Omega−3 fatty acid (English Wikipedia)

Jacobsen C, Nielsen NS, Horn AF, et al. (31 July 2013). Food Enrichment with Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Elsevier. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-85709-886-3. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
Martina Bavec, Franc Bavec (2006). Organic Production and Use of Alternative Crops. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-4200-1742-7. Retrieved 18 February 2013.

ccamlr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Krill fisheries and sustainability". Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Tasmania, Australia. 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2015.

consumerlab.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Product Review: Omega−3 Fatty Acids (EPA and DHA) from Fish/Marine Oils". ConsumerLab.com. 15 March 2005. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2007.

csiro.au (Global: 3,457^th place; English: 2,432^nd place)

publish.csiro.au

Wilkinson J. "Nut Grower's Guide: The Complete Handbook for Producers and Hobbyists" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2007.

csiro.au

"Omega-3 canola". www.csiro.au.

dhaomega3.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Conversion Efficiency of ALA to DHA in Humans". DHA EPA omega−3 Institute. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Scorletti E, Byrne CD (2013). "Omega−3 fatty acids, hepatic lipid metabolism, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease". Annual Review of Nutrition. 33 (1): 231–248. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161230. PMID 23862644.
Freemantle E, Vandal M, Tremblay-Mercier J, et al. (September 2006). "Omega-3 fatty acids, energy substrates, and brain function during aging". Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 75 (3): 213–220. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2006.05.011. PMID 16829066.
Chaiyasit W, Elias RJ, McClements DJ, et al. (2007). "Role of physical structures in bulk oils on lipid oxidation". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 47 (3): 299–317. doi:10.1080/10408390600754248. PMID 17453926. S2CID 10190504.
Skulas-Ray AC, Wilson PW, Harris WS, et al. (September 2019). "Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 140 (12): e673–e691. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000709. PMID 31422671.
Mukhopadhyay R (October 2012). "Essential fatty acids: the work of George and Mildred Burr". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (42): 35439–35441. doi:10.1074/jbc.O112.000005. PMC 3471758. PMID 23066112.
Holman RT (February 1998). "The slow discovery of the importance of omega 3 essential fatty acids in human health". The Journal of Nutrition. 128 (2 Suppl): 427S–433S. doi:10.1093/jn/128.2.427S. PMID 9478042.
Simopoulos AP (March 2016). "An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity". Nutrients. 8 (3): 128. doi:10.3390/nu8030128. PMC 4808858. PMID 26950145.
Ratnayake WM, Galli C (2009). "Fat and fatty acid terminology, methods of analysis and fat digestion and metabolism: a background review paper". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 55 (1–3): 8–43. doi:10.1159/000228994. PMID 19752534.
Demidov VV (1 April 2020). "Site-specifically deuterated essential lipids as new drugs against neuronal, retinal and vascular degeneration". Drug Discovery Today. 25 (8): 1469–1476. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.014. PMID 32247036. S2CID 214794450.
van West D, Maes M (February 2003). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression". Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 15 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1034/j.1601-5215.2003.00004.x. PMID 26984701. S2CID 5343605.
Bergström S, Danielsson H, Klenberg D, et al. (November 1964). "The Enzymatic Conversion of Essential Fatty Acids into Prostaglandins". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 239 (11): PC4006–PC4008. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)91234-2.
Lands WE (May 1992). "Biochemistry and physiology of n-3 fatty acids". FASEB Journal. 6 (8): 2530–6. doi:10.1096/fasebj.6.8.1592205. PMID 1592205. S2CID 24182617.
Kuda O (May 2017). "Bioactive metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid". Biochimie. 136: 12–20. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2017.01.002. PMID 28087294.
Brenna JT (March 2002). "Efficiency of conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to long chain n-3 fatty acids in man". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 5 (2): 127–32. doi:10.1097/00075197-200203000-00002. PMID 11844977.
Burdge GC, Calder PC (September 2005). "Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults". Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 45 (5): 581–97. doi:10.1051/rnd:2005047. PMID 16188209.
Lohner S, Fekete K, Marosvölgyi T, et al. (2013). "Gender differences in the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status: systematic review of 51 publications". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 62 (2): 98–112. doi:10.1159/000345599. PMID 23327902.
Ruxton CH, Calder PC, Reed SC, et al. (June 2005). "The impact of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health". Nutrition Research Reviews. 18 (1): 113–29. doi:10.1079/nrr200497. PMID 19079899.
Simopoulos AP (June 2008). "The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 233 (6): 674–88. doi:10.3181/0711-MR-311 (inactive 30 March 2026). PMID 18408140. S2CID 9044197.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2026 (link)
Griffin BA (February 2008). "How relevant is the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to cardiovascular disease risk? Evidence from the OPTILIP study". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 19 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3282f2e2a8. PMID 18196988. S2CID 13058827.
Goyens PL, Spilker ME, Zock PL, et al. (July 2006). "Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid in humans is influenced by the absolute amounts of alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in the diet and not by their ratio". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.1.44. PMID 16825680.
DeFilippis AP, Sperling LS (March 2006). "Understanding omega-3's". American Heart Journal. 151 (3): 564–570. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.051. PMID 16504616.
Willett WC (September 2007). "The role of dietary n-6 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disease". Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8 (Suppl 1): S42-45. doi:10.2459/01.JCM.0000289275.72556.13. PMID 17876199. S2CID 1420490.
Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, et al. (April 2006). "Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review". BMJ. 332 (7544): 752–760. doi:10.1136/bmj.38755.366331.2F. PMC 1420708. PMID 16565093.
Simopoulos AP (October 2002). "The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 56 (8): 365–79. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6. PMID 12442909.
Hibbeln JR, Nieminen LR, Blasbalg TL, et al. (June 2006). "Healthy intakes of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 83 (6 Suppl): 1483S–1493S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1483S. PMID 16841858.
Nguyen LN, Ma D, Shui G, et al. (May 2014). "Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid". Nature. 509 (7501): 503–6. Bibcode:2014Natur.509..503N. doi:10.1038/nature13241. PMID 24828044. S2CID 4462512.
Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ (November 2002). "Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease". Circulation. 106 (21): 2747–57. Bibcode:2002Circu.106.2747K. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94. PMID 12438303.
Berthold Koletzko, Irene Cetin, J. Thomas Brenna (November 2007). "Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women". British Journal of Nutrition. 98 (5): 873–7. Bibcode:2007BrJN...98..873K. doi:10.1017/S0007114507764747. hdl:11380/610028. PMID 17688705. S2CID 3516064.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2017). "Dietary Reference Values for nutrients Summary report". EFSA Supporting Publications. 14 (12): 23. doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.e15121.
Siscovick DS, Barringer TA, Fretts AM, et al. (April 2017). "Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish Oil) Supplementation and the Prevention of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 135 (15): e867–e884. Bibcode:2017Circu.13500482S. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000482. PMC 6903779. PMID 28289069.
Mozaffarian, Rimm EB (2006). "Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits". Journal of the American Medical Association. 15 (1): 1885–1899. doi:10.1001/jama.296.15.1885. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 17047219.
Falk-Petersen A, Sargent JR, Henderson J, et al. (1998). "Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea". Polar Biology. 20 (1): 41–47. Bibcode:1998PoBio..20...41F. doi:10.1007/s003000050274. ISSN 0722-4060. S2CID 11027523. INIST 2356641.
Innis SM, Rioux FM, Auestad N, et al. (September 1995). "Marine and freshwater fish oil varying in arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids differ in their effects on organ lipids and fatty acids in growing rats". The Journal of Nutrition. 125 (9): 2286–93. doi:10.1093/jn/125.9.2286. PMID 7666244.
Lawson LD, Hughes BG (October 1988). "Absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil triacylglycerols or fish oil ethyl esters co-ingested with a high-fat meal". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 156 (2): 960–3. Bibcode:1988BBRC..156..960L. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80937-9. PMID 2847723.
Tur JA, Bibiloni MM, Sureda A, et al. (June 2012). "Dietary sources of omega 3 fatty acids: public health risks and benefits". The British Journal of Nutrition. 107 (Suppl 2): S23-52. Bibcode:2012BrJN..107S..23T. doi:10.1017/S0007114512001456. PMID 22591897.
Ulven SM, Kirkhus B, Lamglait A, et al. (January 2011). "Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers". Lipids. 46 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3490-4. PMC 3024511. PMID 21042875.
Köhler A, Sarkkinen E, Tapola N, et al. (March 2015). "Bioavailability of fatty acids from krill oil, krill meal and fish oil in healthy subjects--a randomized, single-dose, cross-over trial". Lipids in Health and Disease. 14 19. doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0015-4. PMC 4374210. PMID 25884846.
Saw CL, Yang AY, Guo Y, et al. (December 2013). "Astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids individually and in combination protect against oxidative stress via the Nrf2-ARE pathway". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 62: 869–875. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.023. PMID 24157545.
Barros MP, Poppe SC, Bondan EF (March 2014). "Neuroprotective properties of the marine carotenoid astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids, and perspectives for the natural combination of both in krill oil". Nutrients. 6 (3): 1293–1317. doi:10.3390/nu6031293. PMC 3967194. PMID 24667135.
Grey A, Bolland M (March 2014). "Clinical trial evidence and use of fish oil supplements". JAMA Internal Medicine. 174 (3): 460–2. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12765. PMID 24352849.
Deng J, Liu Q, Zhang Q, et al. (October 2018). "Comparative study on composition, physicochemical and antioxidant characteristics of different varieties of kiwifruit seed oil in China". Food Chemistry. 264: 411–418. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.063. PMID 29853395. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
Soltana H, Tekaya M, Amri Z, et al. (April 2016). "Characterization of fig achenes' oil of Ficus carica grown in Tunisia". Food Chemistry. 196: 1125–1130. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.053. PMID 26593597.
Decsi T, Kennedy K (December 2011). "Sex-specific differences in essential fatty acid metabolism". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 94 (6 Suppl): 1914S–1919S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.000893. PMID 22089435.
Ganesan B, Brothersen C, McMahon DJ (2014). "Fortification of foods with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 54 (1): 98–114. Bibcode:2014CRFSN..54...98G. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.578221. PMID 24188235. S2CID 44629122.
van Ginneken VJ, Helsper JP, de Visser W, et al. (June 2011). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids in various macroalgal species from North Atlantic and tropical seas". Lipids in Health and Disease. 10 (104) 104. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-10-104. PMC 3131239. PMID 21696609.
Collins ML, Lynch B, Barfield W, et al. (October 2014). "Genetic and acute toxicological evaluation of an algal oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and palmitoleic acid". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 72: 162–8. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.021. PMID 25057807.
West AL, Miles EA, Lillycrop KA, et al. (March 2021). "Genetically modified plants are an alternative to oily fish for providing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human diet: A summary of the findings of a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council funded project". Nutrition Bulletin. 46 (1): 60–68. doi:10.1111/nbu.12478. PMC 7986926. PMID 33776584.
Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Napier JA, et al. (January 2014). "Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop". The Plant Journal. 77 (2): 198–208. Bibcode:2014PlJ....77..198R. doi:10.1111/tpj.12378. PMC 4253037. PMID 24308505.
Cherian G, Sim JS (April 1991). "Effect of feeding full fat flax and canola seeds to laying hens on the fatty acid composition of eggs, embryos, and newly hatched chicks". Poultry Science. 70 (4): 917–22. doi:10.3382/ps.0700917.
Vlaicu PA, Panaite TD, Turcu RP (October 2021). "Enriching laying hens eggs by feeding diets with different fatty acid composition and antioxidants". Scientific Reports. 11 (1) 20707. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1120707V. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00343-1. PMC 8526598. PMID 34667227.
Garton GA (August 1960). "Fatty acid composition of the lipids of pasture grasses". Nature. 187 (4736): 511–2. Bibcode:1960Natur.187..511G. doi:10.1038/187511b0. PMID 13826699. S2CID 4296061.
Duckett SK, Wagner DG, Yates LD, et al. (August 1993). "Effects of time on feed on beef nutrient composition". Journal of Animal Science. 71 (8): 2079–88. doi:10.2527/1993.7182079x. PMID 8376232.
Duckett SK, Neel JP, Fontenot JP, et al. (September 2009). "Effects of winter stocker growth rate and finishing system on: III. Tissue proximate, fatty acid, vitamin, and cholesterol content". Journal of Animal Science. 87 (9): 2961–70. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-1850. PMID 19502506.
Azcona JO, Schang MJ, Garcia PT, et al. (2008). "Omega−3 enriched broiler meat: The influence of dietary alpha-linolenic omega−3 fatty acid sources on growth, performance and meat fatty acid composition". Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 88 (2): 257–69. doi:10.4141/CJAS07081.
Xie D, Jackson EN, Zhu Q (February 2015). "Sustainable source of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid from metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica: from fundamental research to commercial production". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 99 (4): 1599–1610. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6318-y. PMC 4322222. PMID 25567511.
Lofstedt A, de Roos B, Fernandes PG (December 2021). "Less than half of the European dietary recommendations for fish consumption are satisfied by national seafood supplies". European Journal of Nutrition. 60 (8): 4219–4228. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02580-6. PMC 8572203. PMID 33999272.
Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, et al. (15 April 2014). "Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 348 g2272. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2272. PMC 3987052. PMID 24736206.
Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, et al. (July 2024). "Omega-3 world map: 2024 update". Progress in Lipid Research. 95 101286. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286. hdl:10230/70901. PMID 38879135.
Tocher DR, Betancor MB, Sprague M, et al. (4 January 2019). "Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, EPA and DHA: Bridging the Gap between Supply and Demand". Nutrients. 11 (1): 89. doi:10.3390/nu11010089. PMC 6356973. PMID 30621155.
Salem N J, Eggersdorfer M (March 2015). "Is the world supply of omega-3 fatty acids adequate for optimal human nutrition?". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 18 (2): 147–54. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000145. PMID 25635599.
Shahidi F, Wanasundara UN (1 June 1998). "Omega−3 fatty acid concentrates: nutritional aspects and production technologies". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 9 (6): 230–40. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(98)00044-2.
Atkinson A, Siegel V, Pakhomov E, et al. (November 2004). "Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean". Nature. 432 (7013): 100–3. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..100A. doi:10.1038/nature02996. PMID 15525989. S2CID 4397262.
Aung T, Halsey J, Kromhout D, et al. (March 2018). "Associations of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement Use With Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Meta-analysis of 10 Trials Involving 77 917 Individuals". JAMA Cardiology. 3 (3): 225–234. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.5205. PMC 5885893. PMID 29387889.
Rizos EC, Elisaf MS (June 2017). "Does Supplementation with Omega-3 PUFAs Add to the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease?". Current Cardiology Reports. 19 (6) 47. doi:10.1007/s11886-017-0856-8. PMID 28432658. S2CID 23585060.
Zhang YF, Gao HF, Hou AJ, et al. (2014). "Effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cancer incidence, non-vascular death, and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". BMC Public Health. 14 204. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-204. PMC 3938028. PMID 24568238.
MacLean CH, Newberry SJ, Mojica WA, et al. (January 2006). "Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review". JAMA. 295 (4): 403–415. doi:10.1001/jama.295.4.403. hdl:10919/79706. PMID 16434631.
Lam CN, Watt AE, Isenring EA, et al. (June 2021). "The effect of oral omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on muscle maintenance and quality of life in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). Clinical Nutrition. 40 (6): 3815–3826. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.031. PMID 34130028.
de Aguiar Pastore Silva J, de Souza Fabre ME, Waitzberg DL (2015). "Omega-3 supplements for patients in chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: A systematic review". Clinical Nutrition. 34 (3): 359–366. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.11.005. PMID 25907586.
Soni S, Torvund M, Mandal CC (2022). "Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment Combined with Chemotherapy to Prevent Toxicity, Drug Resistance, and Metastasis in Cancer". Current Drug Targets. 23 (6): 574–596. doi:10.2174/1389450122666210901121935. PMID 34488585.
Tao X, Zhou Q, Rao Z (2022). "Efficacy of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Patients with Lung Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy: A Meta-Analysis". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2022 6564466. doi:10.1155/2022/6564466. PMC 9303080. PMID 35910071.
Polański J, Świątoniowska-Lonc N, Kołaczyńska S, et al. (2023). "Diet as a Factor Supporting Lung Cancer Treatment—A Systematic Review". Nutrients. 15 (6): 1477. doi:10.3390/nu15061477. PMC 10053575. PMID 36986207.
Marchio V, Augimeri G, Morelli C, et al. (2024). "Omega-3 fatty acids: molecular weapons against chemoresistance in breast cancer". Frontiers in Oncology. 30 (1) 11. doi:10.1186/s11658-025-00694-x. PMC 11762563. PMID 39863855.
de van der Schueren MA, Laviano A, Blanchard H, et al. (2018). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for oral nutritional intervention on nutritional and clinical outcomes during chemo(radio)therapy: current evidence and guidance for design of future trials". Annals of Oncology. 29 (5): 1141–1153. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy114. PMC 5961292. PMID 29788170.
Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, et al. (February 2020). "Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (3) CD003177. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5. PMC 7049091. PMID 32114706.
Casula M, Soranna D, Catapano AL, et al. (August 2013). "Long-term effect of high dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for secondary prevention of cardiovascular outcomes: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo controlled trials [corrected]". Atherosclerosis. Supplements. 14 (2): 243–51. doi:10.1016/S1567-5688(13)70005-9. PMID 23958480.
Bernasconi AA, Wiest MM, Lavie CJ, et al. (February 2021). "Effect of Omega-3 Dosage on Cardiovascular Outcomes: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Interventional Trials". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 96 (2): 304–313. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.08.034. PMID 32951855.
Kotwal S, Jun M, Sullivan D, et al. (November 2012). "Omega 3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis". Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 5 (6): 808–18. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.966168. PMID 23110790.
Miller PE, Van Elswyk M, Alexander DD (July 2014). "Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". American Journal of Hypertension. 27 (7): 885–96. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpu024. PMC 4054797. PMID 24610882.
Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B (August 1993). "Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials". Circulation. 88 (2): 523–33. Bibcode:1993Circu..88..523M. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.88.2.523. PMID 8339414.
Popoff F, Balaciano G, Bardach A, et al. (June 2019). "Omega 3 fatty acid supplementation after myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 19 (1) 136. doi:10.1186/s12872-019-1086-3. PMC 6549284. PMID 31164089.
Rizos EC, Markozannes G, Tsapas A, et al. (January 2021). "Omega-3 supplementation and cardiovascular disease: formulation-based systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis". Heart. 107 (2): 150–158. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316780. PMID 32820013.
Lombardi M, Carbone S, Del Buono MG, et al. (July 2021). "Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and risk of atrial fibrillation: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 7 (4): e69–e70. doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab008. PMC 8302253. PMID 33910233.
Gencer B, Djousse L, Al-Ramady OT, et al. (December 2021). "Effect of Long-Term Marine ɷ-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Randomized Controlled Trials of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Circulation. 144 (25): 1981–1990. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055654. PMC 9109217. PMID 34612056.
Tam KW, Wu MY, Siddiqui FJ, et al. (Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group) (November 2018). "Omega-3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (11) CD011353. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011353.pub2. PMC 6517057. PMID 30480758.
Alvarez Campano CG, Macleod MJ, Aucott L, et al. (June 2022). "Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids therapy for stroke". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (6) CD012815. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012815.pub3. PMC 9241930. PMID 35766825.
Robinson LE, Mazurak VC (April 2013). "N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: relationship to inflammation in healthy adults and adults exhibiting features of metabolic syndrome". Lipids. 48 (4): 319–332. doi:10.1007/s11745-013-3774-6. PMID 23456976. S2CID 4005634.
Li K, Huang T, Zheng J, et al. (February 2014). "Effect of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α: a meta-analysis". PLOS ONE. 9 (2) e88103. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988103L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088103. PMC 3914936. PMID 24505395.
Artiach G, Sarajlic P, Bäck M (February 2020). "Inflammation and its resolution in coronary artery disease: a tightrope walk between omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids". Kardiologia Polska. 78 (2): 93–95. doi:10.33963/KP.15202. PMID 32108752.
Kavyani Z, Musazadeh V, Fathi S, et al. (October 2022). "Efficacy of the omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers: An umbrella meta-analysis". International Immunopharmacology. 111 109104. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109104. PMID 35914448. S2CID 251209023.
Miles EA, Calder PC (June 2012). "Influence of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immune function and a systematic review of their effects on clinical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis". The British Journal of Nutrition. 107 (Suppl 2): S171-84. doi:10.1017/S0007114512001560. PMID 22591891.
Bloch MH, Qawasmi A (October 2011). "Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 50 (10): 991–1000. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008. PMC 3625948. PMID 21961774.
Gillies D, Leach MJ, Perez Algorta G (April 2023). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (4) CD007986. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007986.pub3. PMC 10103546. PMID 37058600.
Tan ML, Ho JJ, Teh KH (December 2012). Tan ML (ed.). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 CD009398. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009398.pub2. PMID 23235675.
Ortega RM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, López-Sobaler AM (June 2012). "Effects of omega 3 fatty acids supplementation in behavior and non-neurodegenerative neuropsychiatric disorders". The British Journal of Nutrition. 107 (Suppl 2): S261–S270. doi:10.1017/S000711451200164X. PMID 22591900.
Middleton P, Gomersall JC, Gould JF, et al. (November 2018). "Omega-3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (11) CD003402. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003402.pub3. PMC 6516961. PMID 30480773.
Firouzabadi FD, Shab-Bidar S, Jayedi A (March 2022). "The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized trials". Pharmacological Research. 177 106100. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106100. PMID 35104631. S2CID 246419684.
Firth J, Teasdale SB, Allott K, et al. (October 2019). "The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials". World Psychiatry. 18 (3): 308–324. doi:10.1002/wps.20672. PMC 6732706. PMID 31496103.
Deane KH, Jimoh OF, Biswas P, et al. (March 2021). "Omega-3 and polyunsaturated fat for prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials" (PDF). The British Journal of Psychiatry. 218 (3): 135–142. doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.234. PMID 31647041.
Appleton KM, Voyias PD, Sallis HM, et al. (November 2021). "Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (11) CD004692. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004692.pub5. PMC 8612309. PMID 34817851.
Zhang MM, Zou Y, Li SM, et al. (June 2020). "The efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms in perinatal women: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials". Translational Psychiatry. 10 (1) 193. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00886-3. PMC 7299975. PMID 32555188.
Burckhardt M, Herke M, Wustmann T, et al. (April 2016). "Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (4) CD009002. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009002.pub3. PMC 7117565. PMID 27063583.
Mazereeuw G, Lanctôt KL, Chau SA, et al. (July 2012). "Effects of ω-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis". Neurobiology of Aging. 33 (7): 1482.e17–1482.e29. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.014. PMID 22305186. S2CID 2603173.
Forbes SC, Holroyd-Leduc JM, Poulin MJ, et al. (December 2015). "Effect of Nutrients, Dietary Supplements and Vitamins on Cognition: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Canadian Geriatrics Journal. 18 (4): 231–245. doi:10.5770/cgj.18.189. PMC 4696451. PMID 26740832.
Wood AH, Chappell HF, Zulyniak MA (March 2022). "Dietary and supplemental long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as moderators of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease". European Journal of Nutrition. 61 (2): 589–604. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02655-4. PMC 8854294. PMID 34392394.
Alex A, Abbott KA, McEvoy M, et al. (July 2020). "Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognitive decline in non-demented adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Nutrition Reviews. 78 (7): 563–578. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz073. PMID 31841161.
Brainard JS, Jimoh OF, Deane KH, et al. (October 2020). "Omega-3, Omega-6, and Polyunsaturated Fat for Cognition: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials" (PDF). Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 21 (10): 1439–1450.e21. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.02.022. PMID 32305302.
Hüppi PS (March 2008). "Nutrition for the brain: commentary on the article by Isaacs et al. on page 308". Pediatric Research. 63 (3): 229–231. doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318168c6d1. PMID 18287959. S2CID 6564743.
Lawrenson JG, Evans JR (April 2015). "Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing or slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (4) CD010015. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010015.pub3. PMC 7087473. PMID 25856365.
Muley P, Shah M, Muley A (2015). "Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Children to Prevent Asthma: Is It Worthy?-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Allergy. 2015 312052. doi:10.1155/2015/312052. PMC 4556859. PMID 26357518.
Brown TJ, Brainard J, Song F, et al. (21 August 2019). "Omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fat for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 366 l4697. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4697. PMC 6699594. PMID 31434641.
Delpino FM, Figueiredo LM, da Silva BG, et al. (2022). "Omega-3 supplementation and diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 62 (16): 4435–4448. doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1875977. PMID 33480268. S2CID 231677714.
Sanhueza C, Ryan L, Foxcroft DR (February 2013). "Diet and the risk of unipolar depression in adults: systematic review of cohort studies". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 26 (1): 56–70. doi:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2012.01283.x. PMID 23078460.
Appleton KM, Rogers PJ, Ness AR (March 2010). "Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 (3): 757–70. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28313. hdl:1983/bc759a2b-a027-4331-8f44-61febb292487. PMID 20130098.
Bloch MH, Hannestad J (December 2012). "Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis". Molecular Psychiatry. 17 (12): 1272–82. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.100. PMC 3625950. PMID 21931319.

