Null hypothesis (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Null hypothesis" in English language version.

Last modified: 21:02:24, 23 August 2026 (UTC)

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Neyman, J; Pearson, E. S. (January 1, 1933). "On the Problem of the most Efficient Tests of Statistical Hypotheses". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 231 (694–706): 289–337. Bibcode:1933RSPTA.231..289N. doi:10.1098/rsta.1933.0009.
Lehmann, E. L. (December 1993). "The Fisher, Neyman–Pearson Theories of Testing Hypotheses: One Theory or Two?". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 88 (424): 1242–1249. Bibcode:1993JASA...88.1242L. doi:10.1080/01621459.1993.10476404.
Neyman, Jerzy (1967). "RA Fisher (1890—1962): An Appreciation". Science. 156 (3781): 1456–1460. Bibcode:1967Sci...156.1456N. doi:10.1126/science.156.3781.1456. PMID 17741062. S2CID 44708120.
Losavich, J. L.; Neyman, J.; Scott, E. L.; Wells, M. A. (1971). "Hypothetical explanations of the negative apparent effects of cloud seeding in the Whitetop Experiment". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 68 (11): 2643–2646. Bibcode:1971PNAS...68.2643L. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.11.2643. PMC 389491. PMID 16591951.
Lehmann, E. L. (December 1993). "The Fisher, Neyman-Pearson Theories of Testing Hypotheses: One Theory or Two?". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 88 (424): 1242–1249. Bibcode:1993JASA...88.1242L. doi:10.1080/01621459.1993.10476404.
Lombardi, Celia M.; Hurlbert, Stuart H. (2009). "Misprescription and misuse of one-tailed tests". Austral Ecology. 34 (4): 447–468. Bibcode:2009AusEc..34..447L. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01946.x. Discusses the merits and historical usage of one-tailed tests in biology at length.
Nuzzo, Regina (2014). "Scientific method: Statistical errors". Nature. 506 (7487): 150–152. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..150N. doi:10.1038/506150a. hdl:11573/685222. PMID 24522584.
Corneliussen, Steven T. (2015-11-24). "Which scientists can winningly explain a flame, time, sleep, color, or sound to 11-year-olds?". Physics Today (11) 11792. Bibcode:2015PhT..2015k1792C. doi:10.1063/pt.5.8150. ISSN 1945-0699.
Berger, James O. (2003). "Could Fisher, Jeffreys and Neyman Have Agreed on Testing?". Statistical Science. 18 (1): 1–32. Bibcode:2003StaSc..1897485B. doi:10.1214/ss/1056397485.
Wilkinson, Leland (1999). "Statistical Methods in Psychology Journals; Guidelines and Explanations". American Psychologist. 54 (8): 594–604. Bibcode:1999AmPsy..54..594W. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.594. S2CID 428023. "Hypothesis tests. It is hard to imagine a situation in which a dichotomous accept-reject decision is better than reporting an actual p value or, better still, a confidence interval." (p 599). The committee used the cautionary term "forbearance" in describing its decision against a ban of hypothesis testing in psychology reporting. (p 603)

apa.org (Global: 1,327^th place; English: 1,093^rd place)

psycnet.apa.org

Nickerson, Raymond S. (2000). "Null Hypothesis Significance Tests: A Review of an Old and Continuing Controversy" (PDF). Psychological Methods. 5 (2): 241–301. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.5.2.241. PMID 10937333. S2CID 28340967. Archived from the original on 2000-02-23.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Moore, David; McCabe, George (2003). Introduction to the Practice of Statistics (4 ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. p. 438. ISBN 978-0716796572.
Weiss, Neil A. (1999). Introductory Statistics (5th ed.). Addison Wesley. p. 494. ISBN 978-0201598773.
Hughes, Ann J.; Grawoig, Dennis E. (1971). Statistics: A Foundation for Analysis. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. p. 191. ISBN 0-201-03021-7.
Winkler, Robert L; Hays, William L (1975). Statistics : probability, inference, and decision. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-03-014011-2.
Pearson, K (1904). "On the Theory of Contingency and Its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation". Drapers' Company Research Memoirs Biometric Series. 1: 1–35.
Everitt, Brian (1998). The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521593465.
Burnham, K. P.; Anderson, D. R. (2002), Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach (2nd ed.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-95364-9.
Huff, Darrell (1993). How to lie with statistics. New York: Norton. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-393-31072-6.'Statistical methods and statistical terms are necessary in reporting the mass data of social and economic trends, business conditions, "opinion" polls, the census. But without writers who use the words with honesty and readers who know what they mean, the result can only be semantic nonsense.'
Brian, Éric; Jaisson, Marie (2007). "Physico-Theology and Mathematics (1710–1794)". The Descent of Human Sex Ratio at Birth. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-1-4020-6036-6.
Stigler, Stephen M. (1986). The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty Before 1900. Harvard University Press. pp. 225–226. ISBN 978-0-67440341-3.
Stigler, Stephen M. (1986). The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-674-40340-6.
Howell, David (2002). Statistical Methods for Psychology (5 ed.). Duxbury. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-534-37770-0.

auckland.ac.nz (Global: 3,907^th place; English: 2,379^th place)

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Moore, David S. (1997). "New Pedagogy and New Content: The Case of Statistics" (PDF). International Statistical Review. 65 (2): 123–165. doi:10.2307/1403333. JSTOR 1403333.

berkeley.edu (Global: 621^st place; English: 429^th place)

stat.berkeley.edu

Wasserstein RL, Lazar NA (2016). "The ASA's statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose" (PDF). The American Statistician. 70 (2): 129–133. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108. S2CID 124084622.

bnf.fr (Global: 61^st place; English: 357^th place)

