Nuclear power in space (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Nuclear power in space" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

12web.archive.org

1^st place

11nasa.gov

75^th place

83^rd place

8doi.org

2^nd place

4harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

3worldcat.org

5^th place

2npr.org

92^nd place

72^nd place

2spacedaily.com

8,300^th place

6,251^st place

2osti.gov

2,036^th place

1,254^th place

2iaea.org

1,168^th place

1,193^rd place

2unoosa.org

low place

2skyrocket.de

4,664^th place

3,842^nd place

2world-nuclear.org

3,446^th place

3,746^th place

1phys.org

1,283^rd place

1,130^th place

1space.com

936^th place

713^th place

1astronautix.com

2,056^th place

1,541^st place

1spacelegalissues.com

low place

1cdc.gov

218^th place

212^th place

1esa.int

1,482^nd place

1,468^th place

1svengrahn.pp.se

low place

1inl.gov

low place

1rbsp.info

low place

1nasaspaceflight.com

2,428^th place

1,659^th place

1jhuapl.edu

6,195^th place

5,404^th place

1jbis.org.uk

low place

1nla.gov.au

275^th place

181^st place

1theregister.co.uk

1,216^th place

797^th place

1indrus.in

low place

1sciencedaily.com

993^rd place

920^th place

1spacenews.com

1,876^th place

1,225^th place

1ieee.org

652^nd place

515^th place

astronautix.com (Global: 2,056^th place; English: 1,541^st place)

"RD-0410". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2025-07-06. Retrieved 2025-11-10.

cdc.gov (Global: 218^th place; English: 212^th place)

wwwn.cdc.gov

Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry. "Plutonium | Public Health Statement | ATSDR". wwwn.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-21.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Tchouaso, Modeste Tchakoua; Alam, Tariq Rizvi; Prelas, Mark Antonio (2023), "Space nuclear power", Photovoltaics for Space, Elsevier, pp. 443–488, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823300-9.00014-5, ISBN 978-0-12-823300-9
Hardy, Jr., E. P.; Krey, P. W.; Volchok, H. L. (1972-01-01). "Global Inventory and Distribution of 238-Pu from SNAP-9A". U.S. Department of Energy – Office of Scientific and Technical Information. doi:10.2172/4689831. OSTI 4689831.
Hussein, Esam M.A. (December 2020). "Emerging small modular nuclear power reactors: A critical review". Physics Open. 5 100038. doi:10.1016/j.physo.2020.100038. ISSN 2666-0326.
El-Genk, Mohamed (2010), "Safety guidelines for space nuclear reactor power and propulsion systems", Space Safety Regulations and Standards, Elsevier, pp. 319–370, doi:10.1016/b978-1-85617-752-8.10026-1, ISBN 978-1-85617-752-8
Barco, Alessandra; Ambrosi, Richard M.; Williams, Hugo R.; Stephenson, Keith (June 2020). "Radioisotope power systems in space missions: Overview of the safety aspects and recommendations for the European safety case". Journal of Space Safety Engineering. 7 (2): 137–149. Bibcode:2020JSSE....7..137B. doi:10.1016/j.jsse.2020.03.001. ISSN 2468-8967.
Summerer, L.; Wilcox, R.E.; Bechtel, R.; Harbison, S. (June 2015). "The International Safety Framework for nuclear power source applications in outer space—Useful and substantial guidance". Acta Astronautica. 111: 89–101. Bibcode:2015AcAau.111...89S. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.02.007. ISSN 0094-5765.
Gabrielli, Roland Antonius; Herdrich, Georg (2015). "Review of Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Systems". Progress in Aerospace Sciences. 79: 92–113. doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.09.001.
Ronen, Yigal; Shwageraus, E. (2000). "Ultra-thin 241mAm fuel elements in nuclear reactors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 455 (2): 442–451. Bibcode:2000NIMPA.455..442R. doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(00)00506-4.

