Opiate (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Opiate" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

32nih.gov

4^th place

20worldcat.org

5^th place

19doi.org

2^nd place

8semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

3unodc.org

2,494^th place

2,269^th place

3web.archive.org

1^st place

3harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

1merriam-webster.com

209^th place

191^st place

1books.google.com

3^rd place

1reference.com

657^th place

613^th place

1cdc.gov

218^th place

212^th place

1who.int

195^th place

302^nd place

1mcmaster.ca

6,572^nd place

4,351^st place

1illinois.edu

1,349^th place

866^th place

1theguardian.com

12^th place

11^th place

1psu.edu

207^th place

136^th place

1un.org

97^th place

164^th place

1claudiacopeland.com

low place

1europa.eu

68^th place

117^th place

1asam.org

low place

1drugabuse.gov

6,166^th place

5,476^th place

1icsi.org

low place

1wiley.com

222^nd place

297^th place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

asam.org

"Morphine Equivalent Units/Morphine Milligram Equivalents". www.asam.org. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2019-11-10.

books.google.com

Hemmings, Hugh C.; Egan, Talmage D. (2014). Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 253. ISBN 978-1437716795. Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. It has been used in the past to refer to drugs with opium-like effects, but that use is dated. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).

cdc.gov

"CDC Press Releases". CDC. 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2019-10-17.

claudiacopeland.com

Copeland, CS (Jul–Aug 2014). "The Human Side of the Heroin Epidemic" (PDF). Healthcare Journal of New Orleans.

doi.org

Brownstein, M J (1993-06-15). "A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (12): 5391–5393. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5391B. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 46725. PMID 8390660.
Gruber, Staci A.; Silveri, Marisa M.; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A. (2007-09-01). "Neuropsychological Consequences of Opiate Use". Neuropsychology Review. 17 (3): 299–315. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9041-y. ISSN 1573-6660. PMID 17690984. S2CID 22057898.
Galanie, Stephanie; Thodey, Kate; Trenchard, Isis J.; Interrante, Maria Filsinger; Smolke, Christina D. (2015-09-04). "Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast". Science. 349 (6252): 1095–1100. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1095G. doi:10.1126/science.aac9373. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4924617. PMID 26272907.
Kirchheiner, J.; Schmidt, H.; Tzvetkov, M.; Keulen, J.-Tha; Lötsch, J.; Roots, I.; Brockmöller, J. (August 2007). "Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication". The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 7 (4): 257–265. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500406. ISSN 1473-1150. PMID 16819548. S2CID 6662662.
Inturrisi, Charles E. (July 2002). "Clinical pharmacology of opioids for pain". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 18 (4 Suppl): S3–13. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.326.4737. doi:10.1097/00002508-200207001-00002. ISSN 0749-8047. PMID 12479250. S2CID 17984040.
Ferrari, Anna; Coccia, Ciro Pio Rosario; Bertolini, Alfio; Sternieri, Emilio (December 2004). "Methadone--metabolism, pharmacokinetics and interactions". Pharmacological Research. 50 (6): 551–559. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2004.05.002. ISSN 1043-6618. PMID 15501692.
Anderson, Ilene B; Kearney, Thomas E (January 2000). "Use of methadone". Western Journal of Medicine. 172 (1): 43–46. doi:10.1136/ewjm.172.1.43. ISSN 0093-0415. PMC 1070723. PMID 10695444.
Lugo, Ralph A.; Satterfield, Kristin L.; Kern, Steven E. (2005). "Pharmacokinetics of methadone". Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. 19 (4): 13–24. doi:10.1080/J354v19n04_05. ISSN 1536-0288. PMID 16431829. S2CID 29509469.
Christrup, L. L. (January 1997). "Morphine metabolites". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 41 (1): 116–122. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04625.x. PMID 9061094. S2CID 9858042.
Andersen, Gertrud; Christrup, Lona; Sjøgren, Per (January 2003). "Relationships among morphine metabolism, pain and side effects during long-term treatment: an update". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 25 (1): 74–91. doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00531-6. ISSN 0885-3924. PMID 12565191.
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS; et al. (2016). "2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC". Eur Heart J. 37 (27): 2129–2200. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128. PMID 27206819.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Patanwala, Asad E; Duby, Jeremiah; Waters, Dustin; Erstad, Brian L (2007-02-01). "Opioid Conversions in Acute Care". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 41 (2): 255–267. doi:10.1345/aph.1H421. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 17299011. S2CID 2684749.
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo (2008). "Opioid complications and side effects". Pain Physician. 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635.
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo (March 2008). "Opioid complications and side effects". Pain Physician. 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635.
Foster, Adriana; Mobley, Elizabeth; Wang, Zixuan (2007). "Complicated Pain Management in a CYP450 2D6 Poor Metabolizer". Pain Practice. 7 (4): 352–356. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00153.x. ISSN 1533-2500. PMID 17986163. S2CID 30624022.
Pathan, Hasan; Williams, John (2012). "Basic opioid pharmacology: an update". British Journal of Pain. 6 (1): 11–16. doi:10.1177/2049463712438493. ISSN 2049-4637. PMC 4590096. PMID 26516461.
Pasternak, Gavril W.; Pan, Ying-Xian (October 2013). "Mu Opioids and Their Receptors: Evolution of a Concept". Pharmacological Reviews. 65 (4): 1257–1317. doi:10.1124/pr.112.007138. ISSN 0031-6997. PMC 3799236. PMID 24076545.
Webster, Lynn R. (2017). "Risk Factors for Opioid-Use Disorder and Overdose". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 125 (5): 1741–1748. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002496. ISSN 1526-7598. PMID 29049118.
Currow, David C; Phillips, Jane; Clark, Katherine (May 2016). "Using opioids in general practice for chronic non-cancer pain: an overview of current evidence". Medical Journal of Australia. 204 (8): 305–309. doi:10.5694/mja16.00066. hdl:10453/44764. ISSN 0025-729X. PMID 27125804. S2CID 8718457.