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

europarl.europa.eu

European Parliament (9 November 2009). "MEPs adopt strict conditions for the placing on the market of seal products in the European Union". Hearings. European Parliament. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2010.

ema.europa.eu

"Omega-3-acid ethyl esters - containing medicinal products for oral in use in secondary prevention after myocardial infarction". European Medicines Agency. 6 June 2019. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.

fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

"Farmed fish: a major provider or a major consumer of omega-3 oils?| GLOBEFISH |". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.

fda.gov (Global: 470^th place; English: 329^th place)

"FDA announces qualified health claims for omega−3 fatty acids" (Press release). United States Food and Drug Administration. 8 September 2004. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2006.

fsai.ie (Global: low place; English: low place)

2005 study by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland: https://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/Dioxins_milk_survey_2005.pdf Archived 22 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine

hc-sc.gc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Natural Health Product Monograph – Seal Oil". Health Canada. 22 June 2009. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Berthold Koletzko, Irene Cetin, J. Thomas Brenna (November 2007). "Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women". British Journal of Nutrition. 98 (5): 873–7. Bibcode:2007BrJN...98..873K. doi:10.1017/S0007114507764747. hdl:11380/610028. PMID 17688705. S2CID 3516064.
Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, et al. (July 2024). "Omega-3 world map: 2024 update". Progress in Lipid Research. 95 101286. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286. hdl:10230/70901. PMID 38879135.
MacLean CH, Newberry SJ, Mojica WA, et al. (January 2006). "Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review". JAMA. 295 (4): 403–415. doi:10.1001/jama.295.4.403. hdl:10919/79706. PMID 16434631.
Appleton KM, Rogers PJ, Ness AR (March 2010). "Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 (3): 757–70. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28313. hdl:1983/bc759a2b-a027-4331-8f44-61febb292487. PMID 20130098.

health.harvard.edu (Global: 7,776^th place; English: 8,917^th place)

"No need to avoid healthy omega-6 fats". May 2009. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.

hsph.harvard.edu (Global: 9,638^th place; English: 7,064^th place)

"Omega−3 Fatty Acids: An Essential Contribution". TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston. 2017. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

huffingtonpost.com (Global: 212^th place; English: 141^st place)

Colin S (3 June 2010). "Washington Post's Egg Taste Test Says Homegrown And Factory Eggs Taste The Same [UPDATED, POLL]". Huffingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2011.

ifosprogram.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"IFOS Home – The International Fish Oil Standards Program". Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.

inist.fr (Global: 3,275^th place; English: 4,190^th place)

pascal-francis.inist.fr

Falk-Petersen A, Sargent JR, Henderson J, et al. (1998). "Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea". Polar Biology. 20 (1): 41–47. Bibcode:1998PoBio..20...41F. doi:10.1007/s003000050274. ISSN 0722-4060. S2CID 11027523. INIST 2356641.

inspection.gc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Acceptable nutrient function claims Archived 4 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 30 April 2015

labdoor.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Top 10 Fish Oil Supplements". labdoor. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.

macromeats-gourmetgame.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Gourmet Game – Amazing Nutrition Facts". 31 May 2019. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009.

mayoclinicproceedings.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bernasconi AA, Wiest MM, Lavie CJ, et al. (February 2021). "Effect of Omega-3 Dosage on Cardiovascular Outcomes: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Interventional Trials". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 96 (2): 304–313. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.08.034. PMID 32951855.

medicalnewstoday.com (Global: 3,865^th place; English: 3,829^th place)

"How Omega-6s Usurped Omega-3s In US Diet". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.

