Open-source hardware (English Wikipedia)

Bonvoisin, Jérémy; Thomas, Laetitia; Mies, Robert; Gros, Céline; Stark, Rainer; Samuel, Karine; Jochem, Roland; Boujut, Jean-François (2017). "Current state of practices in open source product development". DS 87-2 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED 17) Vol 2: Design Processes, Design Organisation and Management, Vancouver, Canada, 21-25.08.2017: 111–120. ISSN 2220-4342.
Fjeldsted, Asta; Adalsteinsdottir, Gudrun; Howard, Thomas J.; McAloone, Tim (2012). "Open Source Development of Tangible Products". DS 71: Proceedings of NordDesign 2012, the 9th NordDesign Conference, Aarlborg University, Denmark. 22-24.08.2012.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Bonvoisin, Jérémy; Mies, Robert; Boujut, Jean-François; Stark, Rainer (2017-09-05). "What is the 'Source' of Open Source Hardware?". Journal of Open Hardware. 1 (1) 5. doi:10.5334/joh.7. ISSN 2514-1708.
Joshua M. Pearce. (2015-06-20). "Return on Investment for Open Source Hardware Development". Science and Public Policy. 43 (2): 192–195. doi:10.1093/scipol/scv034.
Gavras, Kosmas; Kostakis, Vasilis (2021). "Mapping the types of modularity in open-source hardware". Design Science. 7 e13. doi:10.1017/dsj.2021.11. ISSN 2053-4701.
Romani, Alessia; Bogoya, Anamaria Barrera; Cruz Sanchez, Fabio A.; Boudaoud, Hakim; Camargo, Mauricio; Pearce, Joshua M. (2026-08-01). "Open source technology readiness level assessment and application to the case study of distributed recycling for additive manufacturing". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 229 124700. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124700. ISSN 0040-1625.
Pinar, A.; Wijnen, B.; Anzalone, G. C.; Havens, T. C.; Sanders, P. G.; Pearce, J. M. (2015). "Low-Cost Open-Source Voltage and Current Monitor for Gas Metal Arc Weld 3D Printing". Journal of Sensors. 2015: 1–8. doi:10.1155/2015/876714.
Nilsiam, Yuenyong; Haselhuhn, Amberlee; Wijnen, Bas; Sanders, Paul; Pearce, Joshua (2015). "Integrated Voltage—Current Monitoring and Control of Gas Metal Arc Weld Magnetic Ball-Jointed Open Source 3-D Printer". Machines. 3 (4): 339–351. doi:10.3390/machines3040339.
Chiu, Shih-Hao; Urban, Pawel L. (2015). "Robotics-assisted mass spectrometry assay platform enabled by open-source electronics". Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 64: 260–268. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.087. PMID 25232666.
Chen, Chih-Lin; Chen, Ting-Ru; Chiu, Shih-Hao; Urban, Pawel L. (2017). "Dual robotic arm "production line" mass spectrometry assay guided by multiple Arduino-type microcontrollers". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 239: 608–616. Bibcode:2017SeAcB.239..608C. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2016.08.031.
Urban, Pawel L. (2015). "Universal electronics for miniature and automated chemical assays". The Analyst. 140 (4): 963–975. Bibcode:2015Ana...140..963U. doi:10.1039/C4AN02013H. PMID 25535820.
Prabhu, Gurpur Rakesh D.; Urban, Pawel L. (2017). "The dawn of unmanned analytical laboratories". Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 88: 41–52. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.011.
Jurkans, K; Fox, C. (2021). "Low-Cost Open Source ASIC Design and Fabrication: Creating your own chips with open source software and multiproject wafers". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. 16 (2): 67–74. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2024.3367652.
Kate, Jelle ten; Smit, Gerwin; Breedveld, Paul (3 April 2017). "3D-printed upper limb prostheses: a review". Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 12 (3): 300–314. doi:10.1080/17483107.2016.1253117. ISSN 1748-3107. PMID 28152642.
Gacek, C.; Arief, B. (January 2004). "The many meanings of open source". IEEE Software. 21 (1): 34–40. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.584.5392. doi:10.1109/MS.2004.1259206. ISSN 0740-7459. S2CID 11727447. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Bonvoisin, Jérémy; Mies, Robert; Boujut, Jean-François (2021). "Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware". Design Science. 7 (E22) e22. doi:10.1017/dsj.2021.14. S2CID 239108970.
Pearce, Joshua M. (2012). "Building Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware". Science. 337 (6100): 1303–1304. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1303P. doi:10.1126/science.1228183. PMID 22984059. S2CID 44722829.
Pearce, Joshua M. (2017). "Emerging Business Models for Open Source Hardware". Journal of Open Hardware. 1 (2) 2. doi:10.5334/joh.4.
Pearce, Joshua M. (2017-03-21). "Emerging Business Models for Open Source Hardware". Journal of Open Hardware. 1 (1) 2. doi:10.5334/joh.4. ISSN 2514-1708.
Li, Zhuoxuan; Seering, Warren (July 2019). "Does Open Source Hardware Have a Sustainable Business Model? An Analysis of Value Creation and Capture Mechanisms in Open Source Hardware Companies". Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design. 1 (1): 2239–2248. doi:10.1017/dsi.2019.230. ISSN 2220-4342.
Buitenhuis, A.J.; Pearce, J.M. (2012). "Open-source development of solar photovoltaic technology". Energy for Sustainable Development. 16 (3): 379–388. Bibcode:2012ESusD..16..379B. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2012.06.006. S2CID 109156001.
Pearce, J. M. (April 2016). "Return on investment for open source scientific hardware development". Science and Public Policy. 43 (2): 192–195. doi:10.1093/scipol/scv034.
Pearce, Joshua (27 February 2026). "Derisking the Finance of Open Source Hardware Development". Journal of Open Hardware. 10 (1). doi:10.5206/joh.v10i1.24454.
Pearce, Joshua M. (2012). "The case for open source appropriate technology". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 14 (3): 425–431. Bibcode:2012EDSus..14..425P. doi:10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9. S2CID 153800807.
Kostakis, Vasilis; Pazaitis, Alex; Liarokapis, Minas (2023-06-20). "Beyond high-tech versus low-tech: A tentative framework for sustainable urban data governance". BigData&Society. 10 (1) 20539517231180583. doi:10.1177/20539517231180583. ISSN 2053-9517.
Bonvoisin, Jérémy; Molloy, Jenny; Häuer, Martin; Wenzel, Tobias (19 August 2020). "Standardisation of Practices in Open Source Hardware". Journal of Open Hardware. 4 (1). arXiv:2004.07143. doi:10.5334/joh.22.