drugabuse.gov

Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "Prescription Opioids". www.drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-24.

europa.eu

emcdda.europa.eu

"Heroin drug profile | www.emcdda.europa.eu". www.emcdda.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-12-18.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Currow, David C; Phillips, Jane; Clark, Katherine (May 2016). "Using opioids in general practice for chronic non-cancer pain: an overview of current evidence". Medical Journal of Australia. 204 (8): 305–309. doi:10.5694/mja16.00066. hdl:10453/44764. ISSN 0025-729X. PMID 27125804. S2CID 8718457.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Brownstein, M J (1993-06-15). "A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (12): 5391–5393. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5391B. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 46725. PMID 8390660.
Galanie, Stephanie; Thodey, Kate; Trenchard, Isis J.; Interrante, Maria Filsinger; Smolke, Christina D. (2015-09-04). "Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast". Science. 349 (6252): 1095–1100. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1095G. doi:10.1126/science.aac9373. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4924617. PMID 26272907.

health.harvard.edu

Publishing, Harvard Health (27 September 2018). "Pain relief, opioids, and constipation". Harvard Health. Retrieved 2019-10-24.

icsi.org

"Appendix C – Opioid Pharmacology". ICSI. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2019-10-24.

illinois.edu

scs.illinois.edu

Synthesis of morphine alkaloids Presentation School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Archived 2013-02-28 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 12-02-2010

mcmaster.ca

nationalpaincentre.mcmaster.ca

"Canadian Guideline for Opioid Use for Pain — Appendix B-8: Opioid Conversion and Brand Availability in Canada". nationalpaincentre.mcmaster.ca. Retrieved 2016-04-18.