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Laplace, P. (1778). "Mémoire sur les probabilités". Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris: 227–332. Reprinted in Laplace, P. (1878–1912). "Mémoire sur les probabilités (XIX, XX)". Oeuvres complètes de Laplace. Vol. 9. Gauthier-Villars. pp. 383–488. English translation: Laplace, P. (August 21, 2010). "Mémoire sur les probabilités" (PDF). Translated by Pulskam, Richard J. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2015.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Lewis, Nancy D.; Lewis, Nigel Da Costa; Lewis, N. D. (2013). 100 Statistical Tests in R: What to Choose, how to Easily Calculate, with Over 300 Illustrations and Examples. Heather Hills Press. ISBN 978-1-4840-5299-0.
Kanji, Gopal K. (18 July 2006). 100 Statistical Tests. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4462-2250-8.
Carlos Cortinhas; Ken Black (23 September 2014). Statistics for Business and Economics. Wiley. p. 314. ISBN 978-1-119-94335-8.
Fisher, Sir Ronald A. (2000) [1935]. "Mathematics of a Lady Tasting Tea". In James Roy Newman (ed.). The World of Mathematics, volume 3 [Design of Experiments]. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41151-4. Originally from Fisher's book Design of Experiments.

collegeboard.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

College Board Tests > AP: Subjects > Statistics The College Board (relates to USA students)

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Mathematics > High School: Statistics & Probability > Introduction Deprecated link archived July 28, 2012, at archive.today Common Core State Standards Initiative (relates to USA students)

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For example see Null hypothesis

