Open defecation (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Open defecation" in English language version.

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52web.archive.org

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1sanitationdrive2015.org

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aljazeera.com

Kuchay B (2 October 2019). "Modi declares India open defecation free, claim questioned". Al Jazeera.

amnesty.org

"Document". Amnesty.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.

bbc.com

In 2016, Kunwar Bai Yadav, a woman claiming to be 105 years old, said she had never heard about a toilet until that year, and had always gone into the nearby woods to defecate. Only when she learned about them, did she have one built in her community. Source: BBC News (India): "How a 105-year-old ended open defecation in her village" Archived 21 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 1 November 2016
Dinnoo S (17 June 2014). "Why do millions of Indians defecate in the open?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
Biswas S (6 October 2014). "Why India's sanitation crisis needs more than toilets". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.

bloomberg.com

"Where Did All the Public Bathrooms Go?". Bloomberg.com. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2023.

cnn.com

Helen Regan and Manveena Suri (6 October 2019). "Half of India couldn't access a toilet 5 years ago. Modi built 110M latrines -- but will people use them?". CNN. Retrieved 7 July 2021.

dailytimes.com.pk

"79m Pakistanis still lack a decent toilet: report". Daily Times. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2021.

dawn.com

"More than 40m Pakistanis defecate openly: Unicef – Pakistan". Dawn. 8 March 2015. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.

devex.com

Junaid Ahmad (30 October 2014). "How to eliminate open defecation by 2030". Devex. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.

dispatch.com

Manning A. "The world is NOT your toilet, Columbus police note". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.

dnaindia.com

"India has highest number of people practicing open defecation &#124". DNA India. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.

doi.org

Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, et al. (November 2014). "Effectiveness of a rural sanitation program on diarrhea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomized trial". The Lancet. Global Health. 2 (11): e645-53. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9. PMID 25442689.
O'Reilly K (1 January 2016). "From toilet insecurity to toilet security: creating safe sanitation for women and girls". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water. 3 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1002/wat2.1122. ISSN 2049-1948. S2CID 109965522.
Routray P, Schmidt WP, Boisson S, Clasen T, Jenkins MW (September 2015). "Socio-cultural and behavioural factors constraining latrine adoption in rural coastal Odisha: an exploratory qualitative study". BMC Public Health. 15: 880. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2206-3. PMC 4566293. PMID 26357958.
Bardosh K (1 November 2015). "Achieving "Total Sanitation" in Rural African Geographies: Poverty, Participation and Pit Latrines in Eastern Zambia". Geoforum. 66 (Supplement C): 53–63. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.09.004. S2CID 153649870.
Kwiringira J, Atekyereza P, Niwagaba C, Günther I (June 2014). "Descending the sanitation ladder in urban Uganda: evidence from Kampala Slums". BMC Public Health. 14: 624. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-624. PMC 4071028. PMID 24948084.
Tsinda A, Abbott P, Pedley S, Charles K, Adogo J, Okurut K, Chenoweth J (December 2013). "Challenges to achieving sustainable sanitation in informal settlements of Kigali, Rwanda". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 10 (12): 6939–54. doi:10.3390/ijerph10126939. PMC 3881150. PMID 24336021.
O'Reilly K (1 November 2006). ""Traditional" women, "modern" water: Linking gender and commodification in Rajasthan, India". Geoforum. 37 (6): 958–972. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.05.008.
Mara D (2017). "The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 7 (1). University of Leeds: 1–12. doi:10.2166/washdev.2017.027. ISSN 2043-9083. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
Abebe TA, Tucho GT (November 2020). "Open defecation-free slippage and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review". Systematic Reviews. 9 (1): 252. doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01511-6. PMC 7641843. PMID 33143715.
Spears D, Ghosh A, Cumming O (2013). "Open defecation and childhood stunting in India: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 districts". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73784. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873784S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073784. PMC 3774764. PMID 24066070.
Devine J (2010). "Beyond tippt-taps: The role of enabling products in scaling up and sustaining handwashing". Waterlines. 29 (4): 304–314. doi:10.3362/1756-3488.2010.033.

downtoearth.org.in

"Is open defecation back in India?". Down To Earth. 9 July 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2024.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Spears D, Ghosh A, Cumming O (2013). "Open defecation and childhood stunting in India: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 districts". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73784. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873784S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073784. PMC 3774764. PMID 24066070.

ids.ac.uk

opendocs.ids.ac.uk

Cavill; Chambers; Vernon (2015). Sustainability and CLTS: Taking Stock Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights Issue 4 (PDF). Institute of Development Studies. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-78118-222-2. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

indianexpress.com

"Phase 2 of Swachh Bharat Mission to focus on waste segregation at source". The Indian Express. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.

indiatimes.com

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

"India has highest number of people without basic sanitation: Report". Times of India. 7 November 2017.

economictimes.indiatimes.com

Sharma, Aman. "96% usage of toilets under Swachh Bharat, shows a survey by an independent verification agency". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 July 2021.

