Here: "orcus [orc].. þrys ꝉ heldeofol" is the redaction given by Pheifer 1974, p. 37n but þrys appears to be a mistranscription for þyrs. The original text uses "ꝉ", the scribal abbreviation for Latin vel meaning "or", which Wright has silently expanded as Anglo-Saxon oððe.
Klaeber here takes orcus to be the world and not the god, as does Bosworth & Toller 1898, p.764: "orc, es; m. The infernal regions (orcus)", though the latter seems to predicate on synthesizing the compound "Orcþyrs" by altering the reading of the Cleopatra glossaries as given by Wright's Voc. ii. that he sources. Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. Northcote (1898). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Vol.1 A-Fir. Clarendon Press. p.764.
Klaeber 1950, p.183: "orcneas: 'evil spirits' does not bring out all the meaning. Orcneas is compounded of orc (from the Lat. orcus "the underworld" or Hades) and neas "corpses". Necromancy was practised among the ancient Germani and was familiar among the pagan Norsemen who revived it in England when they invaded". Klaeber, Friedrich (1950). Beowulf and the Finnesburg Fragment. Translated by John R. Clark Hall (3ed.). Allen & Unwin.
Chausse, Jean (2016). "Le pouvoir féminin en Arda". In Qadri, Jean-Philippe; Sainton, Jérôme (eds.). Pour la gloire de ce monde. Recouvrements et consolations en Terre du Milieu (in French). Le Dragon de Brume. p.160, n7. ISBN978-2-9539896-4-9.
Mohr, Joseph (7 December 2019). "Orcs in Dungeons and Dragons". Old School Role Playing. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
