Oldowan (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Oldowan" in English language version.

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Leakey, Mary D. (1976) [1971]. "A Summary and Discussion of the Archaeological Evidence from Bed I and Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania". In Isaac, Glynn Llywelyn (ed.). Human origins: Louis Leakey and the East African evidence. pp. 431–460. ISBN 978-080539942-4. OCLC 2288094.
Langer, William L., ed. (1972). An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 9. ISBN 978-0-395-13592-1.
Thomas Plummer (2005). Stahl, Ann Brower (ed.). African Archaeology. Malden, MA: Blackwee Publishing Ltd. pp. 55–92.

books.google.com

Klein, Richard G. (22 April 2009). The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins (Third ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 258–259. ISBN 978-0-226-02752-4. Retrieved 20 May 2014.

chinaculture.org

"Xihoudu Site". 2007-08-07. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2019-11-09.

doi.org

The Oldowan is classically considered the oldest industry of the Lower Paleolithic. The postulate of an even earlier, possibly pre-human (australopithecine) "Lomekwian" industry is due to Harmand, S.; et al. (2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 521 (7552): 310–315. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..310H. doi:10.1038/nature14464. PMID 25993961. S2CID 1207285.
Semaw, Sileshi; Rogers, Michael J.; Simpson, Scott W.; Levin, Naomi E.; Quade, Jay; Dunbar, Nelia; McIntosh, William C.; Cáceres, Isabel; Stinchcomb, Gary E.; Holloway, Ralph L.; Brown, Francis H.; Butler, Robert F.; Stout, Dietrich; Everett, Melanie (4 March 2020). "Co-occurrence of Acheulian and Oldowan artifacts with Homo erectus cranial fossils from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia". Science Advances. 6 (10): eaaw4694. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4694S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw4694. PMC 7056306. PMID 32181331.
Clark, J.; de Heinzelin, J.; Schick, K.; Hart, W.; White, T.; WoldeGabriel, G.; Walter, R.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B.; Vrba, E.; et al. (1994). "African Homo erectus: Old radiometric ages and young Oldowan assemblages in the middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia". Science. 264 (5167): 1907–1909. Bibcode:1994Sci...264.1907C. doi:10.1126/science.8009220. PMID 8009220. S2CID 43698095.
Napier, J. (November 1962). "Fossil Hand Bones from Olduvai Gorge". Nature. 196 (4853): 409–411. Bibcode:1962Natur.196..409N. doi:10.1038/196409a0. S2CID 41163323.
De Heinzelin, J; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (1999). "Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids". Science. 284 (5414): 625–9. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..625D. doi:10.1126/science.284.5414.625. PMID 10213682. S2CID 6620385.
Richards, M. P. (December 2002). "A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 (12): 1270–1278. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601646. ISSN 1476-5640. PMID 12494313.
Plummer, Thomas (2023). "Expanded geographic distribution and dietary strategies of the earliest Oldowan hominins and Paranthropus". Science. 379 (6632): 561–566. Bibcode:2023Sci...379..561P. doi:10.1126/science.abo7452. PMID 36758076. S2CID 256697931.
Semaw, S.; Rogers, M. J.; Quade, J.; Renne, P. R.; Butler, R. F.; Domínguez-Rodrigo, M.; Stout, D.; Hart, W. S.; Pickering, T.; et al. (2003). "2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution. 45 (2): 169–177. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9. PMID 14529651.
Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W. C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C. E. G.; Wrangham, R. W.; Boesch, C.; et al. (1999). "Cultures in Chimpanzees". Nature. 399 (6737): 682–685. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..682W. doi:10.1038/21415. PMID 10385119. S2CID 4385871.
Schaik, CP; Ancrenaz, M.; Borgen, G.; Galdikas, B.; Knott, C. D.; Singleton, I.; Suzuki, A.; Utami, S. S.; Merril, M.; et al. (2003). "Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture". Science. 299 (5603): 102–105. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..102V. doi:10.1126/science.1078004. PMID 12511649. S2CID 25139547.
Panger, M. A.; Brooks, A. S.; Richmond, B. G.; Wood, B. (2002). "Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 11 (6): 235–245. doi:10.1002/evan.10094. S2CID 67784955.