inquirer.net

newsinfo.inquirer.net

Lalu GP (23 November 2020). "SWS: 4% of PH households still have no toilets; 6% share facilities". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 4 July 2021.

iwaponline.com

Mara D (2017). "The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 7 (1). University of Leeds: 1–12. doi:10.2166/washdev.2017.027. ISSN 2043-9083. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.

lboro.ac.uk

violence-wash.lboro.ac.uk

House, Sarah, Suzanne Ferron, Marni Sommer and Sue Cavil (2014) Violence, Gender & WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit & nbsp ;– Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services Archived 4 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. London, UK: WaterAid/SHARE.
Cavil S. "Violence, gender and WASH: A practitioner's toolkit: Making Water, Sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services". WaterAid, SHARE Research Consortium. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.

livemint.com

"Survey data again casts doubt over reality of open defecation-free India".
"Gates Foundation award seen as boost to Swachh Bharat Abhiyan". Mint. 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.

mdws.gov.in

"Guidelines for ODF Verification" (PDF). Indian Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.

miamiherald.com

LINDA ROBERTSON (19 October 2019). "Poop and urine turn downtown streets into outdoor toilet". Miami Herald.

municode.com

library.municode.com

"Municode Library". library.municode.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.

nationalgeographic.com

"Nearly a Billion People Still Defecate Outdoors. Here's Why". 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.

nbclosangeles.com

Grover, Joel; Corral, Amy (19 February 2020). "Homeless People Are Without Toilets and Going in the Streets. We Asked the Mayor of LA Why". NBC Los Angeles.

ndtv.com

swachhindia.ndtv.com

"93 Per Cent Households In Rural India Have Access To Toilets, Says Government Survey | News". NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
"93 Percent Households In Rural India Have Access To Toilets, Says Government Survey | News". NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2021.

ndtv.com

"India Has Highest Number Of People Without Basic Sanitation: Report". NDTV. 7 November 2017.

newrepublic.com

Zakaria R (11 April 2019). "India's Futile War on Open Defecation". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, et al. (November 2014). "Effectiveness of a rural sanitation program on diarrhea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomized trial". The Lancet. Global Health. 2 (11): e645-53. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9. PMID 25442689.
Routray P, Schmidt WP, Boisson S, Clasen T, Jenkins MW (September 2015). "Socio-cultural and behavioural factors constraining latrine adoption in rural coastal Odisha: an exploratory qualitative study". BMC Public Health. 15: 880. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2206-3. PMC 4566293. PMID 26357958.
Kwiringira J, Atekyereza P, Niwagaba C, Günther I (June 2014). "Descending the sanitation ladder in urban Uganda: evidence from Kampala Slums". BMC Public Health. 14: 624. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-624. PMC 4071028. PMID 24948084.
Tsinda A, Abbott P, Pedley S, Charles K, Adogo J, Okurut K, Chenoweth J (December 2013). "Challenges to achieving sustainable sanitation in informal settlements of Kigali, Rwanda". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 10 (12): 6939–54. doi:10.3390/ijerph10126939. PMC 3881150. PMID 24336021.
Abebe TA, Tucho GT (November 2020). "Open defecation-free slippage and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review". Systematic Reviews. 9 (1): 252. doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01511-6. PMC 7641843. PMID 33143715.
Spears D, Ghosh A, Cumming O (2013). "Open defecation and childhood stunting in India: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 districts". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73784. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873784S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073784. PMC 3774764. PMID 24066070.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Routray P, Schmidt WP, Boisson S, Clasen T, Jenkins MW (September 2015). "Socio-cultural and behavioural factors constraining latrine adoption in rural coastal Odisha: an exploratory qualitative study". BMC Public Health. 15: 880. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2206-3. PMC 4566293. PMID 26357958.
Kwiringira J, Atekyereza P, Niwagaba C, Günther I (June 2014). "Descending the sanitation ladder in urban Uganda: evidence from Kampala Slums". BMC Public Health. 14: 624. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-624. PMC 4071028. PMID 24948084.
Tsinda A, Abbott P, Pedley S, Charles K, Adogo J, Okurut K, Chenoweth J (December 2013). "Challenges to achieving sustainable sanitation in informal settlements of Kigali, Rwanda". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 10 (12): 6939–54. doi:10.3390/ijerph10126939. PMC 3881150. PMID 24336021.
Abebe TA, Tucho GT (November 2020). "Open defecation-free slippage and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review". Systematic Reviews. 9 (1): 252. doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01511-6. PMC 7641843. PMID 33143715.
Spears D, Ghosh A, Cumming O (2013). "Open defecation and childhood stunting in India: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 districts". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73784. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873784S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073784. PMC 3774764. PMID 24066070.

nps.gov

"Leave No Trace". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.

ourworldindata.org

Hannah Ritchie (2019) - "Sanitation". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/sanitation' [Online Resource]

phnompenhpost.com

Chheng N. "Home toilet access improving". Phnompenhpost.com. Retrieved 4 July 2021.

recordnepal.com

@therecord. "Toilet trauma - The Record". Recordnepal.com. Retrieved 4 July 2021.