fossi-foundation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Welcome to FOSSi". fossi-foundation.org. Retrieved 2024-08-23.

freecores.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

FreeCores Main Page Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 25 November 2008

freedomdefined.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

, Open Source Hardware Definition. Freedom Defined. 2011.
OSHW.

freeio.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

freemodelfoundry.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

From OpenCollector's "License Zone" Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine: GPL used by Free Model Foundry and OpenSPARC; other licenses are used by Free-IP Project, LART (the software is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Hardware design is released under the MIT License), GNUBook (defunct).

frelanhardware.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mickel, Jack (2024-05-24). "Frelan Hardware". Frelan. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-20. Hardware is the backbone of innovation, transforming ideas into tangible reality, one circuit at a time."

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

"Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs". Free Software Foundation Inc.
Stallman, Richard (2015). "Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2023-07-16.

halfbakery.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Halfbakery: Open Source Hardware Initiative". Archived from the original on 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2008-02-18.

lemonde.fr (Global: 60^th place; English: 343^rd place)

"Mehdi Benchoufi, le médecin qui veut éclipser Laennec et son stéthoscope". Le Monde (in French). 2025-02-16. Retrieved 2025-02-26.

linux-magazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Byfield, Bruce. "Crowd Supply Boosts Open Hardware". Linux Magazine. Retrieved 2017-04-13.

linux.org.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

Murenin, Constantine A. (2006-12-10). "Почему так важно иметь документацию по программированию железа". Linux.org.ru (in Russian).

linuxfund.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Open Hardware Foundation, main page, retrieved 25 November 2008

littlebits.cc (Global: low place; English: low place)

support.littlebits.cc

Saddlemire, Katie (14 April 2015). "What does "Open Source" mean?". littleBits. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.

lwn.net (Global: 4,372^nd place; English: 3,269^th place)

Vervloesem, Koen (2023-10-18). "Defining open hardware". LWN.net.