esa.int (Global: 1,482^nd place; English: 1,468^th place)

conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int

Wiedemann, Carsten; Gamper, Eduard; Horstmann, Andre; Braun, Vitali; Stoll, Enrico (2017). "The contribution of NaK droplets to the space debris environment". ESA Proceedings Database (in German). Retrieved 2024-08-03.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Barco, Alessandra; Ambrosi, Richard M.; Williams, Hugo R.; Stephenson, Keith (June 2020). "Radioisotope power systems in space missions: Overview of the safety aspects and recommendations for the European safety case". Journal of Space Safety Engineering. 7 (2): 137–149. Bibcode:2020JSSE....7..137B. doi:10.1016/j.jsse.2020.03.001. ISSN 2468-8967.
Summerer, L.; Wilcox, R.E.; Bechtel, R.; Harbison, S. (June 2015). "The International Safety Framework for nuclear power source applications in outer space—Useful and substantial guidance". Acta Astronautica. 111: 89–101. Bibcode:2015AcAau.111...89S. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.02.007. ISSN 0094-5765.
Ronen, Yigal; Shwageraus, E. (2000). "Ultra-thin 241mAm fuel elements in nuclear reactors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 455 (2): 442–451. Bibcode:2000NIMPA.455..442R. doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(00)00506-4.
Arias, F. J. (2011). "Advanced Subcritical Assistance Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator: An Imperative Solution for the Future of NASA Exploration". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 64: 314–318. Bibcode:2011JBIS...64..314A.

iaea.org (Global: 1,168^th place; English: 1,193^rd place)

International Atomic Energy Agency (2020-10-28). "Ensuring Safety on Earth from Nuclear Sources in Space". www.iaea.org. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2009). Safety Framework for Nuclear Power Source Applications in Outer Space (Report). p. 1.

ieee.org (Global: 652^nd place; English: 515^th place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

"Lunar Surface Power Architecture Concepts". IEEE. 2023.

indrus.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Breakthrough in quest for nuclear-powered spacecraft". Rossiiskaya Gazeta. October 25, 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2013.

inl.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Atomic Power in Space II: A History 2015" (PDF). inl.gov. Idaho National Laboratory. September 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2018.

jbis.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Arias, F. J. (2011). "Advanced Subcritical Assistance Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator: An Imperative Solution for the Future of NASA Exploration". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 64: 314–318. Bibcode:2011JBIS...64..314A.

jhuapl.edu (Global: 6,195^th place; English: 5,404^th place)

interstellarexplorer.jhuapl.edu

"Innovative Interstellar Probe". JHU/APL. Retrieved 22 October 2010.

nasa.gov (Global: 75^th place; English: 83^rd place)

nasa.gov

"NASA's Juno Spacecraft Breaks Solar Power Distance Record". NASA. January 13, 2016. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
"Apollo 12 Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. pp. 43–44. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
Hall, Loura; Weed, Ryan (9 January 2023). "Aerogel Core Fission Fragment Rocket Engine". NASA. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
"NASA Announces Artemis Concept Awards for Nuclear Power on Moon". NASA. 21 June 2022.

saturn.jpl.nasa.gov

"Department of Energy Facts: Radioisotope Heater Units" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Space and Defense Power Systems. December 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2010.

rps.nasa.gov

"About Plutonium-238 | About RPS". NASA RPS: Radioisotope Power Systems. Retrieved 2024-03-21.

nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov

"Nimbus B". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved June 5, 2018.

prod.nais.nasa.gov

"Stirling Technical Interchange Meeting" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2016-04-08.

sservi.nasa.gov

"A Lunar Nuclear Reactor | Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute". Sservi.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-23.

ntrs.nasa.gov

"Overview of NASA Fission Surface Power" (PDF). 2023.

marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov

"Technologies of Broad Benefit: Power". Archived from the original on June 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-20.

nasaspaceflight.com (Global: 2,428^th place; English: 1,659^th place)

forum.nasaspaceflight.com

Mason, Lee; Sterling Bailey; Ryan Bechtel; John Elliott; Mike Houts; Rick Kapernick; Ron Lipinski; Duncan MacPherson; Tom Moreno; Bill Nesmith; Dave Poston; Lou Qualls; Ross Radel; Abraham Weitzberg; Jim Werner; Jean-Pierre Fleurial (18 November 2010). "Small Fission Power System Feasibility Study — Final Report". NASA/DOE. Retrieved 3 October 2015. Space Nuclear Power: Since 1961 the U.S. has flown more than 40 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) with an essentially perfect operational record. The specifics of these RTGs and the missions they have powered have been thoroughly reviewed in the open literature. The U.S. has flown only one reactor, which is described below. The Soviet Union has flown only 2 RTGs and had shown a preference to use small fission power systems instead of RTGs. The USSR had a more aggressive space fission power program than the U.S. and flew more than 30 reactors. Although these were designed for short lifetime, the program demonstrated the successful use of common designs and technology.