riceinstitute.org

"Revealed Preference for Open Defecation: Evidence from a new survey in rural north India (longer working paper) | r.i.c.e." riceinstitute.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.

roadtrippers.com

Martineau C (5 June 2019). "Nature is calling: Here's how to poop properly in the great outdoors". Roadtrippers. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020.

runnersworld.com

"We Urge You 'Mad Pooper,' Stop Crapping in Your Neighbor's Yard". Runner's World. 19 September 2017. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.

sanitationdrive2015.org

"Call to action on sanitation" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.

sdg-tracker.org

Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6) Archived 1 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine SDG-Tracker.org, website

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

O'Reilly K (1 January 2016). "From toilet insecurity to toilet security: creating safe sanitation for women and girls". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water. 3 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1002/wat2.1122. ISSN 2049-1948. S2CID 109965522.
Bardosh K (1 November 2015). "Achieving "Total Sanitation" in Rural African Geographies: Poverty, Participation and Pit Latrines in Eastern Zambia". Geoforum. 66 (Supplement C): 53–63. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.09.004. S2CID 153649870.

sfgate.com

Moffitt M (3 December 2019). "San Francisco plans to power-wash the poop out of the Tenderloin". SFGATE. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019.

statista.com

"Infographic: Where Open Defecation Is Still Widely Practiced". Statista Infographics. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.

susana.org

Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). 2014. ISBN 978-92-4-150724-0. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines Archived 27 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
"Understanding Gendered Sanitation Vulnerabilities: A Study in Uttar Pradesh - Resources". Susana.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Vyas (2014). Population density and the effect of sanitation on early-life health], slide 19 (presentation at UNC conference in Oct. 2014) (PDF). Research Institute for Compassionate Economics, project (r.i.c.e.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015 – via Sustainable Sanitation Alliance.
Lennon, S. (2011). Fear and anger: Perceptions of risks related to sexual violence against women linked to water and sanitation in Delhi, India Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine – Briefing Note. SHARE (Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity) and WaterAid, UK
Lennon S (November 2011). "Fear and anger: Perceptions of risks related to sexual violence against women linked to water and sanitation in Delhi, India". SHARE (Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity) and WaterAid, UK. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
Wheaton, A. (2009). Results of a medium-scale trial of single-use, self-sanitising toilet bags in poor urban settlements in Bangladesh Archived 27 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GTZ), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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thehindu.com

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thenews.com.pk

"Over 43 million people in Pakistan defecate in the open". The News International. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.

thewire.in

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thisamericanlife.org

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tribune.com.pk

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"An open defecation free India". unicef.org. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020. According to the national statistics, over 100 million household toilets were constructed by the deadline benefiting 500 million people across 630,000 villages, but the government acknowledged that more had to be done.
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wbur.org

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Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6) Archived 1 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine SDG-Tracker.org, website
Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). 2014. ISBN 978-92-4-150724-0. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Junaid Ahmad (30 October 2014). "How to eliminate open defecation by 2030". Devex. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
WHO and UNICEF (2019) Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2017: Special focus on inequalities Archived 25 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Geneva, Switzerland
WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines Archived 27 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
"Nearly a Billion People Still Defecate Outdoors. Here's Why". 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
"United Nations Deputy Secretary-General's Call to Action on Sanitation" (PDF). United Nations. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
Cavill; Chambers; Vernon (2015). Sustainability and CLTS: Taking Stock Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights Issue 4 (PDF). Institute of Development Studies. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-78118-222-2. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
"Guidelines for ODF Verification" (PDF). Indian Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
"Definition of ODF – Open Defecation Free (Indian government publication)". 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
"Public Bathrooms Become Ground Zero in the Opioid Epidemic". Wbur.org. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
"Understanding Gendered Sanitation Vulnerabilities: A Study in Uttar Pradesh - Resources". Susana.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
O'Connell K. "What Influences Open Defecation and Latrine Ownership in Rural Households?: Findings from a Global Review" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
"Nowhere to go How a lack of safe toilets threatens to increase violence against women in slums" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014.
"Document". Amnesty.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Water and Sanitation Programme and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2015). "Child Feces Disposal in Zambia" (PDF). International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank and UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
In 2016, Kunwar Bai Yadav, a woman claiming to be 105 years old, said she had never heard about a toilet until that year, and had always gone into the nearby woods to defecate. Only when she learned about them, did she have one built in her community. Source: BBC News (India): "How a 105-year-old ended open defecation in her village" Archived 21 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 1 November 2016
"Revealed Preference for Open Defecation: Evidence from a new survey in rural north India (longer working paper) | r.i.c.e." riceinstitute.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Mara D (2017). "The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 7 (1). University of Leeds: 1–12. doi:10.2166/washdev.2017.027. ISSN 2043-9083. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
"Data and estimates". JMP – WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. WHO/UNICEF. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
"People practicing open defecation (% of population) - Pakistan". World Bank. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021.
Zakaria R (11 April 2019). "India's Futile War on Open Defecation". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
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