makezine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Open Source Hardware Bank | Make". Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers. 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2017-09-09.

mtu.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,348^th place)

digitalcommons.mtu.edu

Pearce, Joshua M. (2017-03-21). "Emerging Business Models for Open Source Hardware". Journal of Open Hardware. 1 (1) 2. doi:10.5334/joh.4. ISSN 2514-1708.
Buitenhuis, A.J.; Pearce, J.M. (2012). "Open-source development of solar photovoltaic technology". Energy for Sustainable Development. 16 (3): 379–388. Bibcode:2012ESusD..16..379B. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2012.06.006. S2CID 109156001.

mse.mtu.edu

Pearce, Joshua. "Pearce Research Group - Current Projects". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2015.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chiu, Shih-Hao; Urban, Pawel L. (2015). "Robotics-assisted mass spectrometry assay platform enabled by open-source electronics". Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 64: 260–268. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.087. PMID 25232666.
Urban, Pawel L. (2015). "Universal electronics for miniature and automated chemical assays". The Analyst. 140 (4): 963–975. Bibcode:2015Ana...140..963U. doi:10.1039/C4AN02013H. PMID 25535820.
Kate, Jelle ten; Smit, Gerwin; Breedveld, Paul (3 April 2017). "3D-printed upper limb prostheses: a review". Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 12 (3): 300–314. doi:10.1080/17483107.2016.1253117. ISSN 1748-3107. PMID 28152642.
Pearce, Joshua M. (2012). "Building Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware". Science. 337 (6100): 1303–1304. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1303P. doi:10.1126/science.1228183. PMID 22984059. S2CID 44722829.

ohwr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CERN Open Hardware Licence". Open Hardware Repository. CERN. 2012-07-05. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
"Open Hardware Repository". Retrieved 16 April 2015.

openbsd.org (Global: low place; English: 9,957^th place)

Theo de Raadt (2016-12-03). Open Documentation for Hardware. OpenCON 2006, 2–3 December 2006. Courtyard Venice Airport, Venice/Tessera, Italy.

opencollector.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

From OpenCollector's "License Zone" Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine: GPL used by Free Model Foundry and OpenSPARC; other licenses are used by Free-IP Project, LART (the software is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Hardware design is released under the MIT License), GNUBook (defunct).
For a nearly comprehensive list of licenses, see OpenCollector's "license zone" Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine

opencores.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Item "What license is used for OpenCores?", from Opencores.org FAQ, retrieved 14 January 2013

opendesign.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Open Design Foundation". Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved May 25, 2020.

opengraphics.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

wiki.opengraphics.org

See "Are we going to get the 'source' for what is on the FPGA also?" in the Open Graphics Project FAQ Archived 2008-08-18 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 25 November 2008

openhardware.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

wiki.openhardware.org

"Recommended Licenses - Open Hardware Wiki". Archived from the original on 2012-03-28.

openhardwaresummit.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

openhardwaresummit.org

Ayass, M. 2011. CERN's Open Hardware License Archived 2011-12-06 at the Wayback Machine.

lists.openhardwaresummit.org

Bruce Perens, 2011a. Promoting Open Hardware Archived 2020-10-24 at the Wayback Machine.

osbr.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

McNamara, P. 2007a. "Open Hardware". The Open Source Business Resource (September 2007: Defining Open Source). "McNamara". Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2016-03-05..

oshwa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

brief-history-of-open-source-hardware-organizations-and-definitions Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine on OSHWA.org.
An Important Question on the Open Source Hardware Mark Archived 2016-03-08 at the Wayback Machine on oshwa.org (August 2012).
co-existence Archived 2020-10-21 at the Wayback Machine on oshwa.org (October 2012).
"Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Definition 1.0". Open Source Hardware Association. 2012-05-26. Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
Definition Archived 2016-04-13 at the Wayback Machine on oshwa.org
FAQ Archived 2020-10-29 at the Wayback Machine on oshwa.org "What license should I use? In general, there are two broad classes of open-source licenses: copyleft and permissive. Copyleft licenses (also referred to as "share-alike" or "viral") are those which require derivative works to be released under the same license as the original; common copyleft licenses include the GNU General Public License (GPL) and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Other copyleft licenses have been specifically designed for hardware; they include the CERN Open Hardware License (OHL) and the TAPR Open Hardware License (OHL). Permissive licenses are those which allow for proprietary (closed) derivatives; they include the FreeBSD license, the MIT license, and the Creative Commons Attribution license. Licenses that prevent commercial use are not compatible with open-source; see this question for more."
"Best Practices for Open-Source Hardware 1.0". Open Source Hardware Association. 2012-11-21. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2017-09-09.