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Wasserstein RL, Lazar NA (2016). "The ASA's statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose" (PDF). The American Statistician. 70 (2): 129–133. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108. S2CID 124084622.
Neyman, J; Pearson, E. S. (January 1, 1933). "On the Problem of the most Efficient Tests of Statistical Hypotheses". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 231 (694–706): 289–337. Bibcode:1933RSPTA.231..289N. doi:10.1098/rsta.1933.0009.
Pearson, K (1900). "On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling" (PDF). The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 5 (50): 157–175. doi:10.1080/14786440009463897.
Zabell, S (1989). "R. A. Fisher on the History of Inverse Probability". Statistical Science. 4 (3): 247–256. doi:10.1214/ss/1177012488. JSTOR 2245634.
Cohen, J. (1990). "Things I have learned (so far)". American Psychologist. 45 (12): 1304–1312. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.12.1304. S2CID 7180431.
Fisher, R (1955). "Statistical Methods and Scientific Induction" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 17 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1955.tb00180.x.
Goodman, S N (June 15, 1999). "Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 1: The P Value Fallacy". Ann Intern Med. 130 (12): 995–1004. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-12-199906150-00008. PMID 10383371. S2CID 7534212.
Lehmann, E. L. (December 1993). "The Fisher, Neyman–Pearson Theories of Testing Hypotheses: One Theory or Two?". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 88 (424): 1242–1249. Bibcode:1993JASA...88.1242L. doi:10.1080/01621459.1993.10476404.
Lenhard, Johannes (2006). "Models and Statistical Inference: The Controversy between Fisher and Neyman–Pearson". Br. J. Philos. Sci. 57: 69–91. doi:10.1093/bjps/axi152. S2CID 14136146.
Neyman, Jerzy (1967). "RA Fisher (1890—1962): An Appreciation". Science. 156 (3781): 1456–1460. Bibcode:1967Sci...156.1456N. doi:10.1126/science.156.3781.1456. PMID 17741062. S2CID 44708120.
Losavich, J. L.; Neyman, J.; Scott, E. L.; Wells, M. A. (1971). "Hypothetical explanations of the negative apparent effects of cloud seeding in the Whitetop Experiment". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 68 (11): 2643–2646. Bibcode:1971PNAS...68.2643L. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.11.2643. PMC 389491. PMID 16591951.
Lehmann, E. L. (December 1993). "The Fisher, Neyman-Pearson Theories of Testing Hypotheses: One Theory or Two?". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 88 (424): 1242–1249. Bibcode:1993JASA...88.1242L. doi:10.1080/01621459.1993.10476404.
Nickerson, Raymond S. (2000). "Null Hypothesis Significance Tests: A Review of an Old and Continuing Controversy" (PDF). Psychological Methods. 5 (2): 241–301. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.5.2.241. PMID 10937333. S2CID 28340967. Archived from the original on 2000-02-23.
Halpin, P F; Stam, HJ (Winter 2006). "Inductive Inference or Inductive Behavior: Fisher and Neyman: Pearson Approaches to Statistical Testing in Psychological Research (1940–1960)". The American Journal of Psychology. 119 (4): 625–653. doi:10.2307/20445367. JSTOR 20445367. PMID 17286092.
Zhao, Guolong (18 April 2015). "A Test of Non Null Hypothesis for Linear Trends in Proportions". Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods. 44 (8): 1621–1639. doi:10.1080/03610926.2013.776687. ISSN 0361-0926. S2CID 120030713.
Meehl, P (1990). "Appraising and Amending Theories: The Strategy of Lakatosian Defense and Two Principles That Warrant It" (PDF). Psychological Inquiry. 1 (2): 108–141. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0102_1.
Mayo, D. G.; Spanos, A. (2006). "Severe Testing as a Basic Concept in a Neyman–Pearson Philosophy of Induction". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 57 (2): 323–357. doi:10.1093/bjps/axl003. S2CID 7176653.
E. L. Lehmann (1997). "Testing Statistical Hypotheses: The Story of a Book". Statistical Science. 12 (1): 48–52. doi:10.1214/ss/1029963261.
Sotos, Ana Elisa Castro; Vanhoof, Stijn; Noortgate, Wim Van den; Onghena, Patrick (2007). "Students' Misconceptions of Statistical Inference: A Review of the Empirical Evidence from Research on Statistics Education" (PDF). Educational Research Review. 2 (2): 98–113. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2007.04.001.
Moore, David S. (1997). "New Pedagogy and New Content: The Case of Statistics" (PDF). International Statistical Review. 65 (2): 123–165. doi:10.2307/1403333. JSTOR 1403333.
Hubbard, Raymond; Armstrong, J. Scott (2006). "Why We Don't Really Know What Statistical Significance Means: Implications for Educators". Journal of Marketing Education. 28 (2): 114–120. doi:10.1177/0273475306288399. hdl:2092/413. S2CID 34729227.
Sotos, Ana Elisa Castro; Vanhoof, Stijn; Noortgate, Wim Van den; Onghena, Patrick (2009). "How Confident Are Students in Their Misconceptions about Hypothesis Tests?". Journal of Statistics Education. 17 (2). doi:10.1080/10691898.2009.11889514.
Gigerenzer, G. (2004). "The Null Ritual What You Always Wanted to Know About Significant Testing but Were Afraid to Ask" (PDF). The SAGE Handbook of Quantitative Methodology for the Social Sciences. pp. 391–408. doi:10.4135/9781412986311. ISBN 978-0-7619-2359-6.
Cox, DR (1982). "Statistical Significance Tests". Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 14 (3): 325–331. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01987.x. PMC 1427620. PMID 6751362.
Jones, B; P Jarvis; J A Lewis; A F Ebbutt (6 July 1996). "Trials to assess equivalence: the importance of rigorous methods". BMJ. 313 (7048): 36–39. doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7048.36. PMC 2351444. PMID 8664772. It is suggested that the default position (the null hypothesis) should be that the treatments are not equivalent. Conclusions should be made on the basis of confidence intervals rather than significance.
Lombardi, Celia M.; Hurlbert, Stuart H. (2009). "Misprescription and misuse of one-tailed tests". Austral Ecology. 34 (4): 447–468. Bibcode:2009AusEc..34..447L. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01946.x. Discusses the merits and historical usage of one-tailed tests in biology at length.
Bland, J Martin; Altman, Douglas G (23 July 1994). "One and two sided tests of significance". BMJ. 309 (6949): 248. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6949.248. PMC 2540725. PMID 8069143. With respect to medical statistics: "In general a one sided test is appropriate when a large difference in one direction would lead to the same action as no difference at all. Expectation of a difference in a particular direction is not adequate justification." "Two sided tests should be used unless there is a very good reason for doing otherwise. If one sided tests are to be used the direction of the test must be specified in advance. One sided tests should never be used simply as a device to make a conventionally non-significant difference significant."
Jones, Lyle V.; Tukey, John W. (2000). "A Sensible Formulation of the Significance Test". Psychological Methods. 5 (4): 411–414. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.5.4.411. PMID 11194204. S2CID 14553341. Test results are signed: significant positive effect, significant negative effect or insignificant effect of unknown sign. This is a more nuanced conclusion than that of the two-tailed test. It has the advantages of one-tailed tests without the disadvantages.
Hurlbert, S. H.; Lombardi, C. M. (2009). "Final collapse of the Neyman-Pearson decision theoretic framework and rise of the neoFisherian". Ann. Zool. Fennici. 46 (5): 311–349. doi:10.5735/086.046.0501. ISSN 1797-2450. S2CID 9688067.
"Testing Statistical Hypotheses". Springer Texts in Statistics. 2005. doi:10.1007/0-387-27605-x. ISBN 978-0-387-98864-1. ISSN 1431-875X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Nuzzo, Regina (2014). "Scientific method: Statistical errors". Nature. 506 (7487): 150–152. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..150N. doi:10.1038/506150a. hdl:11573/685222. PMID 24522584.
Hubbard, R.; Parsa, A. R.; Luthy, M. R. (1997). "The Spread of Statistical Significance Testing in Psychology: The Case of the Journal of Applied Psychology". Theory and Psychology. 7 (4): 545–554. doi:10.1177/0959354397074006. S2CID 145576828.
