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Aurin M (January 1, 2000). "Chasing the Dragon: The Cultural Metamorphosis of Opium in the United States, 1825–1935". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 14 (3): 414–441. doi:10.1525/maq.2000.14.3.414. JSTOR649506. PMID11036586.
Kramer John C (1979). "Opium Rampant: Medical Use, Misuse and Abuse in Britain and the West in the 17th and 18th Centuries". British Journal of Addiction. 74 (4): 377–389. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1979.tb01367.x. PMID396938.
Frick S, Kramell R, Schmidt J, Fist AJ, Kutchan TM (May 2005). "Comparative qualitative and quantitative determination of alkaloids in narcotic and condiment Papaver somniferum cultivars". Journal of Natural Products. 68 (5): 666–73. Bibcode:2005JNAtP..68..666F. doi:10.1021/np0496643. PMID15921406.
Meadway C, George S, Braithwaite R (August 31, 1998). "Opiate concentrations following the ingestion of poppy seed products—evidence for 'the poppy seed defence'". Forensic Science International. 96 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(98)00107-8. PMID9800363.
Trafkowski J, Madea B, Musshoff F (August 2006). "The significance of putative urinary markers of illicit heroin use after consumption of poppy seed products". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 28 (4): 552–8. doi:10.1097/00007691-200608000-00011. PMID16885724. S2CID22585610.
Goodhand J (2000). "From holy war to opium war? A case study of the opium economy in North Eastern Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 19 (2): 265–280. doi:10.1080/02634930050079354. PMID18348361. S2CID2591603.
Ballantyne JC, Mao J (November 13, 2003). "Opioid therapy for chronic pain". The New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (20): 1943–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMra025411. PMID14614170.
Trafkowski J, Madea B, Musshoff F (August 2006). "The significance of putative urinary markers of illicit heroin use after consumption of poppy seed products". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 28 (4): 552–8. doi:10.1097/00007691-200608000-00011. PMID16885724. S2CID22585610.
Goodhand J (2000). "From holy war to opium war? A case study of the opium economy in North Eastern Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 19 (2): 265–280. doi:10.1080/02634930050079354. PMID18348361. S2CID2591603.
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Windle, J. (2011). 'Ominous Parallels and Optimistic Differences: Opium in China and Afghanistan'. Law, Crime and History, Vol. 2(1), pp. 141–164. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1692/Archived November 14, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
Lomax E (1973). "The Uses and Abuses Of Opiates In Nineteenth-Century England". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 47 (2): 167–176. ISSN0007-5140. JSTOR44447528. PMID4584236.