Observer bias (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Observer bias" in English language version.

Last modified: 23:27:32, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

1913doi.org

2^nd place

1711worldcat.org

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1612nih.gov

5^th place

148semanticscholar.org

15^th place

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63bmj.com

1,341^st place

1,425^th place

21karger.com

5,457^th place

5,839^th place

21sciencedirect.com

137^th place

146^th place

11cell.com

2,821^st place

4,262^nd place

11jstor.org

23^rd place

15^th place

11amazon.com

159^th place

105^th place

11adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

11ons.org

low place

11hdl.handle.net

66^th place

34^th place

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Wilgenburg, Ellen van; Elgar, Mark A. (2013-01-23). "Confirmation Bias in Studies of Nestmate Recognition: A Cautionary Note for Research into the Behaviour of Animals". PLOS ONE. 8 (1) e53548. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...853548V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053548. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3553103. PMID 23372659.

amazon.com (Global: 159^th place; English: 105^th place)

Geisen, Emily; Sha, Mandy; Roper, Farren (2024). Bias testing in market research: A framework to enable inclusive research design (published January 3, 2024). ISBN 979-8-8629-0278-5.

bmj.com (Global: 1,341^st place; English: 1,425^th place)

ebm.bmj.com

Mahtani, Kamal; Spencer, Elizabeth A.; Brassey, Jon; Heneghan, Carl (2018-02-01). "Catalogue of bias: observer bias". BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 23 (1): 23–24. doi:10.1136/ebmed-2017-110884. ISSN 2515-446X. PMID 29367322. S2CID 46794082.

bmj.com

Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn; Thomsen, Ann Sofia Skou; Emanuelsson, Frida; Tendal, Britta; Hilden, Jørgen; Boutron, Isabelle; Ravaud, Philippe; Brorson, Stig (2012-02-27). "Observer bias in randomised clinical trials with binary outcomes: systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors". BMJ. 344 e1119. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1119. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 22371859. S2CID 23296493.

ebn.bmj.com

Noble, Helen; Heale, Roberta (2019-07-01). "Triangulation in research, with examples". Evidence-Based Nursing. 22 (3): 67–68. doi:10.1136/ebnurs-2019-103145. ISSN 1367-6539. PMID 31201209. S2CID 189862202.

cell.com (Global: 2,821^st place; English: 4,262^nd place)