Ranganathan, Priya; Pramesh, C. S; Buyse, Marc (April–June 2016). "Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: The perils of multiple testing". Perspect Clin Res. 7 (2): 106–107. doi:10.4103/2229-3485.179436. PMC 4840791. PMID 27141478.
John Arbuthnot (1710). "An argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the births of both sexes" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 27 (325–336): 186–190. doi:10.1098/rstl.1710.0011. S2CID 186209819.
Corneliussen, Steven T. (2015-11-24). "Which scientists can winningly explain a flame, time, sleep, color, or sound to 11-year-olds?". Physics Today (11) 11792. Bibcode:2015PhT..2015k1792C. doi:10.1063/pt.5.8150. ISSN 1945-0699.
Wasserstein, Ronald L.; Lazar, Nicole A. (2016-04-02). "The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose". The American Statistician. 70 (2): 129–133. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108. ISSN 0003-1305. S2CID 124084622.
Tukey, John W. (1960). "Conclusions vs decisions". Technometrics. 26 (4): 423–433. doi:10.1080/00401706.1960.10489909. "Until we go through the accounts of testing hypotheses, separating [Neyman–Pearson] decision elements from [Fisher] conclusion elements, the intimate mixture of disparate elements will be a continual source of confusion." ... "There is a place for both "doing one's best" and "saying only what is certain," but it is important to know, in each instance, both which one is being done, and which one ought to be done."
Stigler, Stephen M. (August 1996). "The History of Statistics in 1933". Statistical Science. 11 (3): 244–252. doi:10.1214/ss/1032280216. JSTOR 2246117.
Berger, James O. (2003). "Could Fisher, Jeffreys and Neyman Have Agreed on Testing?". Statistical Science. 18 (1): 1–32. Bibcode:2003StaSc..1897485B. doi:10.1214/ss/1056397485.
Cornfield, Jerome (1976). "Recent Methodological Contributions to Clinical Trials" (PDF). American Journal of Epidemiology. 104 (4): 408–421. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112313. PMID 788503.
Yates, Frank (1951). "The Influence of Statistical Methods for Research Workers on the Development of the Science of Statistics". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 46 (253): 19–34. doi:10.1080/01621459.1951.10500764. "The emphasis given to formal tests of significance throughout [R.A. Fisher's] Statistical Methods ... has caused scientific research workers to pay undue attention to the results of the tests of significance they perform on their data, particularly data derived from experiments, and too little to the estimates of the magnitude of the effects they are investigating." ... "The emphasis on tests of significance and the consideration of the results of each experiment in isolation, have had the unfortunate consequence that scientific workers have often regarded the execution of a test of significance on an experiment as the ultimate objective."
Begg, Colin B.; Berlin, Jesse A. (1988). "Publication bias: a problem in interpreting medical data". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. 151 (3): 419–463. doi:10.2307/2982993. JSTOR 2982993. S2CID 121054702.
Meehl, Paul E. (1967). "Theory-Testing in Psychology and Physics: A Methodological Paradox" (PDF). Philosophy of Science. 34 (2): 103–115. doi:10.1086/288135. S2CID 96422880. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2013. Thirty years later, Meehl acknowledged statistical significance theory to be mathematically sound while continuing to question the default choice of null hypothesis, blaming instead the "social scientists' poor understanding of the logical relation between theory and fact" in "The Problem Is Epistemology, Not Statistics: Replace Significance Tests by Confidence Intervals and Quantify Accuracy of Risky Numerical Predictions" (Chapter 14 in Harlow (1997)).
Bakan, David (1966). "The test of significance in psychological research". Psychological Bulletin. 66 (6): 423–437. doi:10.1037/h0020412. PMID 5974619.
Gigerenzer, G (November 2004). "Mindless statistics". The Journal of Socio-Economics. 33 (5): 587–606. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.033. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0025-87C0-8.
Nunnally, Jum (1960). "The place of statistics in psychology". Educational and Psychological Measurement. 20 (4): 641–650. doi:10.1177/001316446002000401. S2CID 144813784.
Jacob Cohen (December 1994). "The Earth Is Round (p < .05)". American Psychologist. 49 (12): 997–1003. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997. S2CID 380942. This paper lead to the review of statistical practices by the APA. Cohen was a member of the Task Force that did the review.
Branch, Mark (2014). "Malignant side effects of null hypothesis significance testing". Theory & Psychology. 24 (2): 256–277. doi:10.1177/0959354314525282. S2CID 40712136.
Hunter, John E. (January 1997). "Needed: A Ban on the Significance Test". Psychological Science. 8 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00534.x. S2CID 145422959.
Lakens, Daniël (2021). "The practical alternative to the p value is the correctly used p value". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 16 (3): 639–648. doi:10.1177/1745691620958012. PMC 8114329. S2CID 231863811.
Wilkinson, Leland (1999). "Statistical Methods in Psychology Journals; Guidelines and Explanations". American Psychologist. 54 (8): 594–604. Bibcode:1999AmPsy..54..594W. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.594. S2CID 428023. "Hypothesis tests. It is hard to imagine a situation in which a dichotomous accept-reject decision is better than reporting an actual p value or, better still, a confidence interval." (p 599). The committee used the cautionary term "forbearance" in describing its decision against a ban of hypothesis testing in psychology reporting. (p 603)
Williams, S.; Carson, R.; Tóth, K. (October 10, 2023). "Moving beyond P values in The Journal of Physiology: A primer on the value of effect sizes and confidence intervals". J Physiol. 601 (23): 5131–5133. doi:10.1113/JP285575. PMID 37815959. S2CID 263827430.
Boos, Dennis D; Stefanski, Leonard A (2011). "P-Value Precision and Reproducibility". The American Statistician. 65 (4): 213–221. doi:10.1198/tas.2011.10129. PMC 3370685. PMID 22690019.
Ho, Joses; Tumkaya, Tayfun; Aryal, Sameer; Choi, Hyungwon; Claridge-Chang, Adam (June 19, 2019). "Moving beyond P values: data analysis with estimation graphics". Nature Methods. 16 (7): 565–566. doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0470-3. ISSN 1548-7091. PMID 31217592.
Kruschke, J K (July 9, 2012). "Bayesian Estimation Supersedes the T Test" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 142 (2): 573–603. doi:10.1037/a0029146. PMID 22774788. S2CID 5610231.
Kruschke, J K (May 8, 2018). "Rejecting or Accepting Parameter Values in Bayesian Estimation" (PDF). Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science. 1 (2): 270–280. doi:10.1177/2515245918771304. S2CID 125788648.
Armstrong, J. Scott (2007). "Significance tests harm progress in forecasting". International Journal of Forecasting. 23 (2): 321–327. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2007.03.004. S2CID 1550979.
Rozeboom, William W (1960). "The fallacy of the null-hypothesis significance test" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 57 (5): 416–428. doi:10.1037/h0042040. PMID 13744252. "...the proper application of statistics to scientific inference is irrevocably committed to extensive consideration of inverse [AKA Bayesian] probabilities..." It was acknowledged, with regret, that a priori probability distributions were available "only as a subjective feel, differing from one person to the next" "in the more immediate future, at least".
Berger, James (2006). "The Case for Objective Bayesian Analysis". Bayesian Analysis. 1 (3): 385–402. doi:10.1214/06-ba115. In listing the competing definitions of "objective" Bayesian analysis, "A major goal of statistics (indeed science) is to find a completely coherent objective Bayesian methodology for learning from data." The author expressed the view that this goal "is not attainable".
Aldrich, J (2008). "R. A. Fisher on Bayes and Bayes' theorem". Bayesian Analysis. 3 (1): 161–170. doi:10.1214/08-BA306.

duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

ftp.isds.duke.edu

Raymond Hubbard, M. J. Bayarri, P Values are not Error Probabilities Archived September 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. A working paper that explains the difference between Fisher's evidential p-value and the Neyman–Pearson Type I error rate $\alpha$ .

epidemiology.ch (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cornfield, Jerome (1976). "Recent Methodological Contributions to Clinical Trials" (PDF). American Journal of Epidemiology. 104 (4): 408–421. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112313. PMID 788503.

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Laplace, P. (1778). "Mémoire sur les probabilités". Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris: 227–332. Reprinted in Laplace, P. (1878–1912). "Mémoire sur les probabilités (XIX, XX)". Oeuvres complètes de Laplace. Vol. 9. Gauthier-Villars. pp. 383–488. English translation: Laplace, P. (August 21, 2010). "Mémoire sur les probabilités" (PDF). Translated by Pulskam, Richard J. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2015.

gmu.edu (Global: 4,504^th place; English: 2,949^th place)

mres.gmu.edu

Meehl, Paul E. (1967). "Theory-Testing in Psychology and Physics: A Methodological Paradox" (PDF). Philosophy of Science. 34 (2): 103–115. doi:10.1086/288135. S2CID 96422880. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2013. Thirty years later, Meehl acknowledged statistical significance theory to be mathematically sound while continuing to question the default choice of null hypothesis, blaming instead the "social scientists' poor understanding of the logical relation between theory and fact" in "The Problem Is Epistemology, Not Statistics: Replace Significance Tests by Confidence Intervals and Quantify Accuracy of Risky Numerical Predictions" (Chapter 14 in Harlow (1997)).

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Hubbard, Raymond; Armstrong, J. Scott (2006). "Why We Don't Really Know What Statistical Significance Means: Implications for Educators". Journal of Marketing Education. 28 (2): 114–120. doi:10.1177/0273475306288399. hdl:2092/413. S2CID 34729227.
Nuzzo, Regina (2014). "Scientific method: Statistical errors". Nature. 506 (7487): 150–152. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..150N. doi:10.1038/506150a. hdl:11573/685222. PMID 24522584.
Gigerenzer, G (November 2004). "Mindless statistics". The Journal of Socio-Economics. 33 (5): 587–606. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.033. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0025-87C0-8.

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"ICMJE: Obligation to Publish Negative Studies". Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012. Editors should seriously consider for publication any carefully done study of an important question, relevant to their readers, whether the results for the primary or any additional outcome are statistically significant. Failure to submit or publish findings because of lack of statistical significance is an important cause of publication bias.

investopedia.com (Global: 2,021^st place; English: 1,613^th place)

Hayes, Adam. "Null Hypothesis Definition". Investopedia. Retrieved 10 December 2019.

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Kruschke, J K (July 9, 2012). "Bayesian Estimation Supersedes the T Test" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 142 (2): 573–603. doi:10.1037/a0029146. PMID 22774788. S2CID 5610231.
Kruschke, J K (May 8, 2018). "Rejecting or Accepting Parameter Values in Bayesian Estimation" (PDF). Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science. 1 (2): 270–280. doi:10.1177/2515245918771304. S2CID 125788648.

jasnh.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis website: JASNH homepage. Volume 1 number 1 was published in 2002, and all articles are on psychology-related subjects.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Zabell, S (1989). "R. A. Fisher on the History of Inverse Probability". Statistical Science. 4 (3): 247–256. doi:10.1214/ss/1177012488. JSTOR 2245634.
Halpin, P F; Stam, HJ (Winter 2006). "Inductive Inference or Inductive Behavior: Fisher and Neyman: Pearson Approaches to Statistical Testing in Psychological Research (1940–1960)". The American Journal of Psychology. 119 (4): 625–653. doi:10.2307/20445367. JSTOR 20445367. PMID 17286092.
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Begg, Colin B.; Berlin, Jesse A. (1988). "Publication bias: a problem in interpreting medical data". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. 151 (3): 419–463. doi:10.2307/2982993. JSTOR 2982993. S2CID 121054702.
P-Values are Random Variables Duncan J. Murdoch, Yu-Ling Tsai and James Adcock, The American Statistician, 2008, https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644033

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Sotos, Ana Elisa Castro; Vanhoof, Stijn; Noortgate, Wim Van den; Onghena, Patrick (2007). "Students' Misconceptions of Statistical Inference: A Review of the Empirical Evidence from Research on Statistics Education" (PDF). Educational Research Review. 2 (2): 98–113. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2007.04.001.

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Aldrich, John. "Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Probability & Statistics". Retrieved 30 June 2014. Last update 12 March 2003. From Jeff Miller.

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Gigerenzer, G. (2004). "The Null Ritual What You Always Wanted to Know About Significant Testing but Were Afraid to Ask" (PDF). The SAGE Handbook of Quantitative Methodology for the Social Sciences. pp. 391–408. doi:10.4135/9781412986311. ISBN 978-0-7619-2359-6.

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Nickerson, Raymond S. (2000). "Null Hypothesis Significance Tests: A Review of an Old and Continuing Controversy" (PDF). Psychological Methods. 5 (2): 241–301. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.5.2.241. PMID 10937333. S2CID 28340967. Archived from the original on 2000-02-23.

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Kaye, David H.; Freedman, David A. (2011). "Reference Guide on Statistics". Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (3rd ed.). Eagan, MN; Washington, D.C.: West National Academies Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-309-21421-6.

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; English: 347^th place)

Ho, Joses; Tumkaya, Tayfun; Aryal, Sameer; Choi, Hyungwon; Claridge-Chang, Adam (June 19, 2019). "Moving beyond P values: data analysis with estimation graphics". Nature Methods. 16 (7): 565–566. doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0470-3. ISSN 1548-7091. PMID 31217592.