peerproduction.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gavras, Kosmas (April 2019). "OPEN SOURCE BEYOND SOFTWARE: RE-INVENT OPEN DESIGN ON THE COMMON'S GROUND". Journal of Peer Production. 13.

polystruder.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Filament Maker Machines for 3D Printing | Polystruder". polystruder.com. Retrieved 2023-09-07.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Gacek, C.; Arief, B. (January 2004). "The many meanings of open source". IEEE Software. 21 (1): 34–40. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.584.5392. doi:10.1109/MS.2004.1259206. ISSN 0740-7459. S2CID 11727447. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Romani, Alessia; Bogoya, Anamaria Barrera; Cruz Sanchez, Fabio A.; Boudaoud, Hakim; Camargo, Mauricio; Pearce, Joshua M. (2026-08-01). "Open source technology readiness level assessment and application to the case study of distributed recycling for additive manufacturing". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 229 124700. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124700. ISSN 0040-1625.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Gacek, C.; Arief, B. (January 2004). "The many meanings of open source". IEEE Software. 21 (1): 34–40. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.584.5392. doi:10.1109/MS.2004.1259206. ISSN 0740-7459. S2CID 11727447. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Bonvoisin, Jérémy; Mies, Robert; Boujut, Jean-François (2021). "Seven observations and research questions about Open Design and Open Source Hardware". Design Science. 7 (E22) e22. doi:10.1017/dsj.2021.14. S2CID 239108970.
Pearce, Joshua M. (2012). "Building Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware". Science. 337 (6100): 1303–1304. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1303P. doi:10.1126/science.1228183. PMID 22984059. S2CID 44722829.
Buitenhuis, A.J.; Pearce, J.M. (2012). "Open-source development of solar photovoltaic technology". Energy for Sustainable Development. 16 (3): 379–388. Bibcode:2012ESusD..16..379B. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2012.06.006. S2CID 109156001.
Pearce, Joshua M. (2012). "The case for open source appropriate technology". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 14 (3): 425–431. Bibcode:2012EDSus..14..425P. doi:10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9. S2CID 153800807.

slideshare.net (Global: 2,941^st place; English: 3,213^th place)

fr.slideshare.net

Benjamin Tincq (2014-11-15). "Business Models for Open Source Hardware".

solderpad.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Solderpad licenses". Solderpad.org. Retrieved 2012-08-15.

spolearninglab.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Thompson, C. (2011). Build it. Share it. Profit. Can open source hardware work?. Work, 10, 08.

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

Open Source Product Development - The Meaning and Relevance of | Kerstin Balka | Springer. Forschungs-/Entwicklungs-/Innovations-Management. Gabler Verlag. 2011. ISBN 978-3-8349-3153-5.

ssrn.com (Global: 907^th place; English: 529^th place)

papers.ssrn.com

MacCormack, Alan; Rusnak, John; Baldwin, Carliss Y. (2011). "Exploring the Duality between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the Mirroring Hypothesis". SSRN 1104745.

tapr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The TAPR Open Hardware License". Retrieved 16 April 2015.

technocrat.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

transcript of all comments Archived 2008-05-18 at the Wayback Machine, hosted on technocrat.net

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

3D printing could offer developing world savings on replica lab kit - The Guardian, Friday 21 February 2014 01.59 EST

urbanlab.tw (Global: low place; English: low place)

