Orchid (English Wikipedia)

Appendices I, II and III, CITES, archived from the original on 15 April 2012, retrieved 10 September 2025
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Brunello, Luca; Polverini, Ester; Lauria, Giulia; Landi, Marco; Guidi, Lucia; Loreti, Elena; Perata, Pierdomenico (6 March 2024). "Root photosynthesis prevents hypoxia in the epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis". Functional Plant Biology. 51 (3) 23227. Bibcode:2024FunPB..5123227B. doi:10.1071/FP23227. hdl:11382/566393. PMID 38442921.

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Pillon, Yohan; Chase, Mark W. (2007). "Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation". Conservation Biology. 21 (1): 263–265. Bibcode:2007ConBi..21..263P. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00573.x. PMID 17298532.
Brunello, Luca; Polverini, Ester; Lauria, Giulia; Landi, Marco; Guidi, Lucia; Loreti, Elena; Perata, Pierdomenico (6 March 2024). "Root photosynthesis prevents hypoxia in the epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis". Functional Plant Biology. 51 (3) 23227. Bibcode:2024FunPB..5123227B. doi:10.1071/FP23227. hdl:11382/566393. PMID 38442921.
Tan K.H.; Nishida R. (2000). "Mutual reproductive benefits between a wild orchid, Bulbophyllum patens, and Bactrocera fruit flies via a floral synomone". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 26 (2): 533–546. Bibcode:2000JCEco..26..533T. doi:10.1023/A:1005477926244.
Tan, Keng-Hong; Nishida, Ritsuo; Toong, Yock-Chai (June 2002). "Floral Synomone of a Wild Orchid, Bulbophyllum cheiri, Lures Bactrocera Fruit Flies for Pollination". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (6): 1161–1172. Bibcode:2002JCEco..28.1161T. doi:10.1023/A:1016277500007. PMID 12184394.
Raina, Ashok K.; Bland, John M.; Osbrink, Weste (March 2005). "Hydroquinone Is Not A Phagostimulant For The Formosan Subterranean Termite". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 31 (3): 509–517. Bibcode:2005JCEco..31..509R. doi:10.1007/s10886-005-2026-5. PMID 15898498.
Chen, Li-Jun; Liu, Ke-Wei; Xiao, Xin-Ju; Tsai, Wen-Chieh; Hsiao, Yu-Yun; Huang, Jie; Liu, Zhong-Jian (2012). "The anther steps onto the stigma for self-fertilization in a slipper orchid". PLOS One. 7 (5) e37478. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...737478C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037478. PMC 3359306. PMID 22649529.
Schiestl, F. P. (2005). "On the success of a swindle: pollination by deception in orchids" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 92 (6): 255–264. Bibcode:2005NW.....92..255S. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0636-y. hdl:20.500.11850/32223. PMID 15931514. S2CID 24626163.
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Gögler, J.; Stökl, J.; Sramkova, A.; Twele, R.; Francke, W.; et al. (2009). "Ménage à Trois — Two Endemic Species of Deceptive Orchids and One Pollinator Species". Evolution. 63 (9): 2222–2234. Bibcode:2009Evolu..63.2222G. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00712.x. PMID 19473395.
Stokl, J.; Schluter, P. M.; Stuessy, T. F.; Paulus, H. F.; Fraberger, R.; Erdmann, D.; Schulz, C.; et al. (2009). "Speciation in sexually deceptive orchids: pollinator-driven selection maintains discrete odour phenotypes in hybridizing species". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 98 (2): 439–451. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01279.x.
Kimsey Lynn Siri (1980). "The behaviour of male orchid bees (Apidae, Hymenoptera, Insecta) and the question of leks". Animal Behaviour. 28 (4): 996–1004. Bibcode:1980AnBeh..28..996K. doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(80)80088-1.
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Krawczyk, Emilia; Rojek, Joanna; Kowalkowska, Agnieszka K.; Kapusta, Małgorzata; Znaniecka, Joanna; Minasiewicz, Julita (July 2016). "Evidence for mixed sexual and asexual reproduction in the rare European mycoheterotrophic orchid Epipogium aphyllum, Orchidaceae (ghost orchid)". Annals of Botany. 118 (1): 159–172. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw084. PMC 4934402. PMID 27288512.
Kurzweil, H. (September 1993). "Seed morphology in Southern African Orchidoideae (Orchidaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 185 (3–4): 229–247. Bibcode:1993PSyEv.185..229K. doi:10.1007/BF00937660.
Ramírez, Santiago R.; Gravendeel, Barbara; Singer, Rodrigo B.; Marshall, Charles R.; Pierce, Naomi E. (30 August 2007). "Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator". Nature. 448 (7157): 1042–1045. Bibcode:2007Natur.448.1042R. doi:10.1038/nature06039. PMID 17728756.
Poinar, George, Jr.; Rasmussen, Finn N. (2017). "Orchids from the past, with a new species in Baltic amber". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 183 (3): 327–333. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/bow018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Bogarín, Diego; Przelomska, Natalia A. S.; Ackerman, James D.; Balbuena, Juan A.; et al. (April 2024). "The origin and speciation of orchids". New Phytologist. 242 (2): 