nla.gov.au (Global: 275^th place; English: 181^st place)

trove.nla.gov.au

A.A.P.-Reuter (1965-04-05). "Reactor goes into space". The Canberra Times. 39 (11, 122). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 April 1965. p. 1. Via National Library of Australia. Retrieved on 2017-08-12 from https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131765167.

npr.org (Global: 92^nd place; English: 72^nd place)

Greenfieldboyce, Nell. "Plutonium Shortage Could Stall Space Exploration". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
Greenfieldboyce, Nell. "The Plutonium Problem: Who Pays For Space Fuel?". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2013.

osti.gov (Global: 2,036^th place; English: 1,254^th place)

Hardy, Jr., E. P.; Krey, P. W.; Volchok, H. L. (1972-01-01). "Global Inventory and Distribution of 238-Pu from SNAP-9A". U.S. Department of Energy – Office of Scientific and Technical Information. doi:10.2172/4689831. OSTI 4689831.
Chapline, G.; Dickson, P.; Schnitzler, B. (18 September 1988). Fission fragment rockets: A potential breakthrough (PDF). International reactor physics conference. Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. OSTI 6868318.

phys.org (Global: 1,283^rd place; English: 1,130^th place)

David Dickinson (March 21, 2013). "U.S. to restart plutonium production for deep space exploration". Universe Today. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2015.

rbsp.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Clark, R.; Sheldon, R. (10–13 July 2005). Dusty Plasma Based Fission Fragment Nuclear Reactor (PDF). 41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Tucson, Arizona: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (published 15 April 2007). AIAA Paper 2005-4460.

sciencedaily.com (Global: 993^rd place; English: 920^th place)

"NASA Successfully Tests Ion Engine". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 22 November 2013.

skyrocket.de (Global: 4,664^th place; English: 3,842^nd place)

space.skyrocket.de

"Nuclear Powered Payloads". Gunter's Space Page. 2024-08-19. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
"Onyx 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Lacrosse 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)". Gunter's Space Page. 2024-08-19. Retrieved 2024-08-19.

space.com (Global: 936^th place; English: 713^th place)

Wall, Mike (April 6, 2012). "Plutonium Production May Avert Spacecraft Fuel Shortage". Space.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.

spacedaily.com (Global: 8,300^th place; English: 6,251^st place)

"Nuclear Power In Space". Spacedaily.com. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Zaitsev, Yury. "Nuclear Power In Space". Spacedaily. Retrieved 22 November 2013.

spacelegalissues.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Nuclear Power Sources in Space". Space Legal Issues. 2019-07-24. Archived from the original on 2021-06-22. Retrieved 2021-06-04.

spacenews.com (Global: 1,876^th place; English: 1,225^th place)

"NASA to seek proposals for lunar nuclear power system". Space News. 2 September 2020.

svengrahn.pp.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

Grahn, Sven. "The US-A program (Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satelites)". Sven's Space Place. Retrieved 2024-07-27.

theregister.co.uk (Global: 1,216^th place; English: 797^th place)

Page, Lewis (5 April 2011). "Russia, NASA to hold talks on nuclear-powered spacecraft Muscovites have the balls but not the money". The Register. Retrieved 26 December 2013.

unoosa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"NPS Principles". www.unoosa.org. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
"A/AC.105/C.1/124 - Final report on the implementation of the Safety Framework for Nuclear Power Source Applications in Outer Space and recommendations for potential enhancements of the technical content and scope of the Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space: Prepared by the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space". www.unoosa.org. Retrieved 2024-03-21.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Department of Energy Facts: Radioisotope Heater Units" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Space and Defense Power Systems. December 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
David Dickinson (March 21, 2013). "U.S. to restart plutonium production for deep space exploration". Universe Today. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
Greenfieldboyce, Nell. "Plutonium Shortage Could Stall Space Exploration". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
Greenfieldboyce, Nell. "The Plutonium Problem: Who Pays For Space Fuel?". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
Wall, Mike (April 6, 2012). "Plutonium Production May Avert Spacecraft Fuel Shortage". Space.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
"NASA's Juno Spacecraft Breaks Solar Power Distance Record". NASA. January 13, 2016. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
"RD-0410". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2025-07-06. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
"Nuclear Power Sources in Space". Space Legal Issues. 2019-07-24. Archived from the original on 2021-06-22. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
Nuclear fission and fusion, and neutron interactions, National Physical Laboratory Archive.
"Stirling Technical Interchange Meeting" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
"Nuclear Reactors for Space". World Nuclear Association. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
"Technologies of Broad Benefit: Power". Archived from the original on June 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-20.