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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Goodman, S N (June 15, 1999). "Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 1: The P Value Fallacy". Ann Intern Med. 130 (12): 995–1004. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-12-199906150-00008. PMID 10383371. S2CID 7534212.
Neyman, Jerzy (1967). "RA Fisher (1890—1962): An Appreciation". Science. 156 (3781): 1456–1460. Bibcode:1967Sci...156.1456N. doi:10.1126/science.156.3781.1456. PMID 17741062. S2CID 44708120.
Losavich, J. L.; Neyman, J.; Scott, E. L.; Wells, M. A. (1971). "Hypothetical explanations of the negative apparent effects of cloud seeding in the Whitetop Experiment". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 68 (11): 2643–2646. Bibcode:1971PNAS...68.2643L. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.11.2643. PMC 389491. PMID 16591951.
Nickerson, Raymond S. (2000). "Null Hypothesis Significance Tests: A Review of an Old and Continuing Controversy" (PDF). Psychological Methods. 5 (2): 241–301. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.5.2.241. PMID 10937333. S2CID 28340967. Archived from the original on 2000-02-23.
Halpin, P F; Stam, HJ (Winter 2006). "Inductive Inference or Inductive Behavior: Fisher and Neyman: Pearson Approaches to Statistical Testing in Psychological Research (1940–1960)". The American Journal of Psychology. 119 (4): 625–653. doi:10.2307/20445367. JSTOR 20445367. PMID 17286092.
Cox, DR (1982). "Statistical Significance Tests". Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 14 (3): 325–331. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01987.x. PMC 1427620. PMID 6751362.
Jones, B; P Jarvis; J A Lewis; A F Ebbutt (6 July 1996). "Trials to assess equivalence: the importance of rigorous methods". BMJ. 313 (7048): 36–39. doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7048.36. PMC 2351444. PMID 8664772. It is suggested that the default position (the null hypothesis) should be that the treatments are not equivalent. Conclusions should be made on the basis of confidence intervals rather than significance.
Bland, J Martin; Altman, Douglas G (23 July 1994). "One and two sided tests of significance". BMJ. 309 (6949): 248. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6949.248. PMC 2540725. PMID 8069143. With respect to medical statistics: "In general a one sided test is appropriate when a large difference in one direction would lead to the same action as no difference at all. Expectation of a difference in a particular direction is not adequate justification." "Two sided tests should be used unless there is a very good reason for doing otherwise. If one sided tests are to be used the direction of the test must be specified in advance. One sided tests should never be used simply as a device to make a conventionally non-significant difference significant."
Jones, Lyle V.; Tukey, John W. (2000). "A Sensible Formulation of the Significance Test". Psychological Methods. 5 (4): 411–414. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.5.4.411. PMID 11194204. S2CID 14553341. Test results are signed: significant positive effect, significant negative effect or insignificant effect of unknown sign. This is a more nuanced conclusion than that of the two-tailed test. It has the advantages of one-tailed tests without the disadvantages.
Nuzzo, Regina (2014). "Scientific method: Statistical errors". Nature. 506 (7487): 150–152. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..150N. doi:10.1038/506150a. hdl:11573/685222. PMID 24522584.
Ranganathan, Priya; Pramesh, C. S; Buyse, Marc (April–June 2016). "Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: The perils of multiple testing". Perspect Clin Res. 7 (2): 106–107. doi:10.4103/2229-3485.179436. PMC 4840791. PMID 27141478.
Cornfield, Jerome (1976). "Recent Methodological Contributions to Clinical Trials" (PDF). American Journal of Epidemiology. 104 (4): 408–421. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112313. PMID 788503.
Bakan, David (1966). "The test of significance in psychological research". Psychological Bulletin. 66 (6): 423–437. doi:10.1037/h0020412. PMID 5974619.
Williams, S.; Carson, R.; Tóth, K. (October 10, 2023). "Moving beyond P values in The Journal of Physiology: A primer on the value of effect sizes and confidence intervals". J Physiol. 601 (23): 5131–5133. doi:10.1113/JP285575. PMID 37815959. S2CID 263827430.
Boos, Dennis D; Stefanski, Leonard A (2011). "P-Value Precision and Reproducibility". The American Statistician. 65 (4): 213–221. doi:10.1198/tas.2011.10129. PMC 3370685. PMID 22690019.
Ho, Joses; Tumkaya, Tayfun; Aryal, Sameer; Choi, Hyungwon; Claridge-Chang, Adam (June 19, 2019). "Moving beyond P values: data analysis with estimation graphics". Nature Methods. 16 (7): 565–566. doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0470-3. ISSN 1548-7091. PMID 31217592.
Kruschke, J K (July 9, 2012). "Bayesian Estimation Supersedes the T Test" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 142 (2): 573–603. doi:10.1037/a0029146. PMID 22774788. S2CID 5610231.
Rozeboom, William W (1960). "The fallacy of the null-hypothesis significance test" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 57 (5): 416–428. doi:10.1037/h0042040. PMID 13744252. "...the proper application of statistics to scientific inference is irrevocably committed to extensive consideration of inverse [AKA Bayesian] probabilities..." It was acknowledged, with regret, that a priori probability distributions were available "only as a subjective feel, differing from one person to the next" "in the more immediate future, at least".

