Old Norse (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Old Norse" in English language version.

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21web.archive.org

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16archive.org

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12doi.org

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8germanic-lexicon-project.org

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8old-norse.net

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6handle.net

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3britannica.com

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3jstor.org

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3hi.is

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2cuni.cz

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2uni-tuebingen.de

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2wikipedia.org

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2semanticscholar.org

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1oxfordreference.com

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1finland.fi

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1lu.se

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1irisharchaeology.ie

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1vsnr.org

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1researchgate.net

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1gutenberg.org

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1vsnrweb-publications.org.uk

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1norroen.info

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1aveneca.com

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1usyd.edu.au

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1ku.dk

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1viking.style

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archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Adams 1899, "Scandinavian Languages", pp. 336–338 Adams, Ch. K., ed. (1899) [1876]. "Raleigh-Tananarivo". Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia: A New Edition. Vol. 7. D. Appleton, A. J. Johnson.
Henderson 1910, pp. 108–204. Henderson, G. (1910). "V: Norse linguistic influence". The Norse influence on Celtic Scotland. Glasgow: J. Maclehose and Sons. pp. 108–218.
Robinson 1992, p. 83. Robinson, O. W. (1992). Old English and Its Closest Relatives. SUP. doi:10.4324/9780203393086. ISBN 0-8047-2221-8.
Sweet 1895, p. 5. Sweet, H. (1895). An Icelandic Primer: with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary (2nd ed.). Oxford Clarendon Press.
alt source Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine via Germanic Lexicon Project (lexicon.ff.cuni.cz)
e-ext Archived 26 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine via Project Gutenberg
Vigfússon & Powell 1879, Ch. 1. Vigfússon, Gu.; Powell, F. Y. (1879). An Icelandic Prose Reader: with Notes, Grammar, and Glossary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
Noreen 1884, p. 12. Noreen, A. (1884). Abriss Der Altnordischen (Altisländischen) Grammatik (in German).
Gordon 1984. Gordon, E. V. (1984) [1927]. Taylor, A. R. (ed.). An Introduction to Old Norse (reprint of 2nd corrected ed.). Oxford Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-811184-9.
Helfenstein 1870. Helfenstein, James (1870). A Comparative Grammar of the Teutonic Languages: Being at the Same Time a Historical Grammar of the English Language. London: MacMillan.
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 1, "A" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. 761–762 (Introduction to Letter Ö (Ø)) Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. xxix–xxx "Formation of Words" : Vowel Changes Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. xvi "Strong Nouns" – Masculine – Remarks on the 1st Strong Masculine Declension, 3.a Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 389 col.1, "LIM"; p. 437, col.1 "MUND" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 481 "R" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 757 "Æ" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. 113–114 "E" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)

arnastofnun.is (Global: low place; English: low place)

ait.arnastofnun.is

Þráinsson & Árnason 2017, 3.1.2 Mállýskueinkenni á Suðausturlandi. Þráinsson, Höskuldur; Árnason, Kristján (2017). "Íslenskar mállýskur" [Icelandic dialects]. Málsgreinar (in Icelandic). Árnastofnun. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018.

aveneca.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Old Norse dialect areas". aveneca.com. 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"Old Norse language". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 October 2025.
"Younger Futhark". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 October 2025.
"Icelandic language". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 October 2025.

cuni.cz (Global: 3,645^th place; English: 6,045^th place)

lexicon.ff.cuni.cz

Sweet 1895, p. 5. Sweet, H. (1895). An Icelandic Primer: with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary (2nd ed.). Oxford Clarendon Press.
alt source Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine via Germanic Lexicon Project (lexicon.ff.cuni.cz)
e-ext Archived 26 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine via Project Gutenberg
Zoëga 1910, H: hungr. ——— (1910). A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic.
scanned document Archived 11 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine via "Germanic Lexicon Project" (lexicon.ff.cuni.cz)
e-text Archived 1 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine via norroen.info

