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Aurin M (January 1, 2000). "Chasing the Dragon: The Cultural Metamorphosis of Opium in the United States, 1825–1935". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 14 (3): 414–441. doi:10.1525/maq.2000.14.3.414. JSTOR649506. PMID11036586.
Kramer John C (1979). "Opium Rampant: Medical Use, Misuse and Abuse in Britain and the West in the 17th and 18th Centuries". British Journal of Addiction. 74 (4): 377–389. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1979.tb01367.x. PMID396938.
Frick S, Kramell R, Schmidt J, Fist AJ, Kutchan TM (May 2005). "Comparative qualitative and quantitative determination of alkaloids in narcotic and condiment Papaver somniferum cultivars". Journal of Natural Products. 68 (5): 666–73. doi:10.1021/np0496643. PMID15921406.
Meadway C, George S, Braithwaite R (August 31, 1998). "Opiate concentrations following the ingestion of poppy seed products—evidence for 'the poppy seed defence'". Forensic Science International. 96 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(98)00107-8. PMID9800363.
Trafkowski J, Madea B, Musshoff F (August 2006). "The significance of putative urinary markers of illicit heroin use after consumption of poppy seed products". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 28 (4): 552–8. doi:10.1097/00007691-200608000-00011. PMID16885724. S2CID22585610.
Goodhand J (2000). "From holy war to opium war? A case study of the opium economy in North Eastern Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 19 (2): 265–280. doi:10.1080/02634930050079354. PMID18348361. S2CID2591603.
Alper KR, Lotsof HS, Kaplan CD (January 2008). "The ibogaine medical subculture". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 115 (1): 9–24. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.034. PMID18029124.
Trafkowski J, Madea B, Musshoff F (August 2006). "The significance of putative urinary markers of illicit heroin use after consumption of poppy seed products". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 28 (4): 552–8. doi:10.1097/00007691-200608000-00011. PMID16885724. S2CID22585610.
Goodhand J (2000). "From holy war to opium war? A case study of the opium economy in North Eastern Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 19 (2): 265–280. doi:10.1080/02634930050079354. PMID18348361. S2CID2591603.
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The painkilling fields: England's opium poppies that tackle the NHS morphine crisis, Press releaseArchived October 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, September 15, 2007.