minervamedica.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

Caramia G (April 2008). "[The essential fatty acids omega-6 and omega-3: from their discovery to their use in therapy]". Minerva Pediatrica. 60 (2): 219–233. PMID 18449139. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

Coghlan A (31 December 2013). "Designer plants have vital fish oils in their seeds". New Scientist.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Scorletti E, Byrne CD (2013). "Omega−3 fatty acids, hepatic lipid metabolism, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease". Annual Review of Nutrition. 33 (1): 231–248. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161230. PMID 23862644.
Freemantle E, Vandal M, Tremblay-Mercier J, et al. (September 2006). "Omega-3 fatty acids, energy substrates, and brain function during aging". Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 75 (3): 213–220. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2006.05.011. PMID 16829066.
Chaiyasit W, Elias RJ, McClements DJ, et al. (2007). "Role of physical structures in bulk oils on lipid oxidation". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 47 (3): 299–317. doi:10.1080/10408390600754248. PMID 17453926. S2CID 10190504.
Skulas-Ray AC, Wilson PW, Harris WS, et al. (September 2019). "Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 140 (12): e673–e691. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000709. PMID 31422671.
Mukhopadhyay R (October 2012). "Essential fatty acids: the work of George and Mildred Burr". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (42): 35439–35441. doi:10.1074/jbc.O112.000005. PMC 3471758. PMID 23066112.
Caramia G (April 2008). "[The essential fatty acids omega-6 and omega-3: from their discovery to their use in therapy]". Minerva Pediatrica. 60 (2): 219–233. PMID 18449139. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
Holman RT (February 1998). "The slow discovery of the importance of omega 3 essential fatty acids in human health". The Journal of Nutrition. 128 (2 Suppl): 427S–433S. doi:10.1093/jn/128.2.427S. PMID 9478042.
Simopoulos AP (March 2016). "An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity". Nutrients. 8 (3): 128. doi:10.3390/nu8030128. PMC 4808858. PMID 26950145.
Ratnayake WM, Galli C (2009). "Fat and fatty acid terminology, methods of analysis and fat digestion and metabolism: a background review paper". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 55 (1–3): 8–43. doi:10.1159/000228994. PMID 19752534.
Demidov VV (1 April 2020). "Site-specifically deuterated essential lipids as new drugs against neuronal, retinal and vascular degeneration". Drug Discovery Today. 25 (8): 1469–1476. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.014. PMID 32247036. S2CID 214794450.
van West D, Maes M (February 2003). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression". Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 15 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1034/j.1601-5215.2003.00004.x. PMID 26984701. S2CID 5343605.
Lands WE (May 1992). "Biochemistry and physiology of n-3 fatty acids". FASEB Journal. 6 (8): 2530–6. doi:10.1096/fasebj.6.8.1592205. PMID 1592205. S2CID 24182617.
Kuda O (May 2017). "Bioactive metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid". Biochimie. 136: 12–20. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2017.01.002. PMID 28087294.
Gerster H (1998). "Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)?". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift für Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition. 68 (3): 159–73. PMID 9637947.
Brenna JT (March 2002). "Efficiency of conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to long chain n-3 fatty acids in man". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 5 (2): 127–32. doi:10.1097/00075197-200203000-00002. PMID 11844977.
Burdge GC, Calder PC (September 2005). "Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults". Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 45 (5): 581–97. doi:10.1051/rnd:2005047. PMID 16188209.
Lohner S, Fekete K, Marosvölgyi T, et al. (2013). "Gender differences in the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status: systematic review of 51 publications". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 62 (2): 98–112. doi:10.1159/000345599. PMID 23327902.
Ruxton CH, Calder PC, Reed SC, et al. (June 2005). "The impact of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health". Nutrition Research Reviews. 18 (1): 113–29. doi:10.1079/nrr200497. PMID 19079899.
Simopoulos AP (June 2008). "The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 233 (6): 674–88. doi:10.3181/0711-MR-311 (inactive 30 March 2026). PMID 18408140. S2CID 9044197.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2026 (link)
Griffin BA (February 2008). "How relevant is the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to cardiovascular disease risk? Evidence from the OPTILIP study". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 19 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3282f2e2a8. PMID 18196988. S2CID 13058827.
Goyens PL, Spilker ME, Zock PL, et al. (July 2006). "Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid in humans is influenced by the absolute amounts of alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in the diet and not by their ratio". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.1.44. PMID 16825680.
DeFilippis AP, Sperling LS (March 2006). "Understanding omega-3's". American Heart Journal. 151 (3): 564–570. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.051. PMID 16504616.
Willett WC (September 2007). "The role of dietary n-6 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disease". Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8 (Suppl 1): S42-45. doi:10.2459/01.JCM.0000289275.72556.13. PMID 17876199. S2CID 1420490.
Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, et al. (April 2006). "Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review". BMJ. 332 (7544): 752–760. doi:10.1136/bmj.38755.366331.2F. PMC 1420708. PMID 16565093.
Simopoulos AP (October 2002). "The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 56 (8): 365–79. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6. PMID 12442909.
Hibbeln JR, Nieminen LR, Blasbalg TL, et al. (June 2006). "Healthy intakes of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 83 (6 Suppl): 1483S–1493S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1483S. PMID 16841858.
Nguyen LN, Ma D, Shui G, et al. (May 2014). "Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid". Nature. 509 (7501): 503–6. Bibcode:2014Natur.509..503N. doi:10.1038/nature13241. PMID 24828044. S2CID 4462512.
Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ (November 2002). "Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease". Circulation. 106 (21): 2747–57. Bibcode:2002Circu.106.2747K. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94. PMID 12438303.
Berthold Koletzko, Irene Cetin, J. Thomas Brenna (November 2007). "Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women". British Journal of Nutrition. 98 (5): 873–7. Bibcode:2007BrJN...98..873K. doi:10.1017/S0007114507764747. hdl:11380/610028. PMID 17688705. S2CID 3516064.
Siscovick DS, Barringer TA, Fretts AM, et al. (April 2017). "Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish Oil) Supplementation and the Prevention of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 135 (15): e867–e884. Bibcode:2017Circu.13500482S. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000482. PMC 6903779. PMID 28289069.
Mozaffarian, Rimm EB (2006). "Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits". Journal of the American Medical Association. 15 (1): 1885–1899. doi:10.1001/jama.296.15.1885. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 17047219.
Innis SM, Rioux FM, Auestad N, et al. (September 1995). "Marine and freshwater fish oil varying in arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids differ in their effects on organ lipids and fatty acids in growing rats". The Journal of Nutrition. 125 (9): 2286–93. doi:10.1093/jn/125.9.2286. PMID 7666244.
Lawson LD, Hughes BG (October 1988). "Absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil triacylglycerols or fish oil ethyl esters co-ingested with a high-fat meal". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 156 (2): 960–3. Bibcode:1988BBRC..156..960L. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80937-9. PMID 2847723.
Beckermann B, Beneke M, Seitz I (June 1990). "[Comparative bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from triglycerides, free fatty acids and ethyl esters in volunteers]". Arzneimittel-Forschung (in German). 40 (6): 700–4. PMID 2144420.
Tur JA, Bibiloni MM, Sureda A, et al. (June 2012). "Dietary sources of omega 3 fatty acids: public health risks and benefits". The British Journal of Nutrition. 107 (Suppl 2): S23-52. Bibcode:2012BrJN..107S..23T. doi:10.1017/S0007114512001456. PMID 22591897.
Ulven SM, Kirkhus B, Lamglait A, et al. (January 2011). "Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers". Lipids. 46 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3490-4. PMC 3024511. PMID 21042875.
Köhler A, Sarkkinen E, Tapola N, et al. (March 2015). "Bioavailability of fatty acids from krill oil, krill meal and fish oil in healthy subjects--a randomized, single-dose, cross-over trial". Lipids in Health and Disease. 14 19. doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0015-4. PMC 4374210. PMID 25884846.
Saw CL, Yang AY, Guo Y, et al. (December 2013). "Astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids individually and in combination protect against oxidative stress via the Nrf2-ARE pathway". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 62: 869–875. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.023. PMID 24157545.
Barros MP, Poppe SC, Bondan EF (March 2014). "Neuroprotective properties of the marine carotenoid astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids, and perspectives for the natural combination of both in krill oil". Nutrients. 6 (3): 1293–1317. doi:10.3390/nu6031293. PMC 3967194. PMID 24667135.
Grey A, Bolland M (March 2014). "Clinical trial evidence and use of fish oil supplements". JAMA Internal Medicine. 174 (3): 460–2. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12765. PMID 24352849.
Deng J, Liu Q, Zhang Q, et al. (October 2018). "Comparative study on composition, physicochemical and antioxidant characteristics of different varieties of kiwifruit seed oil in China". Food Chemistry. 264: 411–418. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.063. PMID 29853395. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
Soltana H, Tekaya M, Amri Z, et al. (April 2016). "Characterization of fig achenes' oil of Ficus carica grown in Tunisia". Food Chemistry. 196: 1125–1130. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.053. PMID 26593597.
Decsi T, Kennedy K (December 2011). "Sex-specific differences in essential fatty acid metabolism". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 94 (6 Suppl): 1914S–1919S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.000893. PMID 22089435.
Ganesan B, Brothersen C, McMahon DJ (2014). "Fortification of foods with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 54 (1): 98–114. Bibcode:2014CRFSN..54...98G. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.578221. PMID 24188235. S2CID 44629122.
van Ginneken VJ, Helsper JP, de Visser W, et al. (June 2011). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids in various macroalgal species from North Atlantic and tropical seas". Lipids in Health and Disease. 10 (104) 104. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-10-104. PMC 3131239. PMID 21696609.
Collins ML, Lynch B, Barfield W, et al. (October 2014). "Genetic and acute toxicological evaluation of an algal oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and palmitoleic acid". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 72: 162–8. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.021. PMID 25057807.
West AL, Miles EA, Lillycrop KA, et al. (March 2021). "Genetically modified plants are an alternative to oily fish for providing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human diet: A summary of the findings of a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council funded project". Nutrition Bulletin. 46 (1): 60–68. doi:10.1111/nbu.12478. PMC 7986926. PMID 33776584.
Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Napier JA, et al. (January 2014). "Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop". The Plant Journal. 77 (2): 198–208. Bibcode:2014PlJ....77..198R. doi:10.1111/tpj.12378. PMC 4253037. PMID 24308505.
Trebunová A, Vasko L, Svedová M, et al. (July 2007). "The influence of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids feeding on the composition of fatty acids in fatty tissues and eggs of laying hens". DTW. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 114 (7): 275–279. PMID 17724936.
Vlaicu PA, Panaite TD, Turcu RP (October 2021). "Enriching laying hens eggs by feeding diets with different fatty acid composition and antioxidants". Scientific Reports. 11 (1) 20707. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1120707V. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00343-1. PMC 8526598. PMID 34667227.
Garton GA (August 1960). "Fatty acid composition of the lipids of pasture grasses". Nature. 187 (4736): 511–2. Bibcode:1960Natur.187..511G. doi:10.1038/187511b0. PMID 13826699. S2CID 4296061.
Duckett SK, Wagner DG, Yates LD, et al. (August 1993). "Effects of time on feed on beef nutrient composition". Journal of Animal Science. 71 (8): 2079–88. doi:10.2527/1993.7182079x. PMID 8376232.