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

See, e.g., Harbert 2007, pp. 7–10 Harbert, Wayne (2007). The Germanic Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511755071. ISBN 978-0-521-01511-0.
Stewart 2004. Stewart, Thomas W. (Jr.) (2004). "Lexical imposition: Old Norse vocabulary in Scottish Gaelic". Diachronica. 21 (2): 393–420. doi:10.1075/dia.21.2.06ste.
Haugen 1950, pp. 4–64. Haugen, E. (1950). "First Grammatical Treatise: The Earliest Germanic Phonology". Language. 26 (4): 4–64. doi:10.2307/522272. JSTOR 522272.
Robinson 1992, p. 83. Robinson, O. W. (1992). Old English and Its Closest Relatives. SUP. doi:10.4324/9780203393086. ISBN 0-8047-2221-8.
Kristoffersen 2021. ——— (2021). "Tonal Variation and Change in Dalarna Swedish". Journal of Germanic Linguistics. 33 (2). CUP: 179–233. doi:10.1017/S147054272000015X. hdl:11250/2766114.
Riad 2023. ——— (2023). "The explananda in North Germanic Tonogenesis". ASJU. 57 (1–2): 841–857. doi:10.1387/asju.25974.
Benediktsson 1963. Benediktsson, Hr. (1963). "Some Aspects of Nordic Umlaut and Breaking". Language. 39 (3): 409–431. doi:10.2307/411124. JSTOR 411124.
Bandle 2005. Vol. 2. 2005. doi:10.1515/9783110197068. ISBN 978-3-11-017149-5.
- O'Donoghue 2004, p. 22–102. O'Donoghue, H. (2004). Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Short Introduction. Blackwell Introductions to Literature. doi:10.1002/9780470776063. ISBN 978-0-631-23625-2.
- Sturtevant 1953. Sturtevant, Albert M. (1953). "Further Old Norse Secondary Formations". Language. 29 (4): 457–462. doi:10.2307/409955. JSTOR 409955.
- Hock 1986, p. 149. Hock, H. (1986). Principles of Historical Linguistics. TiLSM. Vol. 34. doi:10.1515/9783110871975. ISBN 978-3-11-010600-8.
- O'Donoghue 2004, pp. 190–201. O'Donoghue, H. (2004). Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Short Introduction. Blackwell Introductions to Literature. doi:10.1002/9780470776063. ISBN 978-0-631-23625-2.

finland.fi (Global: 9,755^th place; English: 8,874^th place)

"History of Finland – The Swedish Period". Finland.fi. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Retrieved 30 October 2025. The Swedish conquest of Finland began in the 12th century. During the Second Swedish Crusade in the 13th century, Sweden consolidated its rule, and Swedish settlers brought their language and culture to the coastal areas of Finland.

germanic-lexicon-project.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 1, "A" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. 761–762 (Introduction to Letter Ö (Ø)) Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. xxix–xxx "Formation of Words" : Vowel Changes Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. xvi "Strong Nouns" – Masculine – Remarks on the 1st Strong Masculine Declension, 3.a Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 389 col.1, "LIM"; p. 437, col.1 "MUND" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 481 "R" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 757 "Æ" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. 113–114 "E" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)

gutenberg.org (Global: 489^th place; English: 377^th place)

Sweet 1895, p. 5. Sweet, H. (1895). An Icelandic Primer: with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary (2nd ed.). Oxford Clarendon Press.
alt source Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine via Germanic Lexicon Project (lexicon.ff.cuni.cz)
e-ext Archived 26 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine via Project Gutenberg

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Schalin 2018, pp. 37–39. Schalin, Johan (2018). "Preliterary Scandinavian Sound Change Viewed From the East". Nordica Helsingiensia. 54: 146–147. hdl:10138/238886.
Moberg et al. 2007. Moberg, J.; Gooskens, C.; Nerbonne, J.; Vaillette, N. (2007). "4: Conditional Entropy Measures Intelligibility among Related Languages". Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands. LOT Occasional. Vol. 7. pp. 51–66. hdl:1874/296747.
Borkent 2014. Borkent, Aukje (2014). Norse loanwords in Old and Middle Irish (Master thesis). UU. hdl:20.500.12932/17630.
Friðriksdóttir 2014. Friðriksdóttir, Sandra D. (2014). Old Norse Influence in Modern English: The Effect of the Viking Invasion (Bachelor thesis). University of Iceland. hdl:1946/17234.
Schalin 2018. Schalin, Johan (2018). "Preliterary Scandinavian Sound Change Viewed From the East". Nordica Helsingiensia. 54: 146–147. hdl:10138/238886.
Kristoffersen 2021. ——— (2021). "Tonal Variation and Change in Dalarna Swedish". Journal of Germanic Linguistics. 33 (2). CUP: 179–233. doi:10.1017/S147054272000015X. hdl:11250/2766114.