Urban, Pawel. "Urban Lab at NTHU". Retrieved 16 November 2017.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Theo de Raadt (2016-12-03). Open Documentation for Hardware. OpenCON 2006, 2–3 December 2006. Courtyard Venice Airport, Venice/Tessera, Italy.
The Open Hardware Certification Program on openhardware.org (November 1998).
Freeman, D. 1998. OHSpec: The Open Hardware Specification Project.
"Open Design Foundation". Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
McNamara, P. 2007a. "Open Hardware". The Open Source Business Resource (September 2007: Defining Open Source). "McNamara". Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2016-03-05..
CERN launches Open Hardware initiative Archived 2012-07-01 at the Wayback Machine. CERN. 2011.
Ayass, M. 2011. CERN's Open Hardware License Archived 2011-12-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Bruce Perens, 2011a. Promoting Open Hardware Archived 2020-10-24 at the Wayback Machine.
Bruce Perens. 2011b. Open Hardware – Constitution. Open Hardware.
You've reached a web site owned by Perens LLC on openhardware.org.
brief-history-of-open-source-hardware-organizations-and-definitions Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine on OSHWA.org.
An Important Question on the Open Source Hardware Mark Archived 2016-03-08 at the Wayback Machine on oshwa.org (August 2012).
co-existence Archived 2020-10-21 at the Wayback Machine on oshwa.org (October 2012).
"Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Definition 1.0". Open Source Hardware Association. 2012-05-26. Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
From OpenCollector's "License Zone" Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine: GPL used by Free Model Foundry and OpenSPARC; other licenses are used by Free-IP Project, LART (the software is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Hardware design is released under the MIT License), GNUBook (defunct).
For a nearly comprehensive list of licenses, see OpenCollector's "license zone" Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
Hardware_Isn't_Generally_Copyrightable on openhardware.org
transcript of all comments Archived 2008-05-18 at the Wayback Machine, hosted on technocrat.net
Definition Archived 2016-04-13 at the Wayback Machine on oshwa.org
FAQ Archived 2020-10-29 at the Wayback Machine on oshwa.org "What license should I use? In general, there are two broad classes of open-source licenses: copyleft and permissive. Copyleft licenses (also referred to as "share-alike" or "viral") are those which require derivative works to be released under the same license as the original; common copyleft licenses include the GNU General Public License (GPL) and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Other copyleft licenses have been specifically designed for hardware; they include the CERN Open Hardware License (OHL) and the TAPR Open Hardware License (OHL). Permissive licenses are those which allow for proprietary (closed) derivatives; they include the FreeBSD license, the MIT license, and the Creative Commons Attribution license. Licenses that prevent commercial use are not compatible with open-source; see this question for more."
"Recommended Licenses - Open Hardware Wiki". Archived from the original on 2012-03-28.
FreeCores Main Page Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 25 November 2008
See "Are we going to get the 'source' for what is on the FPGA also?" in the Open Graphics Project FAQ Archived 2008-08-18 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 25 November 2008
Balloon License Archived 2008-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, from balloonboard.org
"Best Practices for Open-Source Hardware 1.0". Open Source Hardware Association. 2012-11-21. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
"Halfbakery: Open Source Hardware Initiative". Archived from the original on 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
Pearce, Joshua. "Pearce Research Group - Current Projects". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Saddlemire, Katie (14 April 2015). "What does "Open Source" mean?". littleBits. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
Mickel, Jack (2024-05-24). "Frelan Hardware". Frelan. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-20. Hardware is the backbone of innovation, transforming ideas into tangible reality, one circuit at a time."

wired.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 178^th place)

