Nurhaci (English Wikipedia)

"第一个投降满清的明朝将领李寻仙jg用什么战宠永芳结局如何？" [What did Li Xunxian, the first general of the Ming Dynasty to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, used to favor Yongfang?]. 中国历史网 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Evelyn S. Rawski (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
Boxer, C. R. (Charles Ralph) (1937). Expedições Militares Portuguêsas em Auxílio Mings Contra os Manchus, 1621-1647. Duke University Libraries. Macau, China, Escola tipográfica salesiana.

babelstone.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

West, Andrew. "The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi: The Manchu Translation". Retrieved 11 October 2016.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

_博、任吉_. 大清盛世 (in Chinese). 飛翔時代.
Parker, Geoffrey (2013). Global Crisis: War, Climate and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century (illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300189193.
Mair, Victor H.; Chen, Sanping; Wood, Frances (2013). Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization (illustrated ed.). Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500771471.
Perdue, Peter C (2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Harvard University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5.
The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800. Cambridge University Press. 2002. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Sneath, David (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-0231511674.
Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1991). Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World (illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 33. ISBN 0691008779.
Anne Walthall (2008). Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History. University of California Press. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-0-520-25444-2.
Wakeman, Frederic (1977). Fall of Imperial China. Simon and Schuster. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-0-02-933680-9.
Kenneth M. Swope (2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44. Routledge. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-1-134-46209-4.
Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
Mark C. Elliott (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.
Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
Gertraude Roth Li (2010). Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents. Natl Foreign Lg Resource Ctr. pp. 285–. ISBN 978-0-9800459-5-6.
Jonathan D. Spence; John E. Wills, Jr. (1979). From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-century China. Yale University Press. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-0-300-02672-6.
Mark C. Elliott (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. pp. 54–. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.
Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
Pamela Kyle Crossley (2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8.
Wakeman 1985, p. 157. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 158. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, pp. 158–160. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Wakeman 1985, p. 160. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Grossnick, Roy A. (1972). Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 10.
Till, Barry (2004). The Manchu era (1644-1912): arts of China's last imperial dynasty. Art Gallery of Greater Victoria. p. 5. ISBN 9780888852168.
The Augustan, Volumes 17-20. Augustan Society. 1975. p. 34.
Kim, Sun Joo (2011). The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture. University of Washington Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0295802176.
Early China. Society for the Study of Early China. 1975. p. 53.
Chan, Sin-wai (2009). A Chronology of Translation in China and the West: From the Legendary Period to 2004. Chinese University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-962-996-355-2.
Perdue, Peter C (2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Harvard University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5.
Wakeman 1985, p. 44. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
Early China. Society for the Study of Early China. 1977. p. 53.
Salmon, Claudine (2013). Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia (17th–20th Centuries). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 94. ISBN 978-981-4414-32-6.
Chiu, Elena Suet-Ying (2017). Bannermen Tales (Zidishu): Manchu Storytelling and Cultural Hybridity in the Qing Dynasty. Harvard University, Asia Center. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-674-97519-4.
Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (1991). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644-1912. SMC publ. p. vi. ISBN 978-957-638-066-2.
Ko 1855, p. 36. Ko, Shou-p'ing Wu (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature.
Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (PDF). Shanghae: London Mission Press. 1855. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
Ko 1855, p. 39. Ko, Shou-p'ing Wu (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature.
Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (PDF). Shanghae: London Mission Press. 1855. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai (1890). Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Kelly & Walsh. p. 40.

brill.com (Global: 1,840^th place; English: 1,115^th place)

Lu Zhengheng, Huang Yinong (30 March 2023). "A New Study of the Title of the Reigning Dynasty during the Pre-Qing Period" (PDF). Journal of Chinese Humanities. 9: 77–99.

danyy.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

12103081.wenhua.danyy.com

"李奉尧（？–1789）汉军镶黄旗人，二等伯李永芳四世孙也，清朝大臣。父元亮，官户部尚书，谥勤恪，李侍尧之弟。自官". Archived from the original on 7 October 2016.