Duckett SK, Neel JP, Fontenot JP, et al. (September 2009). "Effects of winter stocker growth rate and finishing system on: III. Tissue proximate, fatty acid, vitamin, and cholesterol content". Journal of Animal Science. 87 (9): 2961–70. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-1850. PMID 19502506.
Xie D, Jackson EN, Zhu Q (February 2015). "Sustainable source of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid from metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica: from fundamental research to commercial production". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 99 (4): 1599–1610. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6318-y. PMC 4322222. PMID 25567511.
Lofstedt A, de Roos B, Fernandes PG (December 2021). "Less than half of the European dietary recommendations for fish consumption are satisfied by national seafood supplies". European Journal of Nutrition. 60 (8): 4219–4228. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02580-6. PMC 8572203. PMID 33999272.
Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, et al. (15 April 2014). "Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 348 g2272. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2272. PMC 3987052. PMID 24736206.
Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, et al. (July 2024). "Omega-3 world map: 2024 update". Progress in Lipid Research. 95 101286. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286. hdl:10230/70901. PMID 38879135.
Tocher DR, Betancor MB, Sprague M, et al. (4 January 2019). "Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, EPA and DHA: Bridging the Gap between Supply and Demand". Nutrients. 11 (1): 89. doi:10.3390/nu11010089. PMC 6356973. PMID 30621155.
Salem N J, Eggersdorfer M (March 2015). "Is the world supply of omega-3 fatty acids adequate for optimal human nutrition?". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 18 (2): 147–54. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000145. PMID 25635599.
Atkinson A, Siegel V, Pakhomov E, et al. (November 2004). "Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean". Nature. 432 (7013): 100–3. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..100A. doi:10.1038/nature02996. PMID 15525989. S2CID 4397262.
Aung T, Halsey J, Kromhout D, et al. (March 2018). "Associations of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement Use With Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Meta-analysis of 10 Trials Involving 77 917 Individuals". JAMA Cardiology. 3 (3): 225–234. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.5205. PMC 5885893. PMID 29387889.
Rizos EC, Elisaf MS (June 2017). "Does Supplementation with Omega-3 PUFAs Add to the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease?". Current Cardiology Reports. 19 (6) 47. doi:10.1007/s11886-017-0856-8. PMID 28432658. S2CID 23585060.
Zhang YF, Gao HF, Hou AJ, et al. (2014). "Effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cancer incidence, non-vascular death, and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". BMC Public Health. 14 204. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-204. PMC 3938028. PMID 24568238.
MacLean CH, Newberry SJ, Mojica WA, et al. (January 2006). "Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review". JAMA. 295 (4): 403–415. doi:10.1001/jama.295.4.403. hdl:10919/79706. PMID 16434631.
Lam CN, Watt AE, Isenring EA, et al. (June 2021). "The effect of oral omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on muscle maintenance and quality of life in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). Clinical Nutrition. 40 (6): 3815–3826. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.031. PMID 34130028.
de Aguiar Pastore Silva J, de Souza Fabre ME, Waitzberg DL (2015). "Omega-3 supplements for patients in chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: A systematic review". Clinical Nutrition. 34 (3): 359–366. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.11.005. PMID 25907586.
Soni S, Torvund M, Mandal CC (2022). "Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment Combined with Chemotherapy to Prevent Toxicity, Drug Resistance, and Metastasis in Cancer". Current Drug Targets. 23 (6): 574–596. doi:10.2174/1389450122666210901121935. PMID 34488585.
Tao X, Zhou Q, Rao Z (2022). "Efficacy of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Patients with Lung Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy: A Meta-Analysis". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2022 6564466. doi:10.1155/2022/6564466. PMC 9303080. PMID 35910071.
Polański J, Świątoniowska-Lonc N, Kołaczyńska S, et al. (2023). "Diet as a Factor Supporting Lung Cancer Treatment—A Systematic Review". Nutrients. 15 (6): 1477. doi:10.3390/nu15061477. PMC 10053575. PMID 36986207.
Marchio V, Augimeri G, Morelli C, et al. (2024). "Omega-3 fatty acids: molecular weapons against chemoresistance in breast cancer". Frontiers in Oncology. 30 (1) 11. doi:10.1186/s11658-025-00694-x. PMC 11762563. PMID 39863855.
de van der Schueren MA, Laviano A, Blanchard H, et al. (2018). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for oral nutritional intervention on nutritional and clinical outcomes during chemo(radio)therapy: current evidence and guidance for design of future trials". Annals of Oncology. 29 (5): 1141–1153. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy114. PMC 5961292. PMID 29788170.
Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, et al. (February 2020). "Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (3) CD003177. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5. PMC 7049091. PMID 32114706.
Casula M, Soranna D, Catapano AL, et al. (August 2013). "Long-term effect of high dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for secondary prevention of cardiovascular outcomes: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo controlled trials [corrected]". Atherosclerosis. Supplements. 14 (2): 243–51. doi:10.1016/S1567-5688(13)70005-9. PMID 23958480.
Bernasconi AA, Wiest MM, Lavie CJ, et al. (February 2021). "Effect of Omega-3 Dosage on Cardiovascular Outcomes: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Interventional Trials". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 96 (2): 304–313. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.08.034. PMID 32951855.
Kotwal S, Jun M, Sullivan D, et al. (November 2012). "Omega 3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis". Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 5 (6): 808–18. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.966168. PMID 23110790.
Miller PE, Van Elswyk M, Alexander DD (July 2014). "Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". American Journal of Hypertension. 27 (7): 885–96. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpu024. PMC 4054797. PMID 24610882.
Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B (August 1993). "Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials". Circulation. 88 (2): 523–33. Bibcode:1993Circu..88..523M. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.88.2.523. PMID 8339414.
Popoff F, Balaciano G, Bardach A, et al. (June 2019). "Omega 3 fatty acid supplementation after myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 19 (1) 136. doi:10.1186/s12872-019-1086-3. PMC 6549284. PMID 31164089.
Rizos EC, Markozannes G, Tsapas A, et al. (January 2021). "Omega-3 supplementation and cardiovascular disease: formulation-based systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis". Heart. 107 (2): 150–158. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316780. PMID 32820013.
Lombardi M, Carbone S, Del Buono MG, et al. (July 2021). "Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and risk of atrial fibrillation: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 7 (4): e69–e70. doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab008. PMC 8302253. PMID 33910233.
Gencer B, Djousse L, Al-Ramady OT, et al. (December 2021). "Effect of Long-Term Marine ɷ-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Randomized Controlled Trials of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Circulation. 144 (25): 1981–1990. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055654. PMC 9109217. PMID 34612056.
Tam KW, Wu MY, Siddiqui FJ, et al. (Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group) (November 2018). "Omega-3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (11) CD011353. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011353.pub2. PMC 6517057. PMID 30480758.
Alvarez Campano CG, Macleod MJ, Aucott L, et al. (June 2022). "Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids therapy for stroke". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (6) CD012815. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012815.pub3. PMC 9241930. PMID 35766825.
Robinson LE, Mazurak VC (April 2013). "N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: relationship to inflammation in healthy adults and adults exhibiting features of metabolic syndrome". Lipids. 48 (4): 319–332. doi:10.1007/s11745-013-3774-6. PMID 23456976. S2CID 4005634.
Li K, Huang T, Zheng J, et al. (February 2014). "Effect of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α: a meta-analysis". PLOS ONE. 9 (2) e88103. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988103L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088103. PMC 3914936. PMID 24505395.
Artiach G, Sarajlic P, Bäck M (February 2020). "Inflammation and its resolution in coronary artery disease: a tightrope walk between omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids". Kardiologia Polska. 78 (2): 93–95. doi:10.33963/KP.15202. PMID 32108752.
Kavyani Z, Musazadeh V, Fathi S, et al. (October 2022). "Efficacy of the omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers: An umbrella meta-analysis". International Immunopharmacology. 111 109104. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109104. PMID 35914448. S2CID 251209023.
Miles EA, Calder PC (June 2012). "Influence of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immune function and a systematic review of their effects on clinical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis". The British Journal of Nutrition. 107 (Suppl 2): S171-84. doi:10.1017/S0007114512001560. PMID 22591891.
Bloch MH, Qawasmi A (October 2011). "Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 50 (10): 991–1000. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008. PMC 3625948. PMID 21961774.
Gillies D, Leach MJ, Perez Algorta G (April 2023). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (4) CD007986. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007986.pub3. PMC 10103546. PMID 37058600.
Tan ML, Ho JJ, Teh KH (December 2012). Tan ML (ed.). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 CD009398. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009398.pub2. PMID 23235675.
Ortega RM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, López-Sobaler AM (June 2012). "Effects of omega 3 fatty acids supplementation in behavior and non-neurodegenerative neuropsychiatric disorders". The British Journal of Nutrition. 107 (Suppl 2): S261–S270. doi:10.1017/S000711451200164X. PMID 22591900.
Middleton P, Gomersall JC, Gould JF, et al. (November 2018). "Omega-3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (11) CD003402. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003402.pub3. PMC 6516961. PMID 30480773.
Firouzabadi FD, Shab-Bidar S, Jayedi A (March 2022). "The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized trials". Pharmacological Research. 177 106100. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106100. PMID 35104631. S2CID 246419684.
Firth J, Teasdale SB, Allott K, et al. (October 2019). "The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials". World Psychiatry. 18 (3): 308–324. doi:10.1002/wps.20672. PMC 6732706. PMID 31496103.
Deane KH, Jimoh OF, Biswas P, et al. (March 2021). "Omega-3 and polyunsaturated fat for prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials" (PDF). The British Journal of Psychiatry. 218 (3): 135–142. doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.234. PMID 31647041.
Appleton KM, Voyias PD, Sallis HM, et al. (November 2021). "Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (11) CD004692. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004692.pub5. PMC 8612309. PMID 34817851.
Zhang MM, Zou Y, Li SM, et al. (June 2020). "The efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms in perinatal women: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials". Translational Psychiatry. 10 (1) 193. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00886-3. PMC 7299975. PMID 32555188.
Burckhardt M, Herke M, Wustmann T, et al. (April 2016). "Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (4) CD009002. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009002.pub3. PMC 7117565. PMID 27063583.
Mazereeuw G, Lanctôt KL, Chau SA, et al. (July 2012). "Effects of ω-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis". Neurobiology of Aging. 33 (7): 1482.e17–1482.e29. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.014. PMID 22305186. S2CID 2603173.
Forbes SC, Holroyd-Leduc JM, Poulin MJ, et al. (December 2015). "Effect of Nutrients, Dietary Supplements and Vitamins on Cognition: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Canadian Geriatrics Journal. 18 (4): 231–245. doi:10.5770/cgj.18.189. PMC 4696451. PMID 26740832.
Wood AH, Chappell HF, Zulyniak MA (March 2022). "Dietary and supplemental long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as moderators of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease". European Journal of Nutrition. 61 (2): 589–604. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02655-4. PMC 8854294. PMID 34392394.
Alex A, Abbott KA, McEvoy M, et al. (July 2020). "Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognitive decline in non-demented adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Nutrition Reviews. 78 (7): 563–578. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz073. PMID 31841161.