Swisher, C. C.; Curtis, G. H.; Jacob, T.; Getty, A. G.; Suprijo, A.; Widiasmoro (1994). "Age of the earliest known hominids in Java, Indonesia". Science. 263 (5150): 1118–1121. Bibcode:1994Sci...263.1118S. doi:10.1126/science.8108729. PMID 8108729.
Zhu, R. X.; Potts, R. R.; Xie, F.; Hoffman, K. A.; Shi, C. D.; Pan, Y. X.; Wang, H. Q.; Shi, R. P.; Wang, Y. C.; et al. (2004). "New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia". Nature. 431 (7008): 559–562. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..559Z. doi:10.1038/nature02829. PMID 15457258. S2CID 4394427.
Oms, O.; Pares, J. M.; Martinez-Navarro, B.; Agusti, J.; Toro, I.; Martinez-Fernandez, G.; Turq, A. (2000). "Early human occupation of Western Europe: Paleomagnetic dates for two paleolithic sites in Spain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (19): 10666–10670. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9710666O. doi:10.1073/pnas.180319797. PMC 27082. PMID 10973485.
Pares, J. M.; Perez-Gonzalez, A.; Rosas, A.; Benito, A.; Carbonell, E.; Huguet, R.; Huguet, R (2006). "Matuyama-age lithic tools from the Sima del Elefante site, Atapuerca (northern Spain)". Journal of Human Evolution. 50 (2): 163–169. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.08.011. PMID 16249015.
Ambrose, S. H. (2001). "Paleolithic technology and human evolution". Science. 291 (5509): 1748–1753. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1748A. doi:10.1126/science.1059487. PMID 11249821. S2CID 6170692.
Harmand, Sonia; Lewis, Jason E.; Feibel, Craig S.; Lepre, Christopher J.; Prat, Sandrine; Lenoble, Arnaud; Boës, Xavier; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brenet, Michel; Arroyo, Adrian; Taylor, Nicholas; Clément, Sophie; Daver, Guillaume; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Leakey, Louise; Mortlock, Richard A.; Wright, James D.; Lokorodi, Sammy; Kirwa, Christopher; Kent, Dennis V.; Roche, Hélène (May 2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 521 (7552): 310–315. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..310H. doi:10.1038/nature14464. PMID 25993961. S2CID 1207285.
Susman, Randall L. (1998-07-01). "Hand function and tool behavior in early hominids". Journal of Human Evolution. 35 (1): 23–46. doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0220. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 9680465.
Hayden, Brian (2015-11-19). "Insights into early lithic technologies from ethnography". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 370 (1682): 20140356. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0356. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4614719. PMID 26483534.
Shea, John J. (2010). "Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: A Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal". In Fleagle, John G.; Shea, John J.; Grine, Frederick E.; Baden, Andrea L. (eds.). Out of Africa I. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 47–64. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9036-2_4. ISBN 978-90-481-9036-2.
Marzke, Mary W. (January 1997). "Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 102 (1): 91–110. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199701)102:1<91::aid-ajpa8>3.0.co;2-g. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 9034041.
Susman, R. L. (July 1991). "Who Made the Oldowan Tools? Fossil Evidence for Tool Behavior in Plio-Pleistocene Hominids". Journal of Anthropological Research. 47 (2): 129–151. doi:10.1086/jar.47.2.3630322. S2CID 159678644.
Carvalho, S.; Cunha, E.; Sousa, C.; Matsuzawa, T. (July 2008). "Chaînes opératoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nut cracking" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (1): 148–163. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.005. hdl:10316/3758. PMID 18359504.
Semaw, Sileshi (2000). "The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2·6–1·5 Million Years Ago". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (12): 1197–1214. Bibcode:2000JArSc..27.1197S. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0592. S2CID 1490212.
de la Torre, Ignacio; deBeaune, S.; Davidson, I.; Gowlett, J.; Hovers, E.; Kimura, Y.; Mercader, J.; de la Torre, I. (2004). "Omo Revisited: Evaluating the Technological Skills of Pliocene Hominids". Current Anthropology. 45 (4): 439–465. doi:10.1086/422079. hdl:10261/357555. S2CID 224798730.