hi.is (Global: 7,624^th place; English: 7,880^th place)

www3.hi.is

Old Norse for Beginners, Lesson 5.
Old Norse for Beginners, Neuter nouns.
Old Norse for Beginners, Feminine nouns.

irisharchaeology.ie (Global: low place; English: low place)

Colm (21 November 2013). "Some Irish words with Norse Origins". irisharchaeology.ie. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Haugen 1950, pp. 4–64. Haugen, E. (1950). "First Grammatical Treatise: The Earliest Germanic Phonology". Language. 26 (4): 4–64. doi:10.2307/522272. JSTOR 522272.
Benediktsson 1963. Benediktsson, Hr. (1963). "Some Aspects of Nordic Umlaut and Breaking". Language. 39 (3): 409–431. doi:10.2307/411124. JSTOR 411124.
Sturtevant 1953. Sturtevant, Albert M. (1953). "Further Old Norse Secondary Formations". Language. 29 (4): 457–462. doi:10.2307/409955. JSTOR 409955.

ku.dk (Global: 5,396^th place; English: 4,339^th place)

curis.ku.dk

Kroonen 2011, (Slide 26) §7.2 : "In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old Swedish." Kroonen, G. (19 October 2011). "On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology" (PDF). curis.ku.dk (Presentation). Lund: KU. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.

lu.se (Global: 4,012^th place; English: 4,295^th place)

lup.lub.lu.se

Farren 2014. Farren, Robert (2014). Old Norse loanwords in modern Irish (Bachelor thesis). Lund University. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017.

norroen.info (Global: 9,084^th place; English: low place)

Zoëga 1910, H: hungr. ——— (1910). A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic.
scanned document Archived 11 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine via "Germanic Lexicon Project" (lexicon.ff.cuni.cz)
e-text Archived 1 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine via norroen.info

old-norse.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 1, "A" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. 761–762 (Introduction to Letter Ö (Ø)) Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. xxix–xxx "Formation of Words" : Vowel Changes Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. xvi "Strong Nouns" – Masculine – Remarks on the 1st Strong Masculine Declension, 3.a Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 389 col.1, "LIM"; p. 437, col.1 "MUND" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 481 "R" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 757 "Æ" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. 113–114 "E" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)

oxfordreference.com (Global: 938^th place; English: 658^th place)

"Old Norse". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 30 October 2025.

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

Stewart 2004. Stewart, Thomas W. (Jr.) (2004). "Lexical imposition: Old Norse vocabulary in Scottish Gaelic". Diachronica. 21 (2): 393–420. doi:10.1075/dia.21.2.06ste.

runeberg.org (Global: 644^th place; English: 1,214^th place)

Hellquist 1922, stark, p. 862. Hellquist, E., ed. (1922). Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary] (in Swedish). C. W. K. Gleerups. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Riad 1998. Riad, Tomas (1998). "The origin of Scandinavian tone accents". Diachronia. 15: 63–98.

pdfs.semanticscholar.org

Kristoffersen 2004. Kristoffersen, Gj. (2004). "The Development of Tonal Dialects in Scandinavian Languages" (PDF). Semantic Scholar. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2025.

uni-tuebingen.de (Global: 8,201^st place; English: low place)

digital-humanities.uni-tuebingen.de

Noreen 2010, pp. 200–202; 207 (§ 277; § 283). Noreen, A. (2010) [1884]. van Weenen, Andrea de Leeuw (ed.). Altnordische grammatik I. Altisländische und altnorwegische grammatik (laut- und flexionslehre) (in German) (digitalised 4th ed.). Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer [de]. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2020. (Old West Norse)
Noreen 2010, p. 211 (§ 288, note 1). Noreen, A. (2010) [1884]. van Weenen, Andrea de Leeuw (ed.). Altnordische grammatik I. Altisländische und altnorwegische grammatik (laut- und flexionslehre) (in German) (digitalised 4th ed.). Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer [de]. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2020. (Old West Norse)

usyd.edu.au (Global: 6,328^th place; English: 4,345^th place)

sro.library.usyd.edu.au

Wills 2006. Wills, Tarrin (2006). "The Anonymous Verse in the Third Grammatical Treatise". The Fantastic in Old Norse / Icelandic literature: Sagas and the British isles. Saga Conference Proceedings. Vol. 2. The Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Durham University. pp. 1054–1063. ISBN 978-0-9553335-0-7. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018.