merriam-webster.com

"Definition of OPIOID". www.merriam-webster.com. 2023-11-06. Retrieved 2023-11-11.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Brownstein, M J (1993-06-15). "A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (12): 5391–5393. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5391B. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 46725. PMID 8390660.
Gruber, Staci A.; Silveri, Marisa M.; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A. (2007-09-01). "Neuropsychological Consequences of Opiate Use". Neuropsychology Review. 17 (3): 299–315. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9041-y. ISSN 1573-6660. PMID 17690984. S2CID 22057898.
Galanie, Stephanie; Thodey, Kate; Trenchard, Isis J.; Interrante, Maria Filsinger; Smolke, Christina D. (2015-09-04). "Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast". Science. 349 (6252): 1095–1100. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1095G. doi:10.1126/science.aac9373. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4924617. PMID 26272907.
Kirchheiner, J.; Schmidt, H.; Tzvetkov, M.; Keulen, J.-Tha; Lötsch, J.; Roots, I.; Brockmöller, J. (August 2007). "Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication". The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 7 (4): 257–265. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500406. ISSN 1473-1150. PMID 16819548. S2CID 6662662.
Inturrisi, Charles E. (July 2002). "Clinical pharmacology of opioids for pain". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 18 (4 Suppl): S3–13. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.326.4737. doi:10.1097/00002508-200207001-00002. ISSN 0749-8047. PMID 12479250. S2CID 17984040.
Grissinger, Matthew (August 2011). "Keeping Patients Safe From Methadone Overdoses". Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 36 (8): 462–466. ISSN 1052-1372. PMC 3171821. PMID 21935293.
Ferrari, Anna; Coccia, Ciro Pio Rosario; Bertolini, Alfio; Sternieri, Emilio (December 2004). "Methadone--metabolism, pharmacokinetics and interactions". Pharmacological Research. 50 (6): 551–559. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2004.05.002. ISSN 1043-6618. PMID 15501692.
Anderson, Ilene B; Kearney, Thomas E (January 2000). "Use of methadone". Western Journal of Medicine. 172 (1): 43–46. doi:10.1136/ewjm.172.1.43. ISSN 0093-0415. PMC 1070723. PMID 10695444.
Lugo, Ralph A.; Satterfield, Kristin L.; Kern, Steven E. (2005). "Pharmacokinetics of methadone". Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. 19 (4): 13–24. doi:10.1080/J354v19n04_05. ISSN 1536-0288. PMID 16431829. S2CID 29509469.
Christrup, L. L. (January 1997). "Morphine metabolites". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 41 (1): 116–122. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04625.x. PMID 9061094. S2CID 9858042.
Andersen, Gertrud; Christrup, Lona; Sjøgren, Per (January 2003). "Relationships among morphine metabolism, pain and side effects during long-term treatment: an update". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 25 (1): 74–91. doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00531-6. ISSN 0885-3924. PMID 12565191.
Cohen, Brandon; Preuss, Charles V. (2019), "Opioid Analgesics", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29083658, retrieved 2019-10-31
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS; et al. (2016). "2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC". Eur Heart J. 37 (27): 2129–2200. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128. PMID 27206819.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Albert RH (2017). "End-of-Life Care: Managing Common Symptoms". Am Fam Physician. 95 (6): 356–361. PMID 28318209.