world-nuclear.org (Global: 3,446^th place; English: 3,746^th place)

"Nuclear Reactors for Space - World Nuclear Association". World-nuclear.org. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
"Nuclear Reactors for Space". World Nuclear Association. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2013.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Hussein, Esam M.A. (December 2020). "Emerging small modular nuclear power reactors: A critical review". Physics Open. 5 100038. doi:10.1016/j.physo.2020.100038. ISSN 2666-0326.
Barco, Alessandra; Ambrosi, Richard M.; Williams, Hugo R.; Stephenson, Keith (June 2020). "Radioisotope power systems in space missions: Overview of the safety aspects and recommendations for the European safety case". Journal of Space Safety Engineering. 7 (2): 137–149. Bibcode:2020JSSE....7..137B. doi:10.1016/j.jsse.2020.03.001. ISSN 2468-8967.
Summerer, L.; Wilcox, R.E.; Bechtel, R.; Harbison, S. (June 2015). "The International Safety Framework for nuclear power source applications in outer space—Useful and substantial guidance". Acta Astronautica. 111: 89–101. Bibcode:2015AcAau.111...89S. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.02.007. ISSN 0094-5765.

Nuclear power in space (English Wikipedia)

astronautix.com (Global: 2,056th place; English: 1,541st place)

cdc.gov (Global: 218th place; English: 212th place)

wwwn.cdc.gov

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

esa.int (Global: 1,482nd place; English: 1,468th place)

conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

iaea.org (Global: 1,168th place; English: 1,193rd place)

ieee.org (Global: 652nd place; English: 515th place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

indrus.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

inl.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

jbis.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

jhuapl.edu (Global: 6,195th place; English: 5,404th place)

interstellarexplorer.jhuapl.edu

nasa.gov (Global: 75th place; English: 83rd place)

nasa.gov

saturn.jpl.nasa.gov

rps.nasa.gov

nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov

prod.nais.nasa.gov

sservi.nasa.gov

ntrs.nasa.gov

marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov

nasaspaceflight.com (Global: 2,428th place; English: 1,659th place)

forum.nasaspaceflight.com

nla.gov.au (Global: 275th place; English: 181st place)

trove.nla.gov.au

npr.org (Global: 92nd place; English: 72nd place)

osti.gov (Global: 2,036th place; English: 1,254th place)

phys.org (Global: 1,283rd place; English: 1,130th place)

rbsp.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencedaily.com (Global: 993rd place; English: 920th place)

skyrocket.de (Global: 4,664th place; English: 3,842nd place)

space.skyrocket.de

space.com (Global: 936th place; English: 713th place)

spacedaily.com (Global: 8,300th place; English: 6,251st place)

spacelegalissues.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

spacenews.com (Global: 1,876th place; English: 1,225th place)

svengrahn.pp.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

theregister.co.uk (Global: 1,216th place; English: 797th place)

unoosa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

world-nuclear.org (Global: 3,446th place; English: 3,746th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

astronautix.com (Global: 2,056^th place; English: 1,541^st place)

cdc.gov (Global: 218^th place; English: 212^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

esa.int (Global: 1,482^nd place; English: 1,468^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

iaea.org (Global: 1,168^th place; English: 1,193^rd place)

ieee.org (Global: 652^nd place; English: 515^th place)

jhuapl.edu (Global: 6,195^th place; English: 5,404^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 75^th place; English: 83^rd place)

nasaspaceflight.com (Global: 2,428^th place; English: 1,659^th place)

nla.gov.au (Global: 275^th place; English: 181^st place)

npr.org (Global: 92^nd place; English: 72^nd place)

osti.gov (Global: 2,036^th place; English: 1,254^th place)

phys.org (Global: 1,283^rd place; English: 1,130^th place)

sciencedaily.com (Global: 993^rd place; English: 920^th place)

skyrocket.de (Global: 4,664^th place; English: 3,842^nd place)

space.com (Global: 936^th place; English: 713^th place)

spacedaily.com (Global: 8,300^th place; English: 6,251^st place)

spacenews.com (Global: 1,876^th place; English: 1,225^th place)

theregister.co.uk (Global: 1,216^th place; English: 797^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

world-nuclear.org (Global: 3,446^th place; English: 3,746^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)