OSI model (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "OSI model" in English language version.

Last modified: 20:35:04, 29 August 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

3227web.archive.org

1^st place

109itu.int

1,487^th place

1,305^th place

109books.google.com

3^rd place

86worldcat.org

4^th place

66doi.org

2^nd place

55iso.org

1,190^th place

1,097^th place

33archive.org

6^th place

31cengage.com

low place

31ieee.org

912^th place

722^nd place

32cisco.com

5,047^th place

3,553^rd place

22networkworld.com

5,743^rd place

3,776^th place

22rfc-editor.org

747^th place

325^th place

21computer.rip

low place

11forcepoint.com

low place

11ucf.edu

6,874^th place

3,742^nd place

11computerhistory.org

2,702^nd place

1,789^th place

11ssrn.com

907^th place

529^th place

11semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

11historyofcomputercommunications.info

low place

11computer.org

6,549^th place

4,616^th place

11duke.edu

1,851^st place

1,041^st place

11adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

11washington.edu

1,171^st place

736^th place

11microsoft.com

263^rd place

259^th place

11cloudflare.com

low place

8,037^th place

11stackexchange.com

4,114^th place

3,027^th place

113gpp.org

low place

9,339^th place

11unicen.edu.ar

low place

3gpp.org (Global: low place; English: 9,339^th place)

"3GPP specification: 36.300". 3gpp.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2015.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Russell, Andrew L. (July–September 2006). "Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 28 (3): 48–61. Bibcode:2006IAHC...28c..48R. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2006.42. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Grigonis, Richard (2000). "Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model". Computer Telephony Encyclopedia. New York: CMP Books. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-929629-51-0. OCLC 48138823.
Hegering, Heinz-Gerd; Abeck, Sebastian; Neumair, Bernhard (1999). "Fundamental Structures of Networked Systems". Integrated management of networked systems: concepts, architectures, and their operational application. San Francisco, Calif.: Morgan Kaufmann. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-55860-571-8. OCLC 1341886747 – via Internet Archive.
Miao, Guowang; Song, Guocong (2014). Energy and spectrum efficient wireless network design. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62677-4. OCLC 898138775 – via Internet Archive.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice (26 April 2010). A History of International Research Networking: The People who Made it Happen. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-3-527-32710-2.
Down, Peter John; Taylor, Frank Edward (1976). Why distributed computing?: An NCC review of potential and experience in the UK. NCC Publications. ISBN 978-0-85012-170-4.
Sunshine, Carl A. (1989). Computer Network Architectures and Protocols. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4613-0809-6.
Hasman, A. (1995). Education and Training in Health Informatics in Europe: State of the Art, Guidelines, Applications. IOS Press. p. 251. ISBN 978-90-5199-234-2.
Russell, Andrew L. (28 April 2014). Open Standards and the Digital Age: History, Ideology, and Networks. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-91661-5.
Network World. IDG Network World Inc. 15 February 1988.
Network World. IDG Network World Inc. 10 October 1988.
Hooper, Howard (2012). CCNP Security VPN 642-648 Official Cert Guide (2 ed.). Cisco Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-13-296638-2.
Mao, Stephen (2009). "Chapter 8: Fundamentals of communication networks". In Wyglinski, Alexander; Nekovee, Maziar; Hou, Thomas (eds.). Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice. Elsevier. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-08-087932-1. OCLC 635292718, 528550718. Partial preview at Google Books.

cengage.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tomsho, Greg (2016). Guide to Networking Essentials (7th ed.). Cengage. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

cisco.com (Global: 5,047^th place; English: 3,553^rd place)

blogs.cisco.com

"An OSI Model for Cloud". Cisco Blogs. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.

cisco.com

"Internetworking Technology Handbook – Internetworking Basics [Internetworking]". Cisco. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2015.

cloudflare.com (Global: low place; English: 8,037^th place)

"What is a packet? | Network packet definition". Cloudflare.

computer.org (Global: 6,549^th place; English: 4,616^th place)

history.computer.org

J. A. N. Lee. "Computer Pioneers by J. A. N. Lee". IEEE Computer Society. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2019.

computer.rip (Global: low place; English: low place)

Crawford, JB (27 March 2021). "The actual OSI model". Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

archive.computerhistory.org

"Interview of Donald Davies by James L. Pelkey" (PDF). Computer History Museum. p. 7-9. Davies: Well, it was Hubert Zimmerman who really pushed that along, but there was one British man who I think invented the term 'open systems' actually, MacGregor or something like that. You probably won't hear of him because he's not a very forceful person, but he was involved a lot in the pressure to get OSI started. I think he invented the term 'open systems,' but Hubert Zimmerman was the real driving force.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Radu, Roxana (2019). "Revisiting the Origins: The Internet and its Early Governance". Negotiating Internet Governance. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–74. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198833079.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-187140-5.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013). "The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives". Journal of Information Technology. 28 (1): 18–33. doi:10.1057/jit.2013.4. ISSN 0268-3962. S2CID 41013. SSRN 867087.
Russell, Andrew L. (July–September 2006). "Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 28 (3): 48–61. Bibcode:2006IAHC...28c..48R. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2006.42. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"5.2 RM description for end stations". IEEE Std 802-2014, IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture. ieee. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2014.6847097. ISBN 978-0-7381-9219-2.
"Layering Considered Harmful". Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy. IETF. December 2002. sec. 3. doi:10.17487/RFC3439. RFC 3439. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
"OSI IS-IS Intra-domain Routing Protocol". IETF Datatracker. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC1142. RFC 1142. Retrieved 12 July 2024.

duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

courses.cs.duke.edu

Russell, Andrew L. (July–September 2006). "Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 28 (3): 48–61. Bibcode:2006IAHC...28c..48R. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2006.42. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.

forcepoint.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is the OSI Model?". Forcepoint. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.

historyofcomputercommunications.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983 | History of Computer Communications". historyofcomputercommunications.info. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

spectrum.ieee.org

Andrew L. Russell (30 July 2013). "OSI: The Internet That Wasn't". IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 50, no. 8. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2024.

iso.org (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 1,097^th place)

iso.org

ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994 Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — Basic Reference Model: The Basic Model. ISO. June 1999. Introduction. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
International Organization for Standardization (15 November 1989). "ISO/IEC 7498-4:1989 – Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Basic Reference Model: Management framework". ISO Standards Maintenance Portal. ISO Central Secretariat. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
"ISO/IEC 9596-1:1998(en)". ISO. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"ISO/IEC 9596-2:1993(en)". ISO. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2024.

standards.iso.org

"Publicly Available Standards". Standards.iso.org. 30 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2010.

itu.int (Global: 1,487^th place; English: 1,305^th place)

"X.225 : Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented Session protocol: Protocol specification". Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
"ITU-T X-Series Recommendations". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
"ITU-T Recommendation X.224 (11/1995) ISO/IEC 8073, Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for providing the connection-mode transport service". ITU. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
"ITU-T Recommendation X.800 (03/91), Security architecture for Open Systems Interconnection for CCITT applications". ITU. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
"ITU-T Recommendation Q.1400 (03/1993)], Architecture framework for the development of signaling and OA&M protocols using OSI concepts". ITU. pp. 4, 7. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
"ITU-T X.227 (04/1995)". ITU-T Recommendations. 10 April 1995. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"ITU-T X.217". Open Systems Interconnection. 10 April 1995. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"X.700: Management framework for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) for CCITT applications". ITU. 10 September 1992. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"X.711". Open Systems Interconnection. 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 21 November 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

docs.microsoft.com

"Windows Network Architecture and the OSI Model". Microsoft Documentation. Retrieved 24 June 2020.

networkworld.com (Global: 5,743^rd place; English: 3,776^th place)

Shaw, Keith (22 October 2018). "The OSI model explained: How to understand (and remember) the 7 layer network model". Network World. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
Taylor, Steve; Metzler, Jim (23 September 2008). "Why it's time to let the OSI model die". Network World. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.

rfc-editor.org (Global: 747^th place; English: 325^th place)

"Layering Considered Harmful". Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy. IETF. December 2002. sec. 3. doi:10.17487/RFC3439. RFC 3439. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
"OSI IS-IS Intra-domain Routing Protocol". IETF Datatracker. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC1142. RFC 1142. Retrieved 12 July 2024.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013). "The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives". Journal of Information Technology. 28 (1): 18–33. doi:10.1057/jit.2013.4. ISSN 0268-3962. S2CID 41013. SSRN 867087.

ssrn.com (Global: 907^th place; English: 529^th place)

papers.ssrn.com

Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013). "The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives". Journal of Information Technology. 28 (1): 18–33. doi:10.1057/jit.2013.4. ISSN 0268-3962. S2CID 41013. SSRN 867087.

stackexchange.com (Global: 4,114^th place; English: 3,027^th place)

security.stackexchange.com

Spott, Andrew; Leek, Tom; et al. "What layer is TLS?". Information Security Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.

ucf.edu (Global: 6,874^th place; English: 3,742^nd place)

ece.ucf.edu

Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching" (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2022.

unicen.edu.ar (Global: low place; English: low place)

exa.unicen.edu.ar

Walter Goralski (2009). The Illustrated Network: How TCP/IP Works in a Modern Network (PDF). Morgan Kaufmann. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-12-374541-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2014.

washington.edu (Global: 1,171^st place; English: 736^th place)