Brainard JS, Jimoh OF, Deane KH, et al. (October 2020). "Omega-3, Omega-6, and Polyunsaturated Fat for Cognition: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials" (PDF). Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 21 (10): 1439–1450.e21. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.02.022. PMID 32305302.
Hüppi PS (March 2008). "Nutrition for the brain: commentary on the article by Isaacs et al. on page 308". Pediatric Research. 63 (3): 229–231. doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318168c6d1. PMID 18287959. S2CID 6564743.
Lawrenson JG, Evans JR (April 2015). "Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing or slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (4) CD010015. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010015.pub3. PMC 7087473. PMID 25856365.
Muley P, Shah M, Muley A (2015). "Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Children to Prevent Asthma: Is It Worthy?-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Allergy. 2015 312052. doi:10.1155/2015/312052. PMC 4556859. PMID 26357518.
Brown TJ, Brainard J, Song F, et al. (21 August 2019). "Omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fat for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 366 l4697. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4697. PMC 6699594. PMID 31434641.
Delpino FM, Figueiredo LM, da Silva BG, et al. (2022). "Omega-3 supplementation and diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 62 (16): 4435–4448. doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1875977. PMID 33480268. S2CID 231677714.
Sanhueza C, Ryan L, Foxcroft DR (February 2013). "Diet and the risk of unipolar depression in adults: systematic review of cohort studies". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 26 (1): 56–70. doi:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2012.01283.x. PMID 23078460.
Appleton KM, Rogers PJ, Ness AR (March 2010). "Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 (3): 757–70. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28313. hdl:1983/bc759a2b-a027-4331-8f44-61febb292487. PMID 20130098.
Bloch MH, Hannestad J (December 2012). "Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis". Molecular Psychiatry. 17 (12): 1272–82. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.100. PMC 3625950. PMID 21931319.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Mukhopadhyay R (October 2012). "Essential fatty acids: the work of George and Mildred Burr". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (42): 35439–35441. doi:10.1074/jbc.O112.000005. PMC 3471758. PMID 23066112.
Simopoulos AP (March 2016). "An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity". Nutrients. 8 (3): 128. doi:10.3390/nu8030128. PMC 4808858. PMID 26950145.
Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, et al. (April 2006). "Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review". BMJ. 332 (7544): 752–760. doi:10.1136/bmj.38755.366331.2F. PMC 1420708. PMID 16565093.
Siscovick DS, Barringer TA, Fretts AM, et al. (April 2017). "Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish Oil) Supplementation and the Prevention of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 135 (15): e867–e884. Bibcode:2017Circu.13500482S. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000482. PMC 6903779. PMID 28289069.
Ulven SM, Kirkhus B, Lamglait A, et al. (January 2011). "Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers". Lipids. 46 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3490-4. PMC 3024511. PMID 21042875.
Köhler A, Sarkkinen E, Tapola N, et al. (March 2015). "Bioavailability of fatty acids from krill oil, krill meal and fish oil in healthy subjects--a randomized, single-dose, cross-over trial". Lipids in Health and Disease. 14 19. doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0015-4. PMC 4374210. PMID 25884846.
Barros MP, Poppe SC, Bondan EF (March 2014). "Neuroprotective properties of the marine carotenoid astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids, and perspectives for the natural combination of both in krill oil". Nutrients. 6 (3): 1293–1317. doi:10.3390/nu6031293. PMC 3967194. PMID 24667135.
van Ginneken VJ, Helsper JP, de Visser W, et al. (June 2011). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids in various macroalgal species from North Atlantic and tropical seas". Lipids in Health and Disease. 10 (104) 104. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-10-104. PMC 3131239. PMID 21696609.
West AL, Miles EA, Lillycrop KA, et al. (March 2021). "Genetically modified plants are an alternative to oily fish for providing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human diet: A summary of the findings of a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council funded project". Nutrition Bulletin. 46 (1): 60–68. doi:10.1111/nbu.12478. PMC 7986926. PMID 33776584.
Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Napier JA, et al. (January 2014). "Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop". The Plant Journal. 77 (2): 198–208. Bibcode:2014PlJ....77..198R. doi:10.1111/tpj.12378. PMC 4253037. PMID 24308505.
Vlaicu PA, Panaite TD, Turcu RP (October 2021). "Enriching laying hens eggs by feeding diets with different fatty acid composition and antioxidants". Scientific Reports. 11 (1) 20707. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1120707V. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00343-1. PMC 8526598. PMID 34667227.
Xie D, Jackson EN, Zhu Q (February 2015). "Sustainable source of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid from metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica: from fundamental research to commercial production". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 99 (4): 1599–1610. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6318-y. PMC 4322222. PMID 25567511.
Lofstedt A, de Roos B, Fernandes PG (December 2021). "Less than half of the European dietary recommendations for fish consumption are satisfied by national seafood supplies". European Journal of Nutrition. 60 (8): 4219–4228. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02580-6. PMC 8572203. PMID 33999272.
Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, et al. (15 April 2014). "Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 348 g2272. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2272. PMC 3987052. PMID 24736206.
Tocher DR, Betancor MB, Sprague M, et al. (4 January 2019). "Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, EPA and DHA: Bridging the Gap between Supply and Demand". Nutrients. 11 (1): 89. doi:10.3390/nu11010089. PMC 6356973. PMID 30621155.
Aung T, Halsey J, Kromhout D, et al. (March 2018). "Associations of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement Use With Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Meta-analysis of 10 Trials Involving 77 917 Individuals". JAMA Cardiology. 3 (3): 225–234. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.5205. PMC 5885893. PMID 29387889.
Zhang YF, Gao HF, Hou AJ, et al. (2014). "Effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cancer incidence, non-vascular death, and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". BMC Public Health. 14 204. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-204. PMC 3938028. PMID 24568238.
Tao X, Zhou Q, Rao Z (2022). "Efficacy of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Patients with Lung Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy: A Meta-Analysis". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2022 6564466. doi:10.1155/2022/6564466. PMC 9303080. PMID 35910071.
Polański J, Świątoniowska-Lonc N, Kołaczyńska S, et al. (2023). "Diet as a Factor Supporting Lung Cancer Treatment—A Systematic Review". Nutrients. 15 (6): 1477. doi:10.3390/nu15061477. PMC 10053575. PMID 36986207.
Marchio V, Augimeri G, Morelli C, et al. (2024). "Omega-3 fatty acids: molecular weapons against chemoresistance in breast cancer". Frontiers in Oncology. 30 (1) 11. doi:10.1186/s11658-025-00694-x. PMC 11762563. PMID 39863855.
de van der Schueren MA, Laviano A, Blanchard H, et al. (2018). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for oral nutritional intervention on nutritional and clinical outcomes during chemo(radio)therapy: current evidence and guidance for design of future trials". Annals of Oncology. 29 (5): 1141–1153. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy114. PMC 5961292. PMID 29788170.
Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, et al. (February 2020). "Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (3) CD003177. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5. PMC 7049091. PMID 32114706.
Miller PE, Van Elswyk M, Alexander DD (July 2014). "Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". American Journal of Hypertension. 27 (7): 885–96. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpu024. PMC 4054797. PMID 24610882.
Popoff F, Balaciano G, Bardach A, et al. (June 2019). "Omega 3 fatty acid supplementation after myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 19 (1) 136. doi:10.1186/s12872-019-1086-3. PMC 6549284. PMID 31164089.
Lombardi M, Carbone S, Del Buono MG, et al. (July 2021). "Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and risk of atrial fibrillation: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 7 (4): e69–e70. doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab008. PMC 8302253. PMID 33910233.
Gencer B, Djousse L, Al-Ramady OT, et al. (December 2021). "Effect of Long-Term Marine ɷ-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Randomized Controlled Trials of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Circulation. 144 (25): 1981–1990. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055654. PMC 9109217. PMID 34612056.
Tam KW, Wu MY, Siddiqui FJ, et al. (Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group) (November 2018). "Omega-3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (11) CD011353. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011353.pub2. PMC 6517057. PMID 30480758.
Alvarez Campano CG, Macleod MJ, Aucott L, et al. (June 2022). "Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids therapy for stroke". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (6) CD012815. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012815.pub3. PMC 9241930. PMID 35766825.
Li K, Huang T, Zheng J, et al. (February 2014). "Effect of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α: a meta-analysis". PLOS ONE. 9 (2) e88103. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988103L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088103. PMC 3914936. PMID 24505395.
Bloch MH, Qawasmi A (October 2011). "Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 50 (10): 991–1000. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008. PMC 3625948. PMID 21961774.
Gillies D, Leach MJ, Perez Algorta G (April 2023). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (4) CD007986. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007986.pub3. PMC 10103546. PMID 37058600.
Middleton P, Gomersall JC, Gould JF, et al. (November 2018). "Omega-3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (11) CD003402. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003402.pub3. PMC 6516961. PMID 30480773.
Firth J, Teasdale SB, Allott K, et al. (October 2019). "The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials". World Psychiatry. 18 (3): 308–324. doi:10.1002/wps.20672. PMC 6732706. PMID 31496103.
Appleton KM, Voyias PD, Sallis HM, et al. (November 2021). "Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (11) CD004692. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004692.pub5. PMC 8612309. PMID 34817851.
Zhang MM, Zou Y, Li SM, et al. (June 2020). "The efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms in perinatal women: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials". Translational Psychiatry. 10 (1) 193. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00886-3. PMC 7299975. PMID 32555188.
Burckhardt M, Herke M, Wustmann T, et al. (April 2016). "Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (4) CD009002. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009002.pub3. PMC 7117565. PMID 27063583.
Forbes SC, Holroyd-Leduc JM, Poulin MJ, et al. (December 2015). "Effect of Nutrients, Dietary Supplements and Vitamins on Cognition: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Canadian Geriatrics Journal. 18 (4): 231–245. doi:10.5770/cgj.18.189. PMC 4696451. PMID 26740832.
Wood AH, Chappell HF, Zulyniak MA (March 2022). "Dietary and supplemental long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as moderators of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease". European Journal of Nutrition. 61 (2): 589–604. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02655-4. PMC 8854294. PMID 34392394.
Lawrenson JG, Evans JR (April 2015). "Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing or slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (4) CD010015. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010015.pub3. PMC 7087473. PMID 25856365.
Muley P, Shah M, Muley A (2015). "Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Children to Prevent Asthma: Is It Worthy?-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Allergy. 2015 312052. doi:10.1155/2015/312052. PMC 4556859. PMID 26357518.
Brown TJ, Brainard J, Song F, et al. (21 August 2019). "Omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fat for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 366 l4697. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4697. PMC 6699594. PMID 31434641.
Bloch MH, Hannestad J (December 2012). "Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis". Molecular Psychiatry. 17 (12): 1272–82. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.100. PMC 3625950. PMID 21931319.