Pronin, Emily (2007-01-01). "Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.001. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 17129749. S2CID 2754235.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Mahtani, Kamal; Spencer, Elizabeth A.; Brassey, Jon; Heneghan, Carl (2018-02-01). "Catalogue of bias: observer bias". BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 23 (1): 23–24. doi:10.1136/ebmed-2017-110884. ISSN 2515-446X. PMID 29367322. S2CID 46794082.
Miettinen, Olli S. (2008-11-01). "M. Porta, S. Greenland & J. M. Last (eds): A Dictionary of Epidemiology. A Handbook Sponsored by the I.E.A.". European Journal of Epidemiology. 23 (12): 813–817. doi:10.1007/s10654-008-9296-5. ISSN 0393-2990. S2CID 41169767.
Pronin, Emily (2007-01-01). "Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.001. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 17129749. S2CID 2754235.
Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn; Thomsen, Ann Sofia Skou; Emanuelsson, Frida; Tendal, Britta; Hilden, Jørgen; Boutron, Isabelle; Ravaud, Philippe; Brorson, Stig (2012-02-27). "Observer bias in randomised clinical trials with binary outcomes: systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors". BMJ. 344 e1119. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1119. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 22371859. S2CID 23296493.
Tripepi, Giovanni; Jager, Kitty J.; Dekker, Friedo W.; Zoccali, Carmine (2010). "Selection Bias and Information Bias in Clinical Research". Nephron Clinical Practice. 115 (2): c94–c99. doi:10.1159/000312871. ISSN 1660-2110. PMID 20407272. S2CID 18856450.
Tuyttens, F. A. M.; de Graaf, S.; Heerkens, J. L. T.; Jacobs, L.; Nalon, E.; Ott, S.; Stadig, L.; Van Laer, E.; Ampe, B. (2014-04-01). "Observer bias in animal behaviour research: can we believe what we score, if we score what we believe?". Animal Behaviour. 90: 273–280. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.02.007. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53195951.
Samhita, Laasya; Gross, Hans J (2013-11-09). "The 'Clever Hans Phenomenon' revisited". Communicative & Integrative Biology. 6 (6) e27122. doi:10.4161/cib.27122. PMC 3921203. PMID 24563716.
Rosenthal, Robert; Fode, Kermit L. (1963). "Psychology of the Scientist: V. Three Experiments in Experimenter Bias". Psychological Reports. 12 (2): 491. doi:10.2466/pr0.1963.12.2.491.
Wilgenburg, Ellen van; Elgar, Mark A. (2013-01-23). "Confirmation Bias in Studies of Nestmate Recognition: A Cautionary Note for Research into the Behaviour of Animals". PLOS ONE. 8 (1) e53548. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...853548V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053548. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3553103. PMID 23372659.
West, Charles (February 1980). "Book Reviews: Achenbach, Thomas M. Research in Developmental Psychology: Concepts, Strategies, Methods. New York: The Free Press, 1978. 350 + xiii pp. $14.95". Educational Researcher. 9 (2): 16–17. doi:10.3102/0013189x009002016. ISSN 0013-189X. S2CID 145015499.
Noble, Helen; Heale, Roberta (2019-07-01). "Triangulation in research, with examples". Evidence-Based Nursing. 22 (3): 67–68. doi:10.1136/ebnurs-2019-103145. ISSN 1367-6539. PMID 31201209. S2CID 189862202.
Carter, Nancy; Bryant-Lukosius, Denise; DiCenso, Alba; Blythe, Jennifer; Neville, Alan J. (2014-08-26). "The Use of Triangulation in Qualitative Research". Oncology Nursing Forum. 41 (5): 545–547. doi:10.1188/14.ONF.545-547. hdl:10818/34420. PMID 25158659.
Persell, Stephen D.; Doctor, Jason N.; Friedberg, Mark W.; Meeker, Daniella; Friesema, Elisha; Cooper, Andrew; Haryani, Ajay; Gregory, Dyanna L.; Fox, Craig R.; Goldstein, Noah J.; Linder, Jeffrey A. (2016-08-05). "Behavioral interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing: a randomized pilot trial". BMC Infectious Diseases. 16 (1): 373. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1715-8. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 4975897. PMID 27495917.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Carter, Nancy; Bryant-Lukosius, Denise; DiCenso, Alba; Blythe, Jennifer; Neville, Alan J. (2014-08-26). "The Use of Triangulation in Qualitative Research". Oncology Nursing Forum. 41 (5): 545–547. doi:10.1188/14.ONF.545-547. hdl:10818/34420. PMID 25158659.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Gillie, Oliver (1977). "Did Sir Cyril Burt Fake His Research on Heritability of Intelligence? Part I". The Phi Delta Kappan. 58 (6): 469–471. ISSN 0031-7217. JSTOR 20298643.

karger.com (Global: 5,457^th place; English: 5,839^th place)