Sahnouni, Mohamed; Parés, Josep M.; Duval, Mathieu; Cáceres, Isabel; Harichane, Zoheir; van der Made, Jan; Pérez-González, Alfredo; Abdessadok, Salah; Kandi, Nadia; Derradji, Abdelkader; Medig, Mohamed; Boulaghraif, Kamel; Semaw, Sileshi (2018). "1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria". Science. 362 (6420): 1297–1301. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1297S. doi:10.1126/science.aau0008. hdl:10072/383164. PMID 30498166.
Bishop, L. C.; Plummer, T. W.; Ferraro, J. V.; Braun, D.; Ditchfield, P. W.; Hertel, F.; Kingston, J. D.; Hicks, J.; Potts, R. (Mar–Jun 2006). "Recent Research into Oldowan Hominin Activities at Kanjera South, Western Kenya". The African Archaeological Review. 23 (1/2): 31–40. doi:10.1007/s10437-006-9006-1. JSTOR 25470615. S2CID 13007032.
Roche, Hélène; de la Torre, Ignacio; Arroyo, Adrian; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Harmand, Sonia (March 2018). "Naiyena Engol 2 (West Turkana, Kenya): a case study on variability in the Oldowan". African Archaeological Review. 35 (1): 57–85. doi:10.1007/s10437-018-9283-5. JSTOR 44988673. Retrieved 14 November 2019 – via Discovery at University College London.
Gowlett, John A. J.; Stanistreet, Ian G.; Albert, Rosa M.; Blackbird, Sabena J.; Herries, Andy I. R.; Hoare, Sally; Kogai, Philip; Komboh, Caroline K.; Mark, Darren F.; Muriuki, Rebecca M.; Murphy, Hayley; Rucina, Stephen M.; Stollhofen, Harald (2022-01-01). "New Oldowan localities at high level within Kilombe Caldera, Kenya". L'Anthropologie. Industries archaïques. 126 (1): 102976. doi:10.1016/j.anthro.2021.102976. ISSN 0003-5521. S2CID 245483449.
Kimura, Y. (December 1999). "Tool-using strategies by early hominids at bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania". Journal of Human Evolution. 37 (6): 807–31. doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0316. PMID 10600321.
De Lumley, Henry; Barsky, Deborah; Moncel, Marie Hélène; Carbonell, Eudald; Cauche, Dominique; Celiberti, Vincenzo; Notter, Olivier; Pleurdeau, David; Hong, Mi-Young; Rogers, Michael J.; Semaw, Sileshi (2018). "The first technical sequences in human evolution from East Gona, Afar region, Ethiopia". Antiquity. 92 (365): 1151–1164. doi:10.15184/aqy.2018.169. ProQuest 2125149854.
Breuil, Abbé Henri (December 1945). "A Preliminary Survey of Work in South Africa". The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 1 (1): 5–7. doi:10.2307/3886662. JSTOR 3886662.
Herries, Andy I. R.; Martin, Jesse M.; Leece, A. B.; Adams, Justin W.; Boschian, Giovanni; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Edwards, Tara R.; Mallett, Tom; Massey, Jason; Murszewski, Ashleigh; Neubauer, Simon; Pickering, Robyn; Strait, David S.; Armstrong, Brian J.; Baker, Stephanie (2020-04-03). "Contemporaneity of Australopithecus , Paranthropus , and early Homo erectus in South Africa". Science. 368 (6486): eaaw7293. doi:10.1126/science.aaw7293. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32241925. S2CID 214763272.
Martin, Jesse M.; Leece, A. B.; Neubauer, Simon; Baker, Stephanie E.; Mongle, Carrie S.; Boschian, Giovanni; Schwartz, Gary T.; Smith, Amanda L.; Ledogar, Justin A.; Strait, David S.; Herries, Andy I. R. (January 2021). "Drimolen cranium DNH 155 documents microevolution in an early hominin species". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01319-6. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 33168991. S2CID 241117283.
Vekua, A.; Lordkipanidze, D.; Rightmire, G. P.; Agusti, J.; Ferring, R.; Maisuradze, G.; et al. (2002). "A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia". Science. 297 (5578): 85–9. Bibcode:2002Sci...297...85V. doi:10.1126/science.1072953. PMID 12098694. S2CID 32726786.
Dennell, Robin W.; Rendell, Helen M.; Halim, Mohammad; Moth, Eddie (1992). "A 45,000-Year-Old Open-Air Paleolithic Site at Riwat, Northern Pakistan". Journal of Field Archaeology. 19 (1): 17–33. doi:10.2307/530366. ISSN 0093-4690. JSTOR 530366.
Le Tensorer, Jean-Marie; Tensorer, Hélène; Martini, Pietro; Falkenstein, Vera; Schmid, Peter; Villalaín, Juan (2015-11-01). "The Oldowan site Aïn al Fil (El Kowm, Syria) and the first humans of the Syrian Desert". L'Anthropologie. 119 (5): 581–594. doi:10.1016/j.anthro.2015.10.009.
Zaidner, Yossi (2013-06-20). "Adaptive Flexibility of Oldowan Hominins: Secondary Use of Flakes at Bizat Ruhama, Israel". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e66851. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866851Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066851. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3689005. PMID 23840539.