ods.od.nih.gov

"Omega−3 Fatty Acids". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 17 December 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2025.

nccih.nih.gov

"Rheumatoid Arthritis: In-Depth". National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2019.

nutritioninsight.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"DuPont Launches New Vegetarian Source of Omega-3 Nutritional Supplements". nutritioninsight.com.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

nytimes.com

Zimmer C (17 September 2015). "Inuit Study Adds Twist to Omega-3 Fatty Acids' Health Story". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2015.

well.blogs.nytimes.com

O'Connor A (30 March 2015). "Fish Oil Claims Not Supported by Research". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2015.

omega-3centre.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Omega−3 Centre". Omega−3 sources. Omega−3 Centre. Archived from the original on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2008.

oregonstate.edu (Global: 2,217^th place; English: 1,359^th place)

lpi.oregonstate.edu

"Essential Fatty Acids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 1 May 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2021.

osel.co.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

"WWW.osel.co.nz - 1st Domains" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2012.

prnewswire.com (Global: 546^th place; English: 310^th place)

Nutritional N. "FDA Acknowledges Nutriterra® Total Omega-3 Canola Oil is a Safe New Dietary Ingredient". www.prnewswire.com (Press release).

rheumatology.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Herbal Remedies, Supplements & Acupuncture for Arthritis - Supplements for arthritis". American College of Rheumatology. June 2018. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2019.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

DeFilippis AP, Sperling LS (March 2006). "Understanding omega-3's". American Heart Journal. 151 (3): 564–570. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.051. PMID 16504616.
Simopoulos AP (October 2002). "The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 56 (8): 365–79. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6. PMID 12442909.
Deng J, Liu Q, Zhang Q, et al. (October 2018). "Comparative study on composition, physicochemical and antioxidant characteristics of different varieties of kiwifruit seed oil in China". Food Chemistry. 264: 411–418. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.063. PMID 29853395. Retrieved 26 May 2025.

self.com (Global: 8,252^nd place; English: 7,525^th place)

nutritiondata.self.com

"Oil, vegetable, corn, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking; USDA Nutrient Data, SR-21". Conde Nast. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2014.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Chaiyasit W, Elias RJ, McClements DJ, et al. (2007). "Role of physical structures in bulk oils on lipid oxidation". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 47 (3): 299–317. doi:10.1080/10408390600754248. PMID 17453926. S2CID 10190504.
Demidov VV (1 April 2020). "Site-specifically deuterated essential lipids as new drugs against neuronal, retinal and vascular degeneration". Drug Discovery Today. 25 (8): 1469–1476. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.014. PMID 32247036. S2CID 214794450.
van West D, Maes M (February 2003). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression". Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 15 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1034/j.1601-5215.2003.00004.x. PMID 26984701. S2CID 5343605.
Lands WE (May 1992). "Biochemistry and physiology of n-3 fatty acids". FASEB Journal. 6 (8): 2530–6. doi:10.1096/fasebj.6.8.1592205. PMID 1592205. S2CID 24182617.
Simopoulos AP (June 2008). "The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 233 (6): 674–88. doi:10.3181/0711-MR-311 (inactive 30 March 2026). PMID 18408140. S2CID 9044197.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2026 (link)
Griffin BA (February 2008). "How relevant is the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to cardiovascular disease risk? Evidence from the OPTILIP study". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 19 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3282f2e2a8. PMID 18196988. S2CID 13058827.
Willett WC (September 2007). "The role of dietary n-6 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disease". Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8 (Suppl 1): S42-45. doi:10.2459/01.JCM.0000289275.72556.13. PMID 17876199. S2CID 1420490.
Nguyen LN, Ma D, Shui G, et al. (May 2014). "Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid". Nature. 509 (7501): 503–6. Bibcode:2014Natur.509..503N. doi:10.1038/nature13241. PMID 24828044. S2CID 4462512.
Berthold Koletzko, Irene Cetin, J. Thomas Brenna (November 2007). "Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women". British Journal of Nutrition. 98 (5): 873–7. Bibcode:2007BrJN...98..873K. doi:10.1017/S0007114507764747. hdl:11380/610028. PMID 17688705. S2CID 3516064.
Falk-Petersen A, Sargent JR, Henderson J, et al. (1998). "Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea". Polar Biology. 20 (1): 41–47. Bibcode:1998PoBio..20...41F. doi:10.1007/s003000050274. ISSN 0722-4060. S2CID 11027523. INIST 2356641.
Ganesan B, Brothersen C, McMahon DJ (2014). "Fortification of foods with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 54 (1): 98–114. Bibcode:2014CRFSN..54...98G. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.578221. PMID 24188235. S2CID 44629122.
Garton GA (August 1960). "Fatty acid composition of the lipids of pasture grasses". Nature. 187 (4736): 511–2. Bibcode:1960Natur.187..511G. doi:10.1038/187511b0. PMID 13826699. S2CID 4296061.
Atkinson A, Siegel V, Pakhomov E, et al. (November 2004). "Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean". Nature. 432 (7013): 100–3. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..100A. doi:10.1038/nature02996. PMID 15525989. S2CID 4397262.
Rizos EC, Elisaf MS (June 2017). "Does Supplementation with Omega-3 PUFAs Add to the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease?". Current Cardiology Reports. 19 (6) 47. doi:10.1007/s11886-017-0856-8. PMID 28432658. S2CID 23585060.
Robinson LE, Mazurak VC (April 2013). "N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: relationship to inflammation in healthy adults and adults exhibiting features of metabolic syndrome". Lipids. 48 (4): 319–332. doi:10.1007/s11745-013-3774-6. PMID 23456976. S2CID 4005634.
Kavyani Z, Musazadeh V, Fathi S, et al. (October 2022). "Efficacy of the omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers: An umbrella meta-analysis". International Immunopharmacology. 111 109104. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109104. PMID 35914448. S2CID 251209023.
Firouzabadi FD, Shab-Bidar S, Jayedi A (March 2022). "The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized trials". Pharmacological Research. 177 106100. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106100. PMID 35104631. S2CID 246419684.
Mazereeuw G, Lanctôt KL, Chau SA, et al. (July 2012). "Effects of ω-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis". Neurobiology of Aging. 33 (7): 1482.e17–1482.e29. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.014. PMID 22305186. S2CID 2603173.
Hüppi PS (March 2008). "Nutrition for the brain: commentary on the article by Isaacs et al. on page 308". Pediatric Research. 63 (3): 229–231. doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318168c6d1. PMID 18287959. S2CID 6564743.
Delpino FM, Figueiredo LM, da Silva BG, et al. (2022). "Omega-3 supplementation and diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 62 (16): 4435–4448. doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1875977. PMID 33480268. S2CID 231677714.