Tripepi, Giovanni; Jager, Kitty J.; Dekker, Friedo W.; Zoccali, Carmine (2010). "Selection Bias and Information Bias in Clinical Research". Nephron Clinical Practice. 115 (2): c94–c99. doi:10.1159/000312871. ISSN 1660-2110. PMID 20407272. S2CID 18856450.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Mahtani, Kamal; Spencer, Elizabeth A.; Brassey, Jon; Heneghan, Carl (2018-02-01). "Catalogue of bias: observer bias". BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 23 (1): 23–24. doi:10.1136/ebmed-2017-110884. ISSN 2515-446X. PMID 29367322. S2CID 46794082.
Pronin, Emily (2007-01-01). "Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.001. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 17129749. S2CID 2754235.
Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn; Thomsen, Ann Sofia Skou; Emanuelsson, Frida; Tendal, Britta; Hilden, Jørgen; Boutron, Isabelle; Ravaud, Philippe; Brorson, Stig (2012-02-27). "Observer bias in randomised clinical trials with binary outcomes: systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors". BMJ. 344 e1119. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1119. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 22371859. S2CID 23296493.
Tripepi, Giovanni; Jager, Kitty J.; Dekker, Friedo W.; Zoccali, Carmine (2010). "Selection Bias and Information Bias in Clinical Research". Nephron Clinical Practice. 115 (2): c94–c99. doi:10.1159/000312871. ISSN 1660-2110. PMID 20407272. S2CID 18856450.
Samhita, Laasya; Gross, Hans J (2013-11-09). "The 'Clever Hans Phenomenon' revisited". Communicative & Integrative Biology. 6 (6) e27122. doi:10.4161/cib.27122. PMC 3921203. PMID 24563716.
Wilgenburg, Ellen van; Elgar, Mark A. (2013-01-23). "Confirmation Bias in Studies of Nestmate Recognition: A Cautionary Note for Research into the Behaviour of Animals". PLOS ONE. 8 (1) e53548. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...853548V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053548. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3553103. PMID 23372659.
Noble, Helen; Heale, Roberta (2019-07-01). "Triangulation in research, with examples". Evidence-Based Nursing. 22 (3): 67–68. doi:10.1136/ebnurs-2019-103145. ISSN 1367-6539. PMID 31201209. S2CID 189862202.
Carter, Nancy; Bryant-Lukosius, Denise; DiCenso, Alba; Blythe, Jennifer; Neville, Alan J. (2014-08-26). "The Use of Triangulation in Qualitative Research". Oncology Nursing Forum. 41 (5): 545–547. doi:10.1188/14.ONF.545-547. hdl:10818/34420. PMID 25158659.
Persell, Stephen D.; Doctor, Jason N.; Friedberg, Mark W.; Meeker, Daniella; Friesema, Elisha; Cooper, Andrew; Haryani, Ajay; Gregory, Dyanna L.; Fox, Craig R.; Goldstein, Noah J.; Linder, Jeffrey A. (2016-08-05). "Behavioral interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing: a randomized pilot trial". BMC Infectious Diseases. 16 (1): 373. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1715-8. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 4975897. PMID 27495917.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Samhita, Laasya; Gross, Hans J (2013-11-09). "The 'Clever Hans Phenomenon' revisited". Communicative & Integrative Biology. 6 (6) e27122. doi:10.4161/cib.27122. PMC 3921203. PMID 24563716.
Wilgenburg, Ellen van; Elgar, Mark A. (2013-01-23). "Confirmation Bias in Studies of Nestmate Recognition: A Cautionary Note for Research into the Behaviour of Animals". PLOS ONE. 8 (1) e53548. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...853548V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053548. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3553103. PMID 23372659.
Persell, Stephen D.; Doctor, Jason N.; Friedberg, Mark W.; Meeker, Daniella; Friesema, Elisha; Cooper, Andrew; Haryani, Ajay; Gregory, Dyanna L.; Fox, Craig R.; Goldstein, Noah J.; Linder, Jeffrey A. (2016-08-05). "Behavioral interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing: a randomized pilot trial". BMC Infectious Diseases. 16 (1): 373. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1715-8. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 4975897. PMID 27495917.