drustvo-antropologov.si

Ko, Kwang Hyun. "Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool-making and brain evolution" (PDF). Anthropological Notebooks. 22 (1): 5–22.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Carvalho, S.; Cunha, E.; Sousa, C.; Matsuzawa, T. (July 2008). "Chaînes opératoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nut cracking" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (1): 148–163. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.005. hdl:10316/3758. PMID 18359504.
de la Torre, Ignacio; deBeaune, S.; Davidson, I.; Gowlett, J.; Hovers, E.; Kimura, Y.; Mercader, J.; de la Torre, I. (2004). "Omo Revisited: Evaluating the Technological Skills of Pliocene Hominids". Current Anthropology. 45 (4): 439–465. doi:10.1086/422079. hdl:10261/357555. S2CID 224798730.
Sahnouni, Mohamed; Parés, Josep M.; Duval, Mathieu; Cáceres, Isabel; Harichane, Zoheir; van der Made, Jan; Pérez-González, Alfredo; Abdessadok, Salah; Kandi, Nadia; Derradji, Abdelkader; Medig, Mohamed; Boulaghraif, Kamel; Semaw, Sileshi (2018). "1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria". Science. 362 (6420): 1297–1301. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1297S. doi:10.1126/science.aau0008. hdl:10072/383164. PMID 30498166.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