stuff.co.nz (Global: 387^th place; English: 194^th place)

Orr A (2014). "Malnutrition behind whale strandings". Stuff, Fairfax New Zealand Limited. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2015.

theglobeandmail.com (Global: 336^th place; English: 179^th place)

Beck L (9 May 2018). "Omega-3 eggs: healthier choice or marketing gimmick?". The Toronto Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2019.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Syal R (18 January 2022). "'It's mind-boggling': the hidden cost of our obsession with fish oil pills". The Guardian.
"Revealed: many common omega−3 fish oil supplements are 'rancid'". The Guardian. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.

translate.google.com (Global: 1,444^th place; English: 995^th place)

"Seed Oil Fatty Acids – SOFA Database Retrieval". Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2012. In German. Google translation Archived 29 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine

uea.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,154^th place)

ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk

Deane KH, Jimoh OF, Biswas P, et al. (March 2021). "Omega-3 and polyunsaturated fat for prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials" (PDF). The British Journal of Psychiatry. 218 (3): 135–142. doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.234. PMID 31647041.
Brainard JS, Jimoh OF, Deane KH, et al. (October 2020). "Omega-3, Omega-6, and Polyunsaturated Fat for Cognition: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials" (PDF). Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 21 (10): 1439–1450.e21. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.02.022. PMID 32305302.

uniprot.org (Global: 2,402^nd place; English: 2,501^st place)

"Sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine symporter 1". UniProt. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2016.

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; English: 322^nd place)

fdc.nal.usda.gov

Flax - USDA Database

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Essential Fatty Acids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 1 May 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
Jacobsen C, Nielsen NS, Horn AF, et al. (31 July 2013). Food Enrichment with Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Elsevier. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-85709-886-3. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
"Farmed fish: a major provider or a major consumer of omega-3 oils?| GLOBEFISH |". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
Caramia G (April 2008). "[The essential fatty acids omega-6 and omega-3: from their discovery to their use in therapy]". Minerva Pediatrica. 60 (2): 219–233. PMID 18449139. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
"FDA announces qualified health claims for omega−3 fatty acids" (Press release). United States Food and Drug Administration. 8 September 2004. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2006.
Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Acceptable nutrient function claims Archived 4 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 30 April 2015
"Omega−3 Fatty Acids: An Essential Contribution". TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston. 2017. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
"Conversion Efficiency of ALA to DHA in Humans". DHA EPA omega−3 Institute. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
"No need to avoid healthy omega-6 fats". May 2009. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
"Oil, vegetable, corn, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking; USDA Nutrient Data, SR-21". Conde Nast. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
"Sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine symporter 1". UniProt. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
"Omega−3 Centre". Omega−3 sources. Omega−3 Centre. Archived from the original on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
Zimmer C (17 September 2015). "Inuit Study Adds Twist to Omega-3 Fatty Acids' Health Story". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
"Seed Oil Fatty Acids – SOFA Database Retrieval". Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2012. In German. Google translation Archived 29 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
"WWW.osel.co.nz - 1st Domains" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Wilkinson J. "Nut Grower's Guide: The Complete Handbook for Producers and Hobbyists" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
"How Omega-6s Usurped Omega-3s In US Diet". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
Colin S (3 June 2010). "Washington Post's Egg Taste Test Says Homegrown And Factory Eggs Taste The Same [UPDATED, POLL]". Huffingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
"Gourmet Game – Amazing Nutrition Facts". 31 May 2019. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009.
"Natural Health Product Monograph – Seal Oil". Health Canada. 22 June 2009. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
European Parliament (9 November 2009). "MEPs adopt strict conditions for the placing on the market of seal products in the European Union". Hearings. European Parliament. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
Whittle P (6 June 2023). "Canadian company pleads guilty to shipping banned seal oil to US". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
Beck L (9 May 2018). "Omega-3 eggs: healthier choice or marketing gimmick?". The Toronto Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
"Product Review: Omega−3 Fatty Acids (EPA and DHA) from Fish/Marine Oils". ConsumerLab.com. 15 March 2005. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2007.
2005 study by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland: https://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/Dioxins_milk_survey_2005.pdf Archived 22 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine
"IFOS Home – The International Fish Oil Standards Program". Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
Orr A (2014). "Malnutrition behind whale strandings". Stuff, Fairfax New Zealand Limited. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
"Krill fisheries and sustainability". Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Tasmania, Australia. 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
"Revealed: many common omega−3 fish oil supplements are 'rancid'". The Guardian. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
"Top 10 Fish Oil Supplements". labdoor. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
O'Connor A (30 March 2015). "Fish Oil Claims Not Supported by Research". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
"Omega-3-acid ethyl esters - containing medicinal products for oral in use in secondary prevention after myocardial infarction". European Medicines Agency. 6 June 2019. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
"Herbal Remedies, Supplements & Acupuncture for Arthritis - Supplements for arthritis". American College of Rheumatology. June 2018. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
"Rheumatoid Arthritis: In-Depth". National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2019.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Mozaffarian, Rimm EB (2006). "Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits". Journal of the American Medical Association. 15 (1): 1885–1899. doi:10.1001/jama.296.15.1885. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 17047219.
Falk-Petersen A, Sargent JR, Henderson J, et al. (1998). "Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea". Polar Biology. 20 (1): 41–47. Bibcode:1998PoBio..20...41F. doi:10.1007/s003000050274. ISSN 0722-4060. S2CID 11027523. INIST 2356641.

Omega−3 fatty acid (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

apnews.com (Global: 101st place; English: 62nd place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

bfel.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

bond.edu.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

pure.bond.edu.au

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

ccamlr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

consumerlab.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

csiro.au (Global: 3,457th place; English: 2,432nd place)

publish.csiro.au

csiro.au

dhaomega3.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

europa.eu (Global: 62nd place; English: 100th place)

europarl.europa.eu

ema.europa.eu

fao.org (Global: 428th place; English: 480th place)

fda.gov (Global: 470th place; English: 329th place)

fsai.ie (Global: low place; English: low place)

hc-sc.gc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

health.harvard.edu (Global: 7,776th place; English: 8,917th place)

hsph.harvard.edu (Global: 9,638th place; English: 7,064th place)

huffingtonpost.com (Global: 212th place; English: 141st place)

ifosprogram.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

inist.fr (Global: 3,275th place; English: 4,190th place)

pascal-francis.inist.fr

inspection.gc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

labdoor.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

macromeats-gourmetgame.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

mayoclinicproceedings.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

medicalnewstoday.com (Global: 3,865th place; English: 3,829th place)

minervamedica.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041st place; English: 901st place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ods.od.nih.gov

nccih.nih.gov

nutritioninsight.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

nytimes.com

well.blogs.nytimes.com

omega-3centre.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

oregonstate.edu (Global: 2,217th place; English: 1,359th place)

lpi.oregonstate.edu

osel.co.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

prnewswire.com (Global: 546th place; English: 310th place)

rheumatology.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137th place; English: 146th place)

self.com (Global: 8,252nd place; English: 7,525th place)

nutritiondata.self.com

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

stuff.co.nz (Global: 387th place; English: 194th place)

theglobeandmail.com (Global: 336th place; English: 179th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16th place; English: 11th place)

translate.google.com (Global: 1,444th place; English: 995th place)

uea.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,154th place)

ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk

uniprot.org (Global: 2,402nd place; English: 2,501st place)

usda.gov (Global: 512th place; English: 322nd place)

fdc.nal.usda.gov

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

apnews.com (Global: 101^st place; English: 62^nd place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

csiro.au (Global: 3,457^th place; English: 2,432^nd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

fda.gov (Global: 470^th place; English: 329^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

health.harvard.edu (Global: 7,776^th place; English: 8,917^th place)

hsph.harvard.edu (Global: 9,638^th place; English: 7,064^th place)

huffingtonpost.com (Global: 212^th place; English: 141^st place)

inist.fr (Global: 3,275^th place; English: 4,190^th place)

medicalnewstoday.com (Global: 3,865^th place; English: 3,829^th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

oregonstate.edu (Global: 2,217^th place; English: 1,359^th place)

prnewswire.com (Global: 546^th place; English: 310^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

self.com (Global: 8,252^nd place; English: 7,525^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

stuff.co.nz (Global: 387^th place; English: 194^th place)

theglobeandmail.com (Global: 336^th place; English: 179^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

translate.google.com (Global: 1,444^th place; English: 995^th place)

uea.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,154^th place)

uniprot.org (Global: 2,402^nd place; English: 2,501^st place)

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; English: 322^nd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)