Occitan language (English Wikipedia)

"Page d'accueil". Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Aquitaine Limousin Poitou-Charentes. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2011.

archive.org

For traditional Romance philology see:
- Ronjat, Jules (1913), Essai de syntaxe des parlers provençaux modernes (in French), Macon: Protat, p. 12: Mais les différences de phonétique, de morphologie, de syntaxe et de vocabulaire ne sont pas telles qu'une personne connaissant pratiquement à fond un de nos dialectes ne puisse converser dans ce dialecte avec une autre personne parlant un autre dialecte qu'elle possède pratiquement à fond.

bbc.com

Bahrami, Beebe (11 September 2018). "The language the French forbade". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.

bloomsbury.com

Dalby, Andrew (1998). "Occitan". Dictionary of Languages (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing plc. p. 468. ISBN 0-7475-3117-X. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2006.

bnf.fr

gallica.bnf.fr

Anglade 1921, p. 10: Sur Occitania ont été formés les adjectifs latins occitanus, occitanicus et les adjectifs français occitanique, occitanien, occitan (ce dernier terme plus récent), qui seraient excellents et qui ne prêteraient pas à la même confusion que provençal. Anglade, Joseph (1921). Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc: phonétique et morphologie (in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
Anglade 1921, p. 7. Anglade, Joseph (1921). Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc: phonétique et morphologie (in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
Anglade 1921, p. 7: Ce terme fut surtout employé en Italie. Anglade, Joseph (1921). Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc: phonétique et morphologie (in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
Raynouard, François Juste Marie (1817). Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 2) (in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. 40. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Raynouard, François Juste Marie (1816). Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 1) (in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. vij. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Raynouard, François Juste Marie (1817). Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 2) (in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. cxxxvij. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2013.: "Ben ha mil e cent (1100) ancs complí entierament / Que fo scripta l'ora car sen al derier temps."
Anglade 1921: La Langue d'Oc est parlée actuellement par douze ou quatorze millions de Français ("Occitan is now spoken by twelve or fourteen million French citizens"). Anglade, Joseph (1921). Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc: phonétique et morphologie (in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
Backer 1860, pp. 52, 54: parlée dans le Midi de la France par quatorze millions d'habitants ("spoken in the South of France by fourteen million inhabitants"). Backer, Louis de (1860). Grammaire comparée des langues de la France, par Louis de Baecker. Flamand, allemand, celto-breton, basque, provençal, espagnol, italien, français, comparés au sanscrit (in French). Paris: C. Blériot. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Gaussen 1927, p. 4: ...défendre une langue, qui est aujourd'hui la mère de la nôtre, parlée encore par plus de dix millions d'individus... ("protect a language, which is today the mother of ours, still spoken by more than ten million individuals") Gaussen, Yvan (1927). Du fédéralisme de Proudhon au Félibrige de Mistral (in French). Nîmes: A. Chastanier. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Ronjat, Jules (1864–1925) Auteur du texte (1930–1941). Grammaire istorique des parlers provençaux modernes.... Partie 1,Tome 1 / Jules Ronjat.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

books.google.com

Friend, Julius W. (2012). Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-230-36179-9. Retrieved 5 March 2016.^{[permanent dead link]}
Wendy Ayres-Bennett; Janice Carruthers (2018). De Gruyter (ed.). Manual of Romance Sociolinguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 157. ISBN 9783110365955. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0--19-967710-8. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.

cervantesvirtual.com

Registro de Representantes Archived 28 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine by Lope de Rueda, in Spanish. Peirutón speaks a mix of Gascon and Catalan.

conselharan.org

"Reconeishença der Institut d'Estudis Aranesi coma academia e autoritat lingüistica der occitan, aranés en Aran" [Recognition of the Institute of Aranese Studies as an academy and linguistic authority of Occitan, Aranese in Aran]. Conselh Generau d'Aran (in Occitan). 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2015.

culture.gouv.fr

Martel, Philippe (December 2007). "Qui parle occitan ?". Langues et cité (in French). No. 10. Observation des pratiques linguistiques. p. 3. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018. De fait, le nombre des locuteurs de l'occitan a pu être estimé par l'INED dans un premier temps à 526 000 personnes, puis à 789 000 ("In fact, the number of Occitan speakers was estimated by the French Demographics Institute at 526,000 people, then 789,000")

doi.org

dx.doi.org

"Notes on Contributors". The CLR James Journal. 24 (1): 353–355. 2018. doi:10.5840/clrjames2018241/267. ISSN 2167-4256.
Costandi, Moheb (2015), "Persönlichkeit", 50 Schlüsselideen Hirnforschung, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 68–71, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44191-6_18, ISBN 978-3-662-44190-9, retrieved 17 December 2023

