.1007/BF01491321. S2CID 28599831.
Rakopoulos, V.; Lantz, M.; Solders, A.; Al-Adili, A.; Mattera, A.; Canete, L.; Eronen, T.; Gorelov, D.; Jokinen, A.; Kankainen, A.; Kolhinen, V. S. (13 August 2018). "First isomeric yield ratio measurements by direct ion counting and implications for the angular momentum of the primary fission fragments". Physical Review C. 98 (2) 024612. Bibcode:2018PhRvC..98b4612R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.98.024612. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 125464341.
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; Mokry, Christoph; Runke, Jörg; Eberhardt, Klaus; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Trautmann, Norbert G.; Thirolf, Peter G. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (26 January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118d2501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. Bibcode:2018Natur.556..321T. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..243S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Peik, Ekkehard; Tamm, Christian (15 January 2003). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
Campbell, C.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (22 March 2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place". Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (12) 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227.

surrey.ac.uk (Global: 8,396^th place; English: 5,997^th place)

epubs.surrey.ac.uk

Walker, Philip M.; Carroll, James J. (2007). "Nuclear Isomers: Recipes from the Past and Ingredients for the Future" (PDF). Nuclear Physics News. 17 (2): 11–15. doi:10.1080/10506890701404206. S2CID 22342780.

unh.edu (Global: 3,779^th place; English: 3,928^th place)

einstein.unh.edu

"UNH researchers search for stimulated gamma ray emission". UNH Nuclear Physics Group. 1997. Archived from the original on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2006.

uni-muenchen.de (Global: 3,337^th place; English: 3,444^th place)

med.physik.uni-muenchen.de

"Results on ^229mThorium published in "Nature"" (Press release). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. 6 May 2016. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

S. Weinberger (28 March 2004). "Scary things come in small packages". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

C. B. Collins; et al. (1988). "Depopulation of the isomeric state ¹⁸⁰Ta^m by the reaction ¹⁸⁰Ta^m(γ,γ′)¹⁸⁰Ta" (PDF). Physical Review C. 37 (5): 2267–2269. Bibcode:1988PhRvC..37.2267C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.37.2267. PMID 9954706. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2019.
"UNH researchers search for stimulated gamma ray emission". UNH Nuclear Physics Group. 1997. Archived from the original on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2006.
"Results on ^229mThorium published in "Nature"" (Press release). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. 6 May 2016. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
Peik, Ekkehard; Tamm, Christian (15 January 2003). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
Leon van Dommelen, Quantum Mechanics for Engineers, Section 14.20 Archived 5 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
David Hambling (16 August 2003). "Gamma-ray weapons". Reuters EurekAlert. New Scientist. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
Davidson, Seay. "Superbomb Ignites Science Dispute". Archived from the original on 10 May 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
S. Weinberger (28 March 2004). "Scary things come in small packages". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011.
"Superbomb ignites science dispute". San Francisco Chronicle. 28 September 2003. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012.
M. S. Litz & G. Merkel (December 2004). "Controlled extraction of energy from nuclear isomers" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Rakopoulos, V.; Lantz, M.; Solders, A.; Al-Adili, A.; Mattera, A.; Canete, L.; Eronen, T.; Gorelov, D.; Jokinen, A.; Kankainen, A.; Kolhinen, V. S. (13 August 2018). "First isomeric yield ratio measurements by direct ion counting and implications for the angular momentum of the primary fission fragments". Physical Review C. 98 (2) 024612. Bibcode:2018PhRvC..98b4612R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.98.024612. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 125464341.

zenodo.org (Global: 621^st place; English: 380^th place)

Hahn, Otto (1921). "Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran". Die Naturwissenschaften. 9 (5): 84. Bibcode:1921NW......9...84H. doi:10.1007/BF01491321. S2CID 28599831.

Nuclear isomer (English Wikipedia)

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