daydaynews.cc (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What does Nurhachi's name mean in Chinese". 满族文化网 Manchu Culture Network. 8 July 2020.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Huang, Pei (1990). "New Light on The Origins of The Manchus". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 50 (1): 269. doi:10.2307/2719229. JSTOR 2719229. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Li 2002, p. 52, note 127, citing Fuchs 1935. Li, Gertraude Roth (2002), "State Building before 1644", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–72, ISBN 0-521-24334-3. Fuchs, Walter (1935), "Der Tod der Kaiserin Abahai i. J. 1626. Ein Beitrag zur Frage des Opfertodes (殉死) bei den Mandju [The death of empress Abahai in 1626: a contribution to the question of sacrificial death among the Manchus]", Monumenta Serica, 1 (1): 71–81, doi:10.1080/02549948.1935.11744911.
Durrant, Stephen (1977). "Manchu Translations of Chou Dynasty Texts". Early China. 3: 53. doi:10.1017/S0362502800006623. JSTOR 23351361. S2CID 191822020.
Durrant, Stephen (October 1979). "Sino-Manchu Translations at the Mukden Court". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 99 (4): 653–661. doi:10.2307/601450. JSTOR 601450.

fs7000.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

曹德全 (22 March 2014). "首个投降后金的明将李永芳" [The first surrender of gold after the Ming Dynasty Li Yongfang] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

sites.fas.harvard.edu

"Manchu Studies at Harvard". sites.fas.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2017.

journal.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tak-sing, Kam (1999). "The Romanization of Early Manchu Regnal Names". Studia Orientalia. 87: 133–148.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Huang, Pei (1990). "New Light on The Origins of The Manchus". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 50 (1): 269. doi:10.2307/2719229. JSTOR 2719229. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Durrant, Stephen (1977). "Manchu Translations of Chou Dynasty Texts". Early China. 3: 53. doi:10.1017/S0362502800006623. JSTOR 23351361. S2CID 191822020.
Durrant, Stephen (October 1979). "Sino-Manchu Translations at the Mukden Court". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 99 (4): 653–661. doi:10.2307/601450. JSTOR 601450.

kalle-online.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kalweit, Robert (17 January 2016). "Samurai Invasion – Emperor Fu Manchu Steam Achievement Guide". kalle-online.net. Retrieved 19 October 2025.

lishiquwen.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"李永芳将军的简介李永芳的后代" [Introduction of General Li Yongfang Li Yongfang's Descendants]. www.lishiquwen.com (in Chinese). 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2016.

manchustudiesgroup.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Old Manchu Chronicles". Manchu Studies Group. 8 November 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2024.

read01.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"第一個投降滿清的明朝將領結局如何？".

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Durrant, Stephen (1977). "Manchu Translations of Chou Dynasty Texts". Early China. 3: 53. doi:10.1017/S0362502800006623. JSTOR 23351361. S2CID 191822020.

sino-platonic.org (Global: low place; English: 7,877^th place)

Victor H. Mair (February 2008). "Soldierly Methods: Vade Mecum for an Iconoclastic Translation of Sun Zi bingfa" (PDF). Dino–Platonic Papers. p. 82. Number 178.

umac.mo (Global: low place; English: low place)

library.umac.mo

Ko 1855, p. 36. Ko, Shou-p'ing Wu (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature.
Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (PDF). Shanghae: London Mission Press. 1855. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
Ko 1855, p. 39. Ko, Shou-p'ing Wu (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature.
Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (PDF). Shanghae: London Mission Press. 1855. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Huang, Pei (1990). "New Light on The Origins of The Manchus". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 50 (1): 269. doi:10.2307/2719229. JSTOR 2719229. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
"李永芳将军的简介李永芳的后代" [Introduction of General Li Yongfang Li Yongfang's Descendants]. www.lishiquwen.com (in Chinese). 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
曹德全 (22 March 2014). "首个投降后金的明将李永芳" [The first surrender of gold after the Ming Dynasty Li Yongfang] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
"第一个投降满清的明朝将领李寻仙jg用什么战宠永芳结局如何？" [What did Li Xunxian, the first general of the Ming Dynasty to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, used to favor Yongfang?]. 中国历史网 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
"李奉尧（？–1789）汉军镶黄旗人，二等伯李永芳四世孙也，清朝大臣。父元亮，官户部尚书，谥勤恪，李侍尧之弟。自官". Archived from the original on 7 October 2016.
Ko 1855, p. 36. Ko, Shou-p'ing Wu (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature.
Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (PDF). Shanghae: London Mission Press. 1855. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
Ko 1855, p. 39. Ko, Shou-p'ing Wu (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature.
Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (PDF). Shanghae: London Mission Press. 1855. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
"Manchu Studies at Harvard". sites.fas.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2017.

wikisource.org (Global: 27^th place; English: 51^st place)

en.wikisource.org

Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Li Shih-yao" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
Hummel (1943), pp. 885–886. Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Nurhaci" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Nurhaci" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Abahai" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Dahai" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.

Nurhaci (English Wikipedia)

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