doi.org

"Notes on Contributors". The CLR James Journal. 24 (1): 353–355. 2018. doi:10.5840/clrjames2018241/267. ISSN 2167-4256.
Costandi, Moheb (2015), "Persönlichkeit", 50 Schlüsselideen Hirnforschung, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 68–71, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44191-6_18, ISBN 978-3-662-44190-9, retrieved 17 December 2023

easy-occitan.github.io

"Easy Occitan". Archived from the original on 10 April 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2025. It is already essential to point out the fact that there is no dominant dialect. Each dialect is Occitan and the intercomprehension between each dialect is good (even with Catalan). The dialect we will learn here is Languedocian. This dialect is the most conservative among Occitan dialects and is thus the best bridge to the other dialects
"Easy Occitan". Lengadocian: It is the most conservative dialect and that's the reason why it became the root of standard normalized Occitan.
"Easy Occitan". Archived from the original on 10 April 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
"Easy Occitan: Grammar". Archived from the original on 10 April 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
"Easy Occitan: Verbs".
"Easy Pccitan". Archived from the original on 24 March 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2025. Basic negation is "pas", which follows the verb. Its translation is "not" ("yes" is said "òc" and "no" is said "non").

economist.com

"Occitan's fight to stay away from the cliff of extinction". The Economist. 19 April 2018. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.

ethnologue.com

Occitan at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Judeo-Occitan at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

euskomedia.org

"Licenciado Andrés de Poza y Yarza". EuskoMedia Fundazioa. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010. Poza quotes the Basques inhabiting lands as far east as the River Gallego in the 16th century.

expatries-france.com

Expatries-france.com Archived 14 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Selection Villes

felibrige.org

The most emblematic and productive ones, Frédéric Mistral, Robert Lafont, and their followers (Théodore Aubanel, René Merle Archived 27 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Claude Barsotti, Philippe Gardy, Florian Vernet, Bernard Giély, Pierre Pessemesse...), and also the most important and historic Provençal cultural associations as CREO Provença, Felibrige Archived 15 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine and Parlaren (Assiso de la Lengo Nostro en Prouvènço, 2003) Archived 28 February 2004 at the Wayback Machine

gencat.cat

llengua.gencat.cat

Enquesta d'usos lingüístics de la població 2008 [Survey of Language Use of the Population 2008] (in Catalan), Statistical Institute of Catalonia, 2009, archived from the original on 17 October 2020, retrieved 4 March 2020

gencat.net

www6.gencat.net

Gencat.net Archived 9 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine

gioventurapiemonteisa.net

Enrico Allasino; Consuelo Ferrier; Sergio Scamuzzi; Tullio Telmon (2005). "Le Lingue del Piemonte" (PDF). IRES. 113: 71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Gioventura Piemontèisa.

globalvoices.org

"Global Voices – The decline of Occitan: A failure of cultural initiatives, or abandonment by the state?". Global Voices. 13 August 2021. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.

glottolog.org

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Gardiol". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

iana.org

"Language subtag registry". IANA. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2021.

jewishlanguages.org

"Judeo-Provençal". Jewish Languages. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2023.

jstor.org

Field, Thomas T. (1980). "The Sociolinguistic Situation of Modern Occitan". The French Review. 54 (1): 37–46. ISSN 0016-111X. JSTOR 391694. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
Klingebiel, Kathryn (2001). "LANGUAGE". The Year's Work in Modern Language Studies. 63: 208–220. ISSN 0084-4152. JSTOR 25833682. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.

kodaxil.org

Avner Gerard Levy & Jacques Ajenstat: The Kodaxil Semantic Manifesto^{[permanent dead link]} (2006), Section 10 – Modified Base64 / Kodaxil word length, representation, p. 9: "the English language, as claimed by Merriam-Webster, as well as the Occitan language – are estimated to comprise over 450,000 words in their basic form."

ladepeche.fr

"Toulouse. On va parler occitan dans le métro dès la rentrée". ladepeche.fr. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.

lapobladelduc.org

Lapobladelduc.org Archived 6 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, "El nom de la llengua". The name of the language, in Catalan

linguistica-oc.com

CLO's statements in Lingüistica Occitana (online review of Occitan linguistics).Lingüistica Occitana: Preconizacions del Conselh de la Lenga Occitana (PDF), 2007, archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2020, retrieved 17 March 2020

mexicofrancia.org

Siller, Javier Pérez. "De mitos y realidades: la emigracíon barcelonette a México 1845–1891" (PDF) (in Spanish). México–Francia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2021.

nationalgeographic.co.uk

@NatGeoUK (15 January 2013). "Toulouse: Occitan". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.