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Losavich, J. L.; Neyman, J.; Scott, E. L.; Wells, M. A. (1971). "Hypothetical explanations of the negative apparent effects of cloud seeding in the Whitetop Experiment". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 68 (11): 2643–2646. Bibcode:1971PNAS...68.2643L. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.11.2643. PMC 389491. PMID 16591951.
Cox, DR (1982). "Statistical Significance Tests". Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 14 (3): 325–331. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01987.x. PMC 1427620. PMID 6751362.
Jones, B; P Jarvis; J A Lewis; A F Ebbutt (6 July 1996). "Trials to assess equivalence: the importance of rigorous methods". BMJ. 313 (7048): 36–39. doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7048.36. PMC 2351444. PMID 8664772. It is suggested that the default position (the null hypothesis) should be that the treatments are not equivalent. Conclusions should be made on the basis of confidence intervals rather than significance.
Bland, J Martin; Altman, Douglas G (23 July 1994). "One and two sided tests of significance". BMJ. 309 (6949): 248. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6949.248. PMC 2540725. PMID 8069143. With respect to medical statistics: "In general a one sided test is appropriate when a large difference in one direction would lead to the same action as no difference at all. Expectation of a difference in a particular direction is not adequate justification." "Two sided tests should be used unless there is a very good reason for doing otherwise. If one sided tests are to be used the direction of the test must be specified in advance. One sided tests should never be used simply as a device to make a conventionally non-significant difference significant."
Ranganathan, Priya; Pramesh, C. S; Buyse, Marc (April–June 2016). "Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: The perils of multiple testing". Perspect Clin Res. 7 (2): 106–107. doi:10.4103/2229-3485.179436. PMC 4840791. PMID 27141478.
Lakens, Daniël (2021). "The practical alternative to the p value is the correctly used p value". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 16 (3): 639–648. doi:10.1177/1745691620958012. PMC 8114329. S2CID 231863811.
Boos, Dennis D; Stefanski, Leonard A (2011). "P-Value Precision and Reproducibility". The American Statistician. 65 (4): 213–221. doi:10.1198/tas.2011.10129. PMC 3370685. PMID 22690019.

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stats.oecd.org

"OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms – Non-null hypothesis Definition". stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

opentextbc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Wasserstein RL, Lazar NA (2016). "The ASA's statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose" (PDF). The American Statistician. 70 (2): 129–133. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108. S2CID 124084622.
Cohen, J. (1990). "Things I have learned (so far)". American Psychologist. 45 (12): 1304–1312. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.12.1304. S2CID 7180431.
Goodman, S N (June 15, 1999). "Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 1: The P Value Fallacy". Ann Intern Med. 130 (12): 995–1004. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-12-199906150-00008. PMID 10383371. S2CID 7534212.
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Neyman, Jerzy (1967). "RA Fisher (1890—1962): An Appreciation". Science. 156 (3781): 1456–1460. Bibcode:1967Sci...156.1456N. doi:10.1126/science.156.3781.1456. PMID 17741062. S2CID 44708120.
Nickerson, Raymond S. (2000). "Null Hypothesis Significance Tests: A Review of an Old and Continuing Controversy" (PDF). Psychological Methods. 5 (2): 241–301. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.5.2.241. PMID 10937333. S2CID 28340967. Archived from the original on 2000-02-23.
Zhao, Guolong (18 April 2015). "A Test of Non Null Hypothesis for Linear Trends in Proportions". Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods. 44 (8): 1621–1639. doi:10.1080/03610926.2013.776687. ISSN 0361-0926. S2CID 120030713.
Mayo, D. G.; Spanos, A. (2006). "Severe Testing as a Basic Concept in a Neyman–Pearson Philosophy of Induction". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 57 (2): 323–357. doi:10.1093/bjps/axl003. S2CID 7176653.
Hubbard, Raymond; Armstrong, J. Scott (2006). "Why We Don't Really Know What Statistical Significance Means: Implications for Educators". Journal of Marketing Education. 28 (2): 114–120. doi:10.1177/0273475306288399. hdl:2092/413. S2CID 34729227.
Jones, Lyle V.; Tukey, John W. (2000). "A Sensible Formulation of the Significance Test". Psychological Methods. 5 (4): 411–414. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.5.4.411. PMID 11194204. S2CID 14553341. Test results are signed: significant positive effect, significant negative effect or insignificant effect of unknown sign. This is a more nuanced conclusion than that of the two-tailed test. It has the advantages of one-tailed tests without the disadvantages.
Hurlbert, S. H.; Lombardi, C. M. (2009). "Final collapse of the Neyman-Pearson decision theoretic framework and rise of the neoFisherian". Ann. Zool. Fennici. 46 (5): 311–349. doi:10.5735/086.046.0501. ISSN 1797-2450. S2CID 9688067.
Hubbard, R.; Parsa, A. R.; Luthy, M. R. (1997). "The Spread of Statistical Significance Testing in Psychology: The Case of the Journal of Applied Psychology". Theory and Psychology. 7 (4): 545–554. doi:10.1177/0959354397074006. S2CID 145576828.
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Wasserstein, Ronald L.; Lazar, Nicole A. (2016-04-02). "The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose". The American Statistician. 70 (2): 129–133. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108. ISSN 0003-1305. S2CID 124084622.
Begg, Colin B.; Berlin, Jesse A. (1988). "Publication bias: a problem in interpreting medical data". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. 151 (3): 419–463. doi:10.2307/2982993. JSTOR 2982993. S2CID 121054702.
Meehl, Paul E. (1967). "Theory-Testing in Psychology and Physics: A Methodological Paradox" (PDF). Philosophy of Science. 34 (2): 103–115. doi:10.1086/288135. S2CID 96422880. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2013. Thirty years later, Meehl acknowledged statistical significance theory to be mathematically sound while continuing to question the default choice of null hypothesis, blaming instead the "social scientists' poor understanding of the logical relation between theory and fact" in "The Problem Is Epistemology, Not Statistics: Replace Significance Tests by Confidence Intervals and Quantify Accuracy of Risky Numerical Predictions" (Chapter 14 in Harlow (1997)).
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Jacob Cohen (December 1994). "The Earth Is Round (p < .05)". American Psychologist. 49 (12): 997–1003. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997. S2CID 380942. This paper lead to the review of statistical practices by the APA. Cohen was a member of the Task Force that did the review.
Branch, Mark (2014). "Malignant side effects of null hypothesis significance testing". Theory & Psychology. 24 (2): 256–277. doi:10.1177/0959354314525282. S2CID 40712136.
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Williams, S.; Carson, R.; Tóth, K. (October 10, 2023). "Moving beyond P values in The Journal of Physiology: A primer on the value of effect sizes and confidence intervals". J Physiol. 601 (23): 5131–5133. doi:10.1113/JP285575. PMID 37815959. S2CID 263827430.
Kruschke, J K (July 9, 2012). "Bayesian Estimation Supersedes the T Test" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 142 (2): 573–603. doi:10.1037/a0029146. PMID 22774788. S2CID 5610231.
Kruschke, J K (May 8, 2018). "Rejecting or Accepting Parameter Values in Bayesian Estimation" (PDF). Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science. 1 (2): 270–280. doi:10.1177/2515245918771304. S2CID 125788648.
Armstrong, J. Scott (2007). "Significance tests harm progress in forecasting". International Journal of Forecasting. 23 (2): 321–327. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2007.03.004. S2CID 1550979.