The Oldowan is classically considered the oldest industry of the Lower Paleolithic. The postulate of an even earlier, possibly pre-human (australopithecine) "Lomekwian" industry is due to Harmand, S.; et al. (2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 521 (7552): 310–315. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..310H. doi:10.1038/nature14464. PMID 25993961. S2CID 1207285.
Semaw, Sileshi; Rogers, Michael J.; Simpson, Scott W.; Levin, Naomi E.; Quade, Jay; Dunbar, Nelia; McIntosh, William C.; Cáceres, Isabel; Stinchcomb, Gary E.; Holloway, Ralph L.; Brown, Francis H.; Butler, Robert F.; Stout, Dietrich; Everett, Melanie (4 March 2020). "Co-occurrence of Acheulian and Oldowan artifacts with Homo erectus cranial fossils from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia". Science Advances. 6 (10): eaaw4694. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4694S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw4694. PMC 7056306. PMID 32181331.
Clark, J.; de Heinzelin, J.; Schick, K.; Hart, W.; White, T.; WoldeGabriel, G.; Walter, R.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B.; Vrba, E.; et al. (1994). "African Homo erectus: Old radiometric ages and young Oldowan assemblages in the middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia". Science. 264 (5167): 1907–1909. Bibcode:1994Sci...264.1907C. doi:10.1126/science.8009220. PMID 8009220. S2CID 43698095.
Napier, J. (November 1962). "Fossil Hand Bones from Olduvai Gorge". Nature. 196 (4853): 409–411. Bibcode:1962Natur.196..409N. doi:10.1038/196409a0. S2CID 41163323.
De Heinzelin, J; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (1999). "Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids". Science. 284 (5414): 625–9. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..625D. doi:10.1126/science.284.5414.625. PMID 10213682. S2CID 6620385.
Plummer, Thomas (2023). "Expanded geographic distribution and dietary strategies of the earliest Oldowan hominins and Paranthropus". Science. 379 (6632): 561–566. Bibcode:2023Sci...379..561P. doi:10.1126/science.abo7452. PMID 36758076. S2CID 256697931.
Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W. C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C. E. G.; Wrangham, R. W.; Boesch, C.; et al. (1999). "Cultures in Chimpanzees". Nature. 399 (6737): 682–685. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..682W. doi:10.1038/21415. PMID 10385119. S2CID 4385871.
Schaik, CP; Ancrenaz, M.; Borgen, G.; Galdikas, B.; Knott, C. D.; Singleton, I.; Suzuki, A.; Utami, S. S.; Merril, M.; et al. (2003). "Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture". Science. 299 (5603): 102–105. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..102V. doi:10.1126/science.1078004. PMID 12511649. S2CID 25139547.
Swisher, C. C.; Curtis, G. H.; Jacob, T.; Getty, A. G.; Suprijo, A.; Widiasmoro (1994). "Age of the earliest known hominids in Java, Indonesia". Science. 263 (5150): 1118–1121. Bibcode:1994Sci...263.1118S. doi:10.1126/science.8108729. PMID 8108729.
Zhu, R. X.; Potts, R. R.; Xie, F.; Hoffman, K. A.; Shi, C. D.; Pan, Y. X.; Wang, H. Q.; Shi, R. P.; Wang, Y. C.; et al. (2004). "New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia". Nature. 431 (7008): 559–562. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..559Z. doi:10.1038/nature02829. PMID 15457258. S2CID 4394427.
Oms, O.; Pares, J. M.; Martinez-Navarro, B.; Agusti, J.; Toro, I.; Martinez-Fernandez, G.; Turq, A. (2000). "Early human occupation of Western Europe: Paleomagnetic dates for two paleolithic sites in Spain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (19): 10666–10670. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9710666O. doi:10.1073/pnas.180319797. PMC 27082. PMID 10973485.
Ambrose, S. H. (2001). "Paleolithic technology and human evolution". Science. 291 (5509): 1748–1753. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1748A. doi:10.1126/science.1059487. PMID 11249821. S2CID 6170692.
Harmand, Sonia; Lewis, Jason E.; Feibel, Craig S.; Lepre, Christopher J.; Prat, Sandrine; Lenoble, Arnaud; Boës, Xavier; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brenet, Michel; Arroyo, Adrian; Taylor, Nicholas; Clément, Sophie; Daver, Guillaume; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Leakey, Louise; Mortlock, Richard A.; Wright, James D.; Lokorodi, Sammy; Kirwa, Christopher; Kent, Dennis V.; Roche, Hélène (May 2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 521 (7552): 310–315. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..310H. doi:10.1038/nature14464. PMID 25993961. S2CID 1207285.
Semaw, Sileshi (2000). "The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2·6–1·5 Million Years Ago". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (12): 1197–1214. Bibcode:2000JArSc..27.1197S. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0592. S2CID 1490212.
Sahnouni, Mohamed; Parés, Josep M.; Duval, Mathieu; Cáceres, Isabel; Harichane, Zoheir; van der Made, Jan; Pérez-González, Alfredo; Abdessadok, Salah; Kandi, Nadia; Derradji, Abdelkader; Medig, Mohamed; Boulaghraif, Kamel; Semaw, Sileshi (2018). "1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria". Science. 362 (6420): 1297–1301. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1297S. doi:10.1126/science.aau0008. hdl:10072/383164. PMID 30498166.
Vekua, A.; Lordkipanidze, D.; Rightmire, G. P.; Agusti, J.; Ferring, R.; Maisuradze, G.; et al. (2002). "A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia". Science. 297 (5578): 85–9. Bibcode:2002Sci...297...85V. doi:10.1126/science.1072953. PMID 12098694. S2CID 32726786.
Zaidner, Yossi (2013-06-20). "Adaptive Flexibility of Oldowan Hominins: Secondary Use of Flakes at Bizat Ruhama, Israel". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e66851. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866851Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066851. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3689005. PMID 23840539.

jstor.org

Bishop, L. C.; Plummer, T. W.; Ferraro, J. V.; Braun, D.; Ditchfield, P. W.; Hertel, F.; Kingston, J. D.; Hicks, J.; Potts, R. (Mar–Jun 2006). "Recent Research into Oldowan Hominin Activities at Kanjera South, Western Kenya". The African Archaeological Review. 23 (1/2): 31–40. doi:10.1007/s10437-006-9006-1. JSTOR 25470615. S2CID 13007032.
Roche, Hélène; de la Torre, Ignacio; Arroyo, Adrian; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Harmand, Sonia (March 2018). "Naiyena Engol 2 (West Turkana, Kenya): a case study on variability in the Oldowan". African Archaeological Review. 35 (1): 57–85. doi:10.1007/s10437-018-9283-5. JSTOR 44988673. Retrieved 14 November 2019 – via Discovery at University College London.
Breuil, Abbé Henri (December 1945). "A Preliminary Survey of Work in South Africa". The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 1 (1): 5–7. doi:10.2307/3886662. JSTOR 3886662.
Dennell, Robin W.; Rendell, Helen M.; Halim, Mohammad; Moth, Eddie (1992). "A 45,000-Year-Old Open-Air Paleolithic Site at Riwat, Northern Pakistan". Journal of Field Archaeology. 19 (1): 17–33. doi:10.2307/530366. ISSN 0093-4690. JSTOR 530366.

maricopa.edu

mc.maricopa.edu

There is a good online summary of Mary's classification on Effland's site for Anthropology ASB22 at Mesa Community College in Arizona, apparently written by Effland.

missouri.edu

anthromuseum.missouri.edu

"Oldowan and Acheulean Stone Tools". Museum of Anthropology - University of Missouri. Retrieved 14 November 2019.