oc-valencia.org

Lluis Fornés, see his thesis. Fornés, Lluis (2004). El pensament panoccitanista (1904–2004) en les revistes Occitania, Oc, L'Amic de les Ats, Taula de Lletres Valencianes, Revista Occitana i Paraula d'Oc [The pan-occitanista thought (1904–2004) in the magazines Occitania, Oc, L'Amic de les Ats, Taula de Lletres Valencianes, Revista Occitana and Paraula d'Oc] (PDF) (Thesis) (in Valencian). University of Valencia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2008 – via www.oc-valencia.org.

oed.com

"Occitan". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

ofici-occitan.eu

"LANGUE OCCITANE: ÉTAT DES LIEUX 2020" (PDF). ofici-occitan.eu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 5 March 2025.

omniglot.com

"Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)". Omniglot.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
"Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)". Omniglot.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.

orange.fr

perso.orange.fr

Perso.orange.fr Archived 12 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Aranaram Au Patac

osoa.net

Desparicion del Euskara por el norte y el este Archived 27 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish): En San Sebastián [...] se habla gascón desde el siglo XIV hasta el 1919

parlament-cat.net

As stated in its Statute of Autonomy approved. See Article 6.5 in the Parlament-cat.net Archived 26 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, text of the 2006 Statute of Catalonia (PDF)

parlamento.it

Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche, Italian parliament, archived from the original on 2 May 2012, retrieved 18 June 2014

pernoste.com

"Per Noste edicions". www.pernoste.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2007.

prouvenco-aro.com

The most emblematic and productive ones, Frédéric Mistral, Robert Lafont, and their followers (Théodore Aubanel, René Merle Archived 27 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Claude Barsotti, Philippe Gardy, Florian Vernet, Bernard Giély, Pierre Pessemesse...), and also the most important and historic Provençal cultural associations as CREO Provença, Felibrige Archived 15 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine and Parlaren (Assiso de la Lengo Nostro en Prouvènço, 2003) Archived 28 February 2004 at the Wayback Machine

rene-merle.com

The most emblematic and productive ones, Frédéric Mistral, Robert Lafont, and their followers (Théodore Aubanel, René Merle Archived 27 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Claude Barsotti, Philippe Gardy, Florian Vernet, Bernard Giély, Pierre Pessemesse...), and also the most important and historic Provençal cultural associations as CREO Provença, Felibrige Archived 15 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine and Parlaren (Assiso de la Lengo Nostro en Prouvènço, 2003) Archived 28 February 2004 at the Wayback Machine

unesco.org

"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011.

unirioja.es

dialnet.unirioja.es

Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). "Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra". Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología (in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 247. ISSN 0214-8188. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1998). "Notas gráfico-fonéticas sobre la documentación medieval navarra". Príncipe de Viana (in Spanish). 59 (214): 524. ISSN 0032-8472. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). "Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra". Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología (in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 247–249. ISSN 0214-8188. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). "Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra". Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología (in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 249. ISSN 0214-8188. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). "Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra". Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología (in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 248. ISSN 0214-8188. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2010.