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stats.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rozeboom, William W (1960). "The fallacy of the null-hypothesis significance test" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 57 (5): 416–428. doi:10.1037/h0042040. PMID 13744252. "...the proper application of statistics to scientific inference is irrevocably committed to extensive consideration of inverse [AKA Bayesian] probabilities..." It was acknowledged, with regret, that a priori probability distributions were available "only as a subjective feel, differing from one person to the next" "in the more immediate future, at least".

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Armstrong, J. Scott (2007). "Significance tests harm progress in forecasting". International Journal of Forecasting. 23 (2): 321–327. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2007.03.004. S2CID 1550979.

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Laplace, P. (1778). "Mémoire sur les probabilités". Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris: 227–332. Reprinted in Laplace, P. (1878–1912). "Mémoire sur les probabilités (XIX, XX)". Oeuvres complètes de Laplace. Vol. 9. Gauthier-Villars. pp. 383–488. English translation: Laplace, P. (August 21, 2010). "Mémoire sur les probabilités" (PDF). Translated by Pulskam, Richard J. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2015.
Raymond Hubbard, M. J. Bayarri, P Values are not Error Probabilities Archived September 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. A working paper that explains the difference between Fisher's evidential p-value and the Neyman–Pearson Type I error rate $\alpha$ .
Meehl, Paul E. (1967). "Theory-Testing in Psychology and Physics: A Methodological Paradox" (PDF). Philosophy of Science. 34 (2): 103–115. doi:10.1086/288135. S2CID 96422880. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2013. Thirty years later, Meehl acknowledged statistical significance theory to be mathematically sound while continuing to question the default choice of null hypothesis, blaming instead the "social scientists' poor understanding of the logical relation between theory and fact" in "The Problem Is Epistemology, Not Statistics: Replace Significance Tests by Confidence Intervals and Quantify Accuracy of Risky Numerical Predictions" (Chapter 14 in Harlow (1997)).
"ICMJE: Obligation to Publish Negative Studies". Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012. Editors should seriously consider for publication any carefully done study of an important question, relevant to their readers, whether the results for the primary or any additional outcome are statistically significant. Failure to submit or publish findings because of lack of statistical significance is an important cause of publication bias.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

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Zhao, Guolong (18 April 2015). "A Test of Non Null Hypothesis for Linear Trends in Proportions". Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods. 44 (8): 1621–1639. doi:10.1080/03610926.2013.776687. ISSN 0361-0926. S2CID 120030713.
Hurlbert, S. H.; Lombardi, C. M. (2009). "Final collapse of the Neyman-Pearson decision theoretic framework and rise of the neoFisherian". Ann. Zool. Fennici. 46 (5): 311–349. doi:10.5735/086.046.0501. ISSN 1797-2450. S2CID 9688067.
"Testing Statistical Hypotheses". Springer Texts in Statistics. 2005. doi:10.1007/0-387-27605-x. ISBN 978-0-387-98864-1. ISSN 1431-875X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Corneliussen, Steven T. (2015-11-24). "Which scientists can winningly explain a flame, time, sleep, color, or sound to 11-year-olds?". Physics Today (11) 11792. Bibcode:2015PhT..2015k1792C. doi:10.1063/pt.5.8150. ISSN 1945-0699.
Wasserstein, Ronald L.; Lazar, Nicole A. (2016-04-02). "The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose". The American Statistician. 70 (2): 129–133. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108. ISSN 0003-1305. S2CID 124084622.
Ho, Joses; Tumkaya, Tayfun; Aryal, Sameer; Choi, Hyungwon; Claridge-Chang, Adam (June 19, 2019). "Moving beyond P values: data analysis with estimation graphics". Nature Methods. 16 (7): 565–566. doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0470-3. ISSN 1548-7091. PMID 31217592.

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cerebro.xu.edu

Laplace, P. (1778). "Mémoire sur les probabilités". Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris: 227–332. Reprinted in Laplace, P. (1878–1912). "Mémoire sur les probabilités (XIX, XX)". Oeuvres complètes de Laplace. Vol. 9. Gauthier-Villars. pp. 383–488. English translation: Laplace, P. (August 21, 2010). "Mémoire sur les probabilités" (PDF). Translated by Pulskam, Richard J. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2015.

york.ac.uk (Global: 7,811^th place; English: 4,790^th place)

Fisher, R N (1958). "The Nature of Probability" (PDF). Centennial Review. 2: 261–274. We are quite in danger of sending highly trained and highly intelligent young men out into the world with tables of erroneous numbers under their arms, and with a dense fog in the place where their brains ought to be. In this century, of course, they will be working on guided missiles and advising the medical profession on the control of disease, and there is no limit to the extent to which they could impede every sort of national effort.
John Arbuthnot (1710). "An argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the births of both sexes" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 27 (325–336): 186–190. doi:10.1098/rstl.1710.0011. S2CID 186209819.

Null hypothesis (English Wikipedia)

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