Patanwala, Asad E; Duby, Jeremiah; Waters, Dustin; Erstad, Brian L (2007-02-01). "Opioid Conversions in Acute Care". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 41 (2): 255–267. doi:10.1345/aph.1H421. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 17299011. S2CID 2684749.
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo (2008). "Opioid complications and side effects". Pain Physician. 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635.
Benyamin, Ramsin; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Buenaventura, Ricardo; Adlaka, Rajive; Sehgal, Nalini; Glaser, Scott E.; Vallejo, Ricardo (March 2008). "Opioid complications and side effects". Pain Physician. 11 (2 Suppl): S105–120. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 18443635.
Foster, Adriana; Mobley, Elizabeth; Wang, Zixuan (2007). "Complicated Pain Management in a CYP450 2D6 Poor Metabolizer". Pain Practice. 7 (4): 352–356. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00153.x. ISSN 1533-2500. PMID 17986163. S2CID 30624022.
Fornasari, Diego (2014). "Pain pharmacology: focus on opioids". Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism. 11 (3): 165–168. ISSN 1724-8914. PMC 4269136. PMID 25568646.
Pathan, Hasan; Williams, John (2012). "Basic opioid pharmacology: an update". British Journal of Pain. 6 (1): 11–16. doi:10.1177/2049463712438493. ISSN 2049-4637. PMC 4590096. PMID 26516461.
Pasternak, Gavril W.; Pan, Ying-Xian (October 2013). "Mu Opioids and Their Receptors: Evolution of a Concept". Pharmacological Reviews. 65 (4): 1257–1317. doi:10.1124/pr.112.007138. ISSN 0031-6997. PMC 3799236. PMID 24076545.
Webster, Lynn R. (2017). "Risk Factors for Opioid-Use Disorder and Overdose". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 125 (5): 1741–1748. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002496. ISSN 1526-7598. PMID 29049118.
Currow, David C; Phillips, Jane; Clark, Katherine (May 2016). "Using opioids in general practice for chronic non-cancer pain: an overview of current evidence". Medical Journal of Australia. 204 (8): 305–309. doi:10.5694/mja16.00066. hdl:10453/44764. ISSN 0025-729X. PMID 27125804. S2CID 8718457.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Brownstein, M J (1993-06-15). "A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (12): 5391–5393. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5391B. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 46725. PMID 8390660.
Galanie, Stephanie; Thodey, Kate; Trenchard, Isis J.; Interrante, Maria Filsinger; Smolke, Christina D. (2015-09-04). "Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast". Science. 349 (6252): 1095–1100. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1095G. doi:10.1126/science.aac9373. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4924617. PMID 26272907.
Grissinger, Matthew (August 2011). "Keeping Patients Safe From Methadone Overdoses". Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 36 (8): 462–466. ISSN 1052-1372. PMC 3171821. PMID 21935293.
Anderson, Ilene B; Kearney, Thomas E (January 2000). "Use of methadone". Western Journal of Medicine. 172 (1): 43–46. doi:10.1136/ewjm.172.1.43. ISSN 0093-0415. PMC 1070723. PMID 10695444.
Cohen, Brandon; Preuss, Charles V. (2019), "Opioid Analgesics", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29083658, retrieved 2019-10-31
Fornasari, Diego (2014). "Pain pharmacology: focus on opioids". Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism. 11 (3): 165–168. ISSN 1724-8914. PMC 4269136. PMID 25568646.
Pathan, Hasan; Williams, John (2012). "Basic opioid pharmacology: an update". British Journal of Pain. 6 (1): 11–16. doi:10.1177/2049463712438493. ISSN 2049-4637. PMC 4590096. PMID 26516461.
Pasternak, Gavril W.; Pan, Ying-Xian (October 2013). "Mu Opioids and Their Receptors: Evolution of a Concept". Pharmacological Reviews. 65 (4): 1257–1317. doi:10.1124/pr.112.007138. ISSN 0031-6997. PMC 3799236. PMID 24076545.