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

"Skull Fossil Challenges Out-of-Africa Theory". news.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2002.

nature.com

Martin, Jesse M.; Leece, A. B.; Neubauer, Simon; Baker, Stephanie E.; Mongle, Carrie S.; Boschian, Giovanni; Schwartz, Gary T.; Smith, Amanda L.; Ledogar, Justin A.; Strait, David S.; Herries, Andy I. R. (January 2021). "Drimolen cranium DNH 155 documents microevolution in an early hominin species". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01319-6. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 33168991. S2CID 241117283.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The Oldowan is classically considered the oldest industry of the Lower Paleolithic. The postulate of an even earlier, possibly pre-human (australopithecine) "Lomekwian" industry is due to Harmand, S.; et al. (2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 521 (7552): 310–315. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..310H. doi:10.1038/nature14464. PMID 25993961. S2CID 1207285.
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De Heinzelin, J; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (1999). "Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids". Science. 284 (5414): 625–9. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..625D. doi:10.1126/science.284.5414.625. PMID 10213682. S2CID 6620385.
Richards, M. P. (December 2002). "A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 (12): 1270–1278. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601646. ISSN 1476-5640. PMID 12494313.
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Marzke, Mary W. (January 1997). "Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 102 (1): 91–110. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199701)102:1<91::aid-ajpa8>3.0.co;2-g. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 9034041.
Carvalho, S.; Cunha, E.; Sousa, C.; Matsuzawa, T. (July 2008). "Chaînes opératoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nut cracking" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (1): 148–163. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.005. hdl:10316/3758. PMID 18359504.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Semaw, Sileshi; Rogers, Michael J.; Simpson, Scott W.; Levin, Naomi E.; Quade, Jay; Dunbar, Nelia; McIntosh, William C.; Cáceres, Isabel; Stinchcomb, Gary E.; Holloway, Ralph L.; Brown, Francis H.; Butler, Robert F.; Stout, Dietrich; Everett, Melanie (4 March 2020). "Co-occurrence of Acheulian and Oldowan artifacts with Homo erectus cranial fossils from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia". Science Advances. 6 (10): eaaw4694. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4694S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw4694. PMC 7056306. PMID 32181331.
Oms, O.; Pares, J. M.; Martinez-Navarro, B.; Agusti, J.; Toro, I.; Martinez-Fernandez, G.; Turq, A. (2000). "Early human occupation of Western Europe: Paleomagnetic dates for two paleolithic sites in Spain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (19): 10666–10670. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9710666O. doi:10.1073/pnas.180319797. PMC 27082. PMID 10973485.
Hayden, Brian (2015-11-19). "Insights into early lithic technologies from ethnography". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 370 (1682): 20140356. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0356. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4614719. PMID 26483534.
Zaidner, Yossi (2013-06-20). "Adaptive Flexibility of Oldowan Hominins: Secondary Use of Flakes at Bizat Ruhama, Israel". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e66851. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866851Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066851. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3689005. PMID 23840539.

npr.org

Christopher Joyce (April 15, 2015). "New Discovery Of World's Oldest Stone Tools". NPR. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

paleogeo.org

Chepalyga, A.L.; Amirkhanov, Kh. A.; Trubikhin, V.M.; Sadchikova, T.A.; Pirogov, A.N.; Taimazov, A.I. (20–24 August 2012). Geoarchaeology of the Earliest Paleolithic Sites (Oldowan) in the North Caucasus and the East Europe. International Conference GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND GEOARCHAEOLOGY: From Landscape Archaeology to Archaeotourism. Moscow-Smolensk. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013.

popsci.com

"2.9 million-year-old tools found". 10 February 2023.