web.archive.org

Martel, Philippe (December 2007). "Qui parle occitan ?". Langues et cité (in French). No. 10. Observation des pratiques linguistiques. p. 3. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018. De fait, le nombre des locuteurs de l'occitan a pu être estimé par l'INED dans un premier temps à 526 000 personnes, puis à 789 000 ("In fact, the number of Occitan speakers was estimated by the French Demographics Institute at 526,000 people, then 789,000")
Enrico Allasino; Consuelo Ferrier; Sergio Scamuzzi; Tullio Telmon (2005). "Le Lingue del Piemonte" (PDF). IRES. 113: 71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Gioventura Piemontèisa.
Enquesta d'usos lingüístics de la població 2008 [Survey of Language Use of the Population 2008] (in Catalan), Statistical Institute of Catalonia, 2009, archived from the original on 17 October 2020, retrieved 4 March 2020
Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche, Italian parliament, archived from the original on 2 May 2012, retrieved 18 June 2014
CLO's statements in Lingüistica Occitana (online review of Occitan linguistics).Lingüistica Occitana: Preconizacions del Conselh de la Lenga Occitana (PDF), 2007, archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2020, retrieved 17 March 2020
"Page d'accueil". Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Aquitaine Limousin Poitou-Charentes. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
"Reconeishença der Institut d'Estudis Aranesi coma academia e autoritat lingüistica der occitan, aranés en Aran" [Recognition of the Institute of Aranese Studies as an academy and linguistic authority of Occitan, Aranese in Aran]. Conselh Generau d'Aran (in Occitan). 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
As stated in its Statute of Autonomy approved. See Article 6.5 in the Parlament-cat.net Archived 26 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, text of the 2006 Statute of Catalonia (PDF)
Dalby, Andrew (1998). "Occitan". Dictionary of Languages (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing plc. p. 468. ISBN 0-7475-3117-X. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
Lapobladelduc.org Archived 6 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, "El nom de la llengua". The name of the language, in Catalan
Anglade 1921, p. 10: Sur Occitania ont été formés les adjectifs latins occitanus, occitanicus et les adjectifs français occitanique, occitanien, occitan (ce dernier terme plus récent), qui seraient excellents et qui ne prêteraient pas à la même confusion que provençal. Anglade, Joseph (1921). Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc: phonétique et morphologie (in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
Anglade 1921, p. 7. Anglade, Joseph (1921). Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc: phonétique et morphologie (in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
Anglade 1921, p. 7: Ce terme fut surtout employé en Italie. Anglade, Joseph (1921). Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc: phonétique et morphologie (in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
Raynouard, François Juste Marie (1817). Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 2) (in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. 40. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Raynouard, François Juste Marie (1816). Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 1) (in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. vij. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Raynouard, François Juste Marie (1817). Choix des poésies originales des troubadours (Volume 2) (in French). Paris: F. Didot. p. cxxxvij. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2013.: "Ben ha mil e cent (1100) ancs complí entierament / Que fo scripta l'ora car sen al derier temps."
Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). "Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra". Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología (in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 247. ISSN 0214-8188. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1998). "Notas gráfico-fonéticas sobre la documentación medieval navarra". Príncipe de Viana (in Spanish). 59 (214): 524. ISSN 0032-8472. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). "Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra". Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología (in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 247–249. ISSN 0214-8188. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
"Licenciado Andrés de Poza y Yarza". EuskoMedia Fundazioa. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010. Poza quotes the Basques inhabiting lands as far east as the River Gallego in the 16th century.
Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). "Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra". Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología (in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 249. ISSN 0214-8188. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Cierbide Martinena, Ricardo (1996). "Convivencia histórica de lenguas y culturas en Navarra". Caplletra: Revista Internacional de Filología (in Spanish) (20). València (etc) : Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana; Abadia de Montserrat: 248. ISSN 0214-8188. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Anglade 1921: La Langue d'Oc est parlée actuellement par douze ou quatorze millions de Français ("Occitan is now spoken by twelve or fourteen million French citizens"). Anglade, Joseph (1921). Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc: phonétique et morphologie (in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
Backer 1860, pp. 52, 54: parlée dans le Midi de la France par quatorze millions d'habitants ("spoken in the South of France by fourteen million inhabitants"). Backer, Louis de (1860). Grammaire comparée des langues de la France, par Louis de Baecker. Flamand, allemand, celto-breton, basque, provençal, espagnol, italien, français, comparés au sanscrit (in French). Paris: C. Blériot. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Gaussen 1927, p. 4: ...défendre une langue, qui est aujourd'hui la mère de la nôtre, parlée encore par plus de dix millions d'individus... ("protect a language, which is today the mother of ours, still spoken by more than ten million individuals") Gaussen, Yvan (1927). Du fédéralisme de Proudhon au Félibrige de Mistral (in French). Nîmes: A. Chastanier. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
"LANGUE OCCITANE: ÉTAT DES LIEUX 2020" (PDF). ofici-occitan.eu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
@NatGeoUK (15 January 2013). "Toulouse: Occitan". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
Field, Thomas T. (1980). "The Sociolinguistic Situation of Modern Occitan". The French Review. 54 (1): 37–46. ISSN 0016-111X. JSTOR 391694. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
Klingebiel, Kathryn (2001). "LANGUAGE". The Year's Work in Modern Language Studies. 63: 208–220. ISSN 0084-4152. JSTOR 25833682. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
Desparicion del Euskara por el norte y el este Archived 27 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish): En San Sebastián [...] se habla gascón desde el siglo XIV hasta el 1919
Expatries-france.com Archived 14 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Selection Villes
Siller, Javier Pérez. "De mitos y realidades: la emigracíon barcelonette a México 1845–1891" (PDF) (in Spanish). México–Francia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
"Toulouse. On va parler occitan dans le métro dès la rentrée". ladepeche.fr. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
"Easy Occitan". Archived from the original on 10 April 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2025. It is already essential to point out the fact that there is no dominant dialect. Each dialect is Occitan and the intercomprehension between each dialect is good (even with Catalan). The dialect we will learn here is Languedocian. This dialect is the most conservative among Occitan dialects and is thus the best bridge to the other dialects
"Easy Occitan". Archived from the original on 10 April 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
"Easy Occitan: Grammar". Archived from the original on 10 April 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
"Easy Pccitan". Archived from the original on 24 March 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2025. Basic negation is "pas", which follows the verb. Its translation is "not" ("yes" is said "òc" and "no" is said "non").
Wendy Ayres-Bennett; Janice Carruthers (2018). De Gruyter (ed.). Manual of Romance Sociolinguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 157. ISBN 9783110365955. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0--19-967710-8. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
"Judeo-Provençal". Jewish Languages. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
"Language subtag registry". IANA. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
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