ons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

onf.ons.org

Carter, Nancy; Bryant-Lukosius, Denise; DiCenso, Alba; Blythe, Jennifer; Neville, Alan J. (2014-08-26). "The Use of Triangulation in Qualitative Research". Oncology Nursing Forum. 41 (5): 545–547. doi:10.1188/14.ONF.545-547. hdl:10818/34420. PMID 25158659.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Tuyttens, F. A. M.; de Graaf, S.; Heerkens, J. L. T.; Jacobs, L.; Nalon, E.; Ott, S.; Stadig, L.; Van Laer, E.; Ampe, B. (2014-04-01). "Observer bias in animal behaviour research: can we believe what we score, if we score what we believe?". Animal Behaviour. 90: 273–280. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.02.007. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53195951.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Mahtani, Kamal; Spencer, Elizabeth A.; Brassey, Jon; Heneghan, Carl (2018-02-01). "Catalogue of bias: observer bias". BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 23 (1): 23–24. doi:10.1136/ebmed-2017-110884. ISSN 2515-446X. PMID 29367322. S2CID 46794082.
Miettinen, Olli S. (2008-11-01). "M. Porta, S. Greenland & J. M. Last (eds): A Dictionary of Epidemiology. A Handbook Sponsored by the I.E.A.". European Journal of Epidemiology. 23 (12): 813–817. doi:10.1007/s10654-008-9296-5. ISSN 0393-2990. S2CID 41169767.
Pronin, Emily (2007-01-01). "Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.001. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 17129749. S2CID 2754235.
Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn; Thomsen, Ann Sofia Skou; Emanuelsson, Frida; Tendal, Britta; Hilden, Jørgen; Boutron, Isabelle; Ravaud, Philippe; Brorson, Stig (2012-02-27). "Observer bias in randomised clinical trials with binary outcomes: systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors". BMJ. 344 e1119. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1119. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 22371859. S2CID 23296493.
Tripepi, Giovanni; Jager, Kitty J.; Dekker, Friedo W.; Zoccali, Carmine (2010). "Selection Bias and Information Bias in Clinical Research". Nephron Clinical Practice. 115 (2): c94–c99. doi:10.1159/000312871. ISSN 1660-2110. PMID 20407272. S2CID 18856450.
Tuyttens, F. A. M.; de Graaf, S.; Heerkens, J. L. T.; Jacobs, L.; Nalon, E.; Ott, S.; Stadig, L.; Van Laer, E.; Ampe, B. (2014-04-01). "Observer bias in animal behaviour research: can we believe what we score, if we score what we believe?". Animal Behaviour. 90: 273–280. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.02.007. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53195951.
West, Charles (February 1980). "Book Reviews: Achenbach, Thomas M. Research in Developmental Psychology: Concepts, Strategies, Methods. New York: The Free Press, 1978. 350 + xiii pp. $14.95". Educational Researcher. 9 (2): 16–17. doi:10.3102/0013189x009002016. ISSN 0013-189X. S2CID 145015499.
Noble, Helen; Heale, Roberta (2019-07-01). "Triangulation in research, with examples". Evidence-Based Nursing. 22 (3): 67–68. doi:10.1136/ebnurs-2019-103145. ISSN 1367-6539. PMID 31201209. S2CID 189862202.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Mahtani, Kamal; Spencer, Elizabeth A.; Brassey, Jon; Heneghan, Carl (2018-02-01). "Catalogue of bias: observer bias". BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 23 (1): 23–24. doi:10.1136/ebmed-2017-110884. ISSN 2515-446X. PMID 29367322. S2CID 46794082.
Miettinen, Olli S. (2008-11-01). "M. Porta, S. Greenland & J. M. Last (eds): A Dictionary of Epidemiology. A Handbook Sponsored by the I.E.A.". European Journal of Epidemiology. 23 (12): 813–817. doi:10.1007/s10654-008-9296-5. ISSN 0393-2990. S2CID 41169767.
Pronin, Emily (2007-01-01). "Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.001. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 17129749. S2CID 2754235.
Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn; Thomsen, Ann Sofia Skou; Emanuelsson, Frida; Tendal, Britta; Hilden, Jørgen; Boutron, Isabelle; Ravaud, Philippe; Brorson, Stig (2012-02-27). "Observer bias in randomised clinical trials with binary outcomes: systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors". BMJ. 344 e1119. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1119. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 22371859. S2CID 23296493.
Tripepi, Giovanni; Jager, Kitty J.; Dekker, Friedo W.; Zoccali, Carmine (2010). "Selection Bias and Information Bias in Clinical Research". Nephron Clinical Practice. 115 (2): c94–c99. doi:10.1159/000312871. ISSN 1660-2110. PMID 20407272. S2CID 18856450.
Tuyttens, F. A. M.; de Graaf, S.; Heerkens, J. L. T.; Jacobs, L.; Nalon, E.; Ott, S.; Stadig, L.; Van Laer, E.; Ampe, B. (2014-04-01). "Observer bias in animal behaviour research: can we believe what we score, if we score what we believe?". Animal Behaviour. 90: 273–280. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.02.007. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53195951.
Gillie, Oliver (1977). "Did Sir Cyril Burt Fake His Research on Heritability of Intelligence? Part I". The Phi Delta Kappan. 58 (6): 469–471. ISSN 0031-7217. JSTOR 20298643.
Wilgenburg, Ellen van; Elgar, Mark A. (2013-01-23). "Confirmation Bias in Studies of Nestmate Recognition: A Cautionary Note for Research into the Behaviour of Animals". PLOS ONE. 8 (1) e53548. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...853548V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053548. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3553103. PMID 23372659.
West, Charles (February 1980). "Book Reviews: Achenbach, Thomas M. Research in Developmental Psychology: Concepts, Strategies, Methods. New York: The Free Press, 1978. 350 + xiii pp. $14.95". Educational Researcher. 9 (2): 16–17. doi:10.3102/0013189x009002016. ISSN 0013-189X. S2CID 145015499.
Noble, Helen; Heale, Roberta (2019-07-01). "Triangulation in research, with examples". Evidence-Based Nursing. 22 (3): 67–68. doi:10.1136/ebnurs-2019-103145. ISSN 1367-6539. PMID 31201209. S2CID 189862202.
Persell, Stephen D.; Doctor, Jason N.; Friedberg, Mark W.; Meeker, Daniella; Friesema, Elisha; Cooper, Andrew; Haryani, Ajay; Gregory, Dyanna L.; Fox, Craig R.; Goldstein, Noah J.; Linder, Jeffrey A. (2016-08-05). "Behavioral interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing: a randomized pilot trial". BMC Infectious Diseases. 16 (1): 373. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1715-8. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 4975897. PMID 27495917.

Observer bias (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

amazon.com (Global: 159th place; English: 105th place)

bmj.com (Global: 1,341st place; English: 1,425th place)