courses.cs.washington.edu

"Standards Wars" (PDF). 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2020.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"X.225 : Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented Session protocol: Protocol specification". Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
"What is the OSI Model?". Forcepoint. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching" (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
Andrew L. Russell (30 July 2013). "OSI: The Internet That Wasn't". IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 50, no. 8. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
"ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983 | History of Computer Communications". historyofcomputercommunications.info. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
J. A. N. Lee. "Computer Pioneers by J. A. N. Lee". IEEE Computer Society. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
"ITU-T X-Series Recommendations". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
"Publicly Available Standards". Standards.iso.org. 30 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
Russell, Andrew L. (July–September 2006). "Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 28 (3): 48–61. Bibcode:2006IAHC...28c..48R. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2006.42. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"Standards Wars" (PDF). 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
Shaw, Keith (22 October 2018). "The OSI model explained: How to understand (and remember) the 7 layer network model". Network World. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
"An OSI Model for Cloud". Cisco Blogs. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
Taylor, Steve; Metzler, Jim (23 September 2008). "Why it's time to let the OSI model die". Network World. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
Crawford, JB (27 March 2021). "The actual OSI model". Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
"ITU-T Recommendation X.224 (11/1995) ISO/IEC 8073, Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for providing the connection-mode transport service". ITU. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
Spott, Andrew; Leek, Tom; et al. "What layer is TLS?". Information Security Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
"ITU-T Recommendation X.800 (03/91), Security architecture for Open Systems Interconnection for CCITT applications". ITU. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
"ITU-T Recommendation Q.1400 (03/1993)], Architecture framework for the development of signaling and OA&M protocols using OSI concepts". ITU. pp. 4, 7. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
"ITU-T X.227 (04/1995)". ITU-T Recommendations. 10 April 1995. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"ITU-T X.217". Open Systems Interconnection. 10 April 1995. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"X.700: Management framework for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) for CCITT applications". ITU. 10 September 1992. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"X.711". Open Systems Interconnection. 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 21 November 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"ISO/IEC 9596-1:1998(en)". ISO. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"ISO/IEC 9596-2:1993(en)". ISO. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
"Internetworking Technology Handbook – Internetworking Basics [Internetworking]". Cisco. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
"3GPP specification: 36.300". 3gpp.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Walter Goralski (2009). The Illustrated Network: How TCP/IP Works in a Modern Network (PDF). Morgan Kaufmann. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-12-374541-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2014.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013). "The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives". Journal of Information Technology. 28 (1): 18–33. doi:10.1057/jit.2013.4. ISSN 0268-3962. S2CID 41013. SSRN 867087.
Grigonis, Richard (2000). "Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model". Computer Telephony Encyclopedia. New York: CMP Books. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-929629-51-0. OCLC 48138823.
Hegering, Heinz-Gerd; Abeck, Sebastian; Neumair, Bernhard (1999). "Fundamental Structures of Networked Systems". Integrated management of networked systems: concepts, architectures, and their operational application. San Francisco, Calif.: Morgan Kaufmann. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-55860-571-8. OCLC 1341886747 – via Internet Archive.
Miao, Guowang; Song, Guocong (2014). Energy and spectrum efficient wireless network design. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62677-4. OCLC 898138775 – via Internet Archive.
Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2003). Computer networks. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 978-0-13-066102-9. OCLC 50166590.

worldcat.org

Mao, Stephen (2009). "Chapter 8: Fundamentals of communication networks". In Wyglinski, Alexander; Nekovee, Maziar; Hou, Thomas (eds.). Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice. Elsevier. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-08-087932-1. OCLC 635292718, 528550718. Partial preview at Google Books.

OSI model (English Wikipedia)

3gpp.org (Global: low place; English: 9,339th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

cengage.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cisco.com (Global: 5,047th place; English: 3,553rd place)

blogs.cisco.com

cisco.com

cloudflare.com (Global: low place; English: 8,037th place)

computer.org (Global: 6,549th place; English: 4,616th place)

history.computer.org

computer.rip (Global: low place; English: low place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702nd place; English: 1,789th place)

archive.computerhistory.org

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

duke.edu (Global: 1,851st place; English: 1,041st place)

courses.cs.duke.edu

forcepoint.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

historyofcomputercommunications.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

ieee.org (Global: 912th place; English: 722nd place)

spectrum.ieee.org

iso.org (Global: 1,190th place; English: 1,097th place)

iso.org

standards.iso.org

itu.int (Global: 1,487th place; English: 1,305th place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263rd place; English: 259th place)

docs.microsoft.com

networkworld.com (Global: 5,743rd place; English: 3,776th place)

rfc-editor.org (Global: 747th place; English: 325th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

ssrn.com (Global: 907th place; English: 529th place)

papers.ssrn.com

stackexchange.com (Global: 4,114th place; English: 3,027th place)

security.stackexchange.com

ucf.edu (Global: 6,874th place; English: 3,742nd place)

ece.ucf.edu

unicen.edu.ar (Global: low place; English: low place)

exa.unicen.edu.ar

washington.edu (Global: 1,171st place; English: 736th place)

courses.cs.washington.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

worldcat.org

3gpp.org (Global: low place; English: 9,339^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cisco.com (Global: 5,047^th place; English: 3,553^rd place)

cloudflare.com (Global: low place; English: 8,037^th place)

computer.org (Global: 6,549^th place; English: 4,616^th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

iso.org (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 1,097^th place)

itu.int (Global: 1,487^th place; English: 1,305^th place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

networkworld.com (Global: 5,743^rd place; English: 3,776^th place)

rfc-editor.org (Global: 747^th place; English: 325^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

ssrn.com (Global: 907^th place; English: 529^th place)

stackexchange.com (Global: 4,114^th place; English: 3,027^th place)

ucf.edu (Global: 6,874^th place; English: 3,742^nd place)

washington.edu (Global: 1,171^st place; English: 736^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)