proquest.com

De Lumley, Henry; Barsky, Deborah; Moncel, Marie Hélène; Carbonell, Eudald; Cauche, Dominique; Celiberti, Vincenzo; Notter, Olivier; Pleurdeau, David; Hong, Mi-Young; Rogers, Michael J.; Semaw, Sileshi (2018). "The first technical sequences in human evolution from East Gona, Afar region, Ethiopia". Antiquity. 92 (365): 1151–1164. doi:10.15184/aqy.2018.169. ProQuest 2125149854.

researchgate.net

Le Tensorer, Jean-Marie; Tensorer, Hélène; Martini, Pietro; Falkenstein, Vera; Schmid, Peter; Villalaín, Juan (2015-11-01). "The Oldowan site Aïn al Fil (El Kowm, Syria) and the first humans of the Syrian Desert". L'Anthropologie. 119 (5): 581–594. doi:10.1016/j.anthro.2015.10.009.

science.org

Plummer, Thomas (2023). "Expanded geographic distribution and dietary strategies of the earliest Oldowan hominins and Paranthropus". Science. 379 (6632): 561–566. Bibcode:2023Sci...379..561P. doi:10.1126/science.abo7452. PMID 36758076. S2CID 256697931.

sciencedirect.com

Susman, Randall L. (1998-07-01). "Hand function and tool behavior in early hominids". Journal of Human Evolution. 35 (1): 23–46. doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0220. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 9680465.
Gowlett, John A. J.; Stanistreet, Ian G.; Albert, Rosa M.; Blackbird, Sabena J.; Herries, Andy I. R.; Hoare, Sally; Kogai, Philip; Komboh, Caroline K.; Mark, Darren F.; Muriuki, Rebecca M.; Murphy, Hayley; Rucina, Stephen M.; Stollhofen, Harald (2022-01-01). "New Oldowan localities at high level within Kilombe Caldera, Kenya". L'Anthropologie. Industries archaïques. 126 (1): 102976. doi:10.1016/j.anthro.2021.102976. ISSN 0003-5521. S2CID 245483449.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

The Oldowan is classically considered the oldest industry of the Lower Paleolithic. The postulate of an even earlier, possibly pre-human (australopithecine) "Lomekwian" industry is due to Harmand, S.; et al. (2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 521 (7552): 310–315. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..310H. doi:10.1038/nature14464. PMID 25993961. S2CID 1207285.
Clark, J.; de Heinzelin, J.; Schick, K.; Hart, W.; White, T.; WoldeGabriel, G.; Walter, R.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B.; Vrba, E.; et al. (1994). "African Homo erectus: Old radiometric ages and young Oldowan assemblages in the middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia". Science. 264 (5167): 1907–1909. Bibcode:1994Sci...264.1907C. doi:10.1126/science.8009220. PMID 8009220. S2CID 43698095.
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Harmand, Sonia; Lewis, Jason E.; Feibel, Craig S.; Lepre, Christopher J.; Prat, Sandrine; Lenoble, Arnaud; Boës, Xavier; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brenet, Michel; Arroyo, Adrian; Taylor, Nicholas; Clément, Sophie; Daver, Guillaume; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Leakey, Louise; Mortlock, Richard A.; Wright, James D.; Lokorodi, Sammy; Kirwa, Christopher; Kent, Dennis V.; Roche, Hélène (May 2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 521 (7552): 310–315. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..310H. doi:10.1038/nature14464. PMID 25993961. S2CID 1207285.
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uc.pt

estudogeral.sib.uc.pt

Carvalho, S.; Cunha, E.; Sousa, C.; Matsuzawa, T. (July 2008). "Chaînes opératoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nut cracking" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (1): 148–163. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.005. hdl:10316/3758. PMID 18359504.

ucl.ac.uk

discovery.ucl.ac.uk

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web.archive.org

"Skull Fossil Challenges Out-of-Africa Theory". news.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2002.
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Leakey, Mary D. (1976) [1971]. "A Summary and Discussion of the Archaeological Evidence from Bed I and Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania". In Isaac, Glynn Llywelyn (ed.). Human origins: Louis Leakey and the East African evidence. pp. 431–460. ISBN 978-080539942-4. OCLC 2288094.
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Susman, Randall L. (1998-07-01). "Hand function and tool behavior in early hominids". Journal of Human Evolution. 35 (1): 23–46. doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0220. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 9680465.
Hayden, Brian (2015-11-19). "Insights into early lithic technologies from ethnography". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 370 (1682): 20140356. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0356. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4614719. PMID 26483534.
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