viking.style (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Language Legacy of the Vikings: How Old Norse Influenced Modern English". Viking Style. 19 August 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2025.

vsnr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Greene 1973, pp. 75–82. Greene, D. (1973). "The influence of Scandinavian on Irish". In Almqvist, B.; Greene, David (eds.). Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress (PDF). Dundalk: Dundalgan Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2025.

vsnrweb-publications.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 9,368^th place)

Barnes 2008, p. ?. Barnes, Michael (2008) [1999]. A New Introduction to Old Norse (PDF). Vol. I (Grammar) (3rd ed.). Viking Society for Northern Research, UCL. ISBN 978-0-903521-74-1.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Farren 2014. Farren, Robert (2014). Old Norse loanwords in modern Irish (Bachelor thesis). Lund University. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017.
Colm (21 November 2013). "Some Irish words with Norse Origins". irisharchaeology.ie. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
Greene 1973, pp. 75–82. Greene, D. (1973). "The influence of Scandinavian on Irish". In Almqvist, B.; Greene, David (eds.). Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress (PDF). Dundalk: Dundalgan Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2025.
Sweet 1895, p. 5. Sweet, H. (1895). An Icelandic Primer: with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary (2nd ed.). Oxford Clarendon Press.
alt source Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine via Germanic Lexicon Project (lexicon.ff.cuni.cz)
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Kristoffersen 2004. Kristoffersen, Gj. (2004). "The Development of Tonal Dialects in Scandinavian Languages" (PDF). Semantic Scholar. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2025.
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Wills 2006. Wills, Tarrin (2006). "The Anonymous Verse in the Third Grammatical Treatise". The Fantastic in Old Norse / Icelandic literature: Sagas and the British isles. Saga Conference Proceedings. Vol. 2. The Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Durham University. pp. 1054–1063. ISBN 978-0-9553335-0-7. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018.
Kroonen 2011, (Slide 26) §7.2 : "In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old Swedish." Kroonen, G. (19 October 2011). "On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology" (PDF). curis.ku.dk (Presentation). Lund: KU. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
Noreen 2010, p. 211 (§ 288, note 1). Noreen, A. (2010) [1884]. van Weenen, Andrea de Leeuw (ed.). Altnordische grammatik I. Altisländische und altnorwegische grammatik (laut- und flexionslehre) (in German) (digitalised 4th ed.). Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer [de]. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2020. (Old West Norse)
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Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. 761–762 (Introduction to Letter Ö (Ø)) Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. xxix–xxx "Formation of Words" : Vowel Changes Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. xvi "Strong Nouns" – Masculine – Remarks on the 1st Strong Masculine Declension, 3.a Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
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Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 389 col.1, "LIM"; p. 437, col.1 "MUND" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
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Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 481 "R" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 757 "Æ" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
e-text Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (old-norse.net)
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. 113–114 "E" Cleasby, R.; Vigfússon, Gu. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
e-text Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine via the Germanic Lexicon Project (germanic-lexicon-project.org
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Noreen 2010, pp. 200–202; 207 (§ 277; § 283). Noreen, A. (2010) [1884]. van Weenen, Andrea de Leeuw (ed.). Altnordische grammatik I. Altisländische und altnorwegische grammatik (laut- und flexionslehre) (in German) (digitalised 4th ed.). Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer [de]. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2020. (Old West Norse)
Noreen 2010, p. 211 (§ 288, note 1). Noreen, A. (2010) [1884]. van Weenen, Andrea de Leeuw (ed.). Altnordische grammatik I. Altisländische und altnorwegische grammatik (laut- und flexionslehre) (in German) (digitalised 4th ed.). Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer [de]. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2020. (Old West Norse)

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