ghr.nlm.nih.gov

Reference, Genetics Home. "Opioid addiction". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2019-10-24.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Inturrisi, Charles E. (July 2002). "Clinical pharmacology of opioids for pain". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 18 (4 Suppl): S3–13. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.326.4737. doi:10.1097/00002508-200207001-00002. ISSN 0749-8047. PMID 12479250. S2CID 17984040.

reference.com

dictionary.reference.com

"Opiate - Definitions from Dictionary.com". dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2008-07-04.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Gruber, Staci A.; Silveri, Marisa M.; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A. (2007-09-01). "Neuropsychological Consequences of Opiate Use". Neuropsychology Review. 17 (3): 299–315. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9041-y. ISSN 1573-6660. PMID 17690984. S2CID 22057898.
Kirchheiner, J.; Schmidt, H.; Tzvetkov, M.; Keulen, J.-Tha; Lötsch, J.; Roots, I.; Brockmöller, J. (August 2007). "Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication". The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 7 (4): 257–265. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500406. ISSN 1473-1150. PMID 16819548. S2CID 6662662.
Inturrisi, Charles E. (July 2002). "Clinical pharmacology of opioids for pain". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 18 (4 Suppl): S3–13. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.326.4737. doi:10.1097/00002508-200207001-00002. ISSN 0749-8047. PMID 12479250. S2CID 17984040.
Lugo, Ralph A.; Satterfield, Kristin L.; Kern, Steven E. (2005). "Pharmacokinetics of methadone". Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. 19 (4): 13–24. doi:10.1080/J354v19n04_05. ISSN 1536-0288. PMID 16431829. S2CID 29509469.
Christrup, L. L. (January 1997). "Morphine metabolites". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 41 (1): 116–122. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04625.x. PMID 9061094. S2CID 9858042.
Patanwala, Asad E; Duby, Jeremiah; Waters, Dustin; Erstad, Brian L (2007-02-01). "Opioid Conversions in Acute Care". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 41 (2): 255–267. doi:10.1345/aph.1H421. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 17299011. S2CID 2684749.
Foster, Adriana; Mobley, Elizabeth; Wang, Zixuan (2007). "Complicated Pain Management in a CYP450 2D6 Poor Metabolizer". Pain Practice. 7 (4): 352–356. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00153.x. ISSN 1533-2500. PMID 17986163. S2CID 30624022.
Currow, David C; Phillips, Jane; Clark, Katherine (May 2016). "Using opioids in general practice for chronic non-cancer pain: an overview of current evidence". Medical Journal of Australia. 204 (8): 305–309. doi:10.5694/mja16.00066. hdl:10453/44764. ISSN 0025-729X. PMID 27125804. S2CID 8718457.

theguardian.com

Mobley, Emily (2015-08-13). "Yeast cells genetically modified to create morphine-like painkiller". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-04-17.

un.org

dataunodc.un.org

"Annual prevalence of use of drugs, by region and globally, 2016". World Drug Report 2018. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

unodc.org

"Status and Trend Analysis of Illict [sic] Drug Markets" (PDF). World Drug Report 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
"Annual prevalence of use of drugs, by region and globally, 2016". World Drug Report 2018. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
"Esters of Morphine". www.unodc.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 10 March 2012.

web.archive.org

Synthesis of morphine alkaloids Presentation School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Archived 2013-02-28 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 12-02-2010
"Morphine Equivalent Units/Morphine Milligram Equivalents". www.asam.org. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
"Appendix C – Opioid Pharmacology". ICSI. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2019-10-24.

who.int

"WHO | Information sheet on opioid overdose". WHO. Retrieved 2019-10-21.

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Currow, David C; Phillips, Jane; Clark, Katherine (May 2016). "Using opioids in general practice for chronic non-cancer pain: an overview of current evidence". Medical Journal of Australia. 204 (8): 305–309. doi:10.5694/mja16.00066. hdl:10453/44764. ISSN 0025-729X. PMID 27125804. S2CID 8718457.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Brownstein, M J (1993-06-15). "A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (12): 5391–5393. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5391B. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 46725. PMID 8390660.
Gruber, Staci A.; Silveri, Marisa M.; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A. (2007-09-01). "Neuropsychological Consequences of Opiate Use". Neuropsychology Review. 17 (3): 299–315. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9041-y. ISSN 1573-6660. PMID 17690984. S2CID 22057898.
Galanie, Stephanie; Thodey, Kate; Trenchard, Isis J.; Interrante, Maria Filsinger; Smolke, Christina D. (2015-09-04). "Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast". Science. 349 (6252): 1095–1100. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1095G. doi:10.1126/science.aac9373. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4924617. PMID 26272907.
Mobley, Emily (2015-08-13). "Yeast cells genetically modified to create morphine-like painkiller". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
Kirchheiner, J.; Schmidt, H.; Tzvetkov, M.; Keulen, J.-Tha; Lötsch, J.; Roots, I.; Brockmöller, J. (August 2007). "Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication". The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 7 (4): 257–265. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500406. ISSN 1473-1150. PMID 16819548. S2CID 6662662.
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