Stallman, Richard (2015-03-11). "Why We Need Free Digital Hardware Designs". Wired. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Lessig, Lawrence (September 2006). "Free, as in Beer". Wired. Vol. 14, no. 9. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
"Build It. Share It. Profit. Can Open Source Hardware Work?". Wired. 2008-10-20. Retrieved 16 April 2015.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Bonvoisin, Jérémy; Mies, Robert; Boujut, Jean-François; Stark, Rainer (2017-09-05). "What is the 'Source' of Open Source Hardware?". Journal of Open Hardware. 1 (1) 5. doi:10.5334/joh.7. ISSN 2514-1708.
Gavras, Kosmas; Kostakis, Vasilis (2021). "Mapping the types of modularity in open-source hardware". Design Science. 7 e13. doi:10.1017/dsj.2021.11. ISSN 2053-4701.
Romani, Alessia; Bogoya, Anamaria Barrera; Cruz Sanchez, Fabio A.; Boudaoud, Hakim; Camargo, Mauricio; Pearce, Joshua M. (2026-08-01). "Open source technology readiness level assessment and application to the case study of distributed recycling for additive manufacturing". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 229 124700. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124700. ISSN 0040-1625.
Kate, Jelle ten; Smit, Gerwin; Breedveld, Paul (3 April 2017). "3D-printed upper limb prostheses: a review". Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 12 (3): 300–314. doi:10.1080/17483107.2016.1253117. ISSN 1748-3107. PMID 28152642.
Gacek, C.; Arief, B. (January 2004). "The many meanings of open source". IEEE Software. 21 (1): 34–40. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.584.5392. doi:10.1109/MS.2004.1259206. ISSN 0740-7459. S2CID 11727447. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Bonvoisin, Jérémy; Thomas, Laetitia; Mies, Robert; Gros, Céline; Stark, Rainer; Samuel, Karine; Jochem, Roland; Boujut, Jean-François (2017). "Current state of practices in open source product development". DS 87-2 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED 17) Vol 2: Design Processes, Design Organisation and Management, Vancouver, Canada, 21-25.08.2017: 111–120. ISSN 2220-4342.
Pearce, Joshua M. (2017-03-21). "Emerging Business Models for Open Source Hardware". Journal of Open Hardware. 1 (1) 2. doi:10.5334/joh.4. ISSN 2514-1708.
Li, Zhuoxuan; Seering, Warren (July 2019). "Does Open Source Hardware Have a Sustainable Business Model? An Analysis of Value Creation and Capture Mechanisms in Open Source Hardware Companies". Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design. 1 (1): 2239–2248. doi:10.1017/dsi.2019.230. ISSN 2220-4342.
Kostakis, Vasilis; Pazaitis, Alex; Liarokapis, Minas (2023-06-20). "Beyond high-tech versus low-tech: A tentative framework for sustainable urban data governance". BigData&Society. 10 (1) 20539517231180583. doi:10.1177/20539517231180583. ISSN 2053-9517.

Open-source hardware (English Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

archive-it.org (Global: 1,292nd place; English: 869th place)

wayback.archive-it.org

arstechnica.com (Global: 473rd place; English: 338th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; English: 31st place)

balloonboard.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

byu.edu (Global: 1,502nd place; English: 829th place)

osl.byu.edu

cambridge.org (Global: 209th place; English: 151st place)

cern.ch (Global: 2,552nd place; English: 2,008th place)

public.web.cern.ch

debian.org (Global: 3,258th place; English: 2,984th place)

lists.debian.org

designsociety.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

fossi-foundation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

freecores.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

freedomdefined.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

freeio.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

freemodelfoundry.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

frelanhardware.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

gnu.org (Global: 1,901st place; English: 1,743rd place)

halfbakery.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

lemonde.fr (Global: 60th place; English: 343rd place)

linux-magazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

linux.org.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

linuxfund.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

littlebits.cc (Global: low place; English: low place)

support.littlebits.cc

lwn.net (Global: 4,372nd place; English: 3,269th place)

makezine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mtu.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,348th place)

digitalcommons.mtu.edu

mse.mtu.edu

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ohwr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

openbsd.org (Global: low place; English: 9,957th place)

opencollector.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

opencores.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

opendesign.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

opengraphics.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

wiki.opengraphics.org

openhardware.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

wiki.openhardware.org

openhardwaresummit.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

openhardwaresummit.org

lists.openhardwaresummit.org

osbr.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

oshwa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

peerproduction.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

polystruder.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

psu.edu (Global: 299th place; English: 159th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137th place; English: 146th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

slideshare.net (Global: 2,941st place; English: 3,213th place)

fr.slideshare.net

solderpad.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

spolearninglab.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

springer.com (Global: 182nd place; English: 172nd place)

ssrn.com (Global: 907th place; English: 529th place)

papers.ssrn.com

tapr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

technocrat.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16th place; English: 11th place)

urbanlab.tw (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wired.com (Global: 254th place; English: 178th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archive-it.org (Global: 1,292^nd place; English: 869^th place)

arstechnica.com (Global: 473^rd place; English: 338^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

byu.edu (Global: 1,502^nd place; English: 829^th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

cern.ch (Global: 2,552^nd place; English: 2,008^th place)

debian.org (Global: 3,258^th place; English: 2,984^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

lemonde.fr (Global: 60^th place; English: 343^rd place)

lwn.net (Global: 4,372^nd place; English: 3,269^th place)

mtu.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,348^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

openbsd.org (Global: low place; English: 9,957^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

slideshare.net (Global: 2,941^st place; English: 3,213^th place)

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

ssrn.com (Global: 907^th place; English: 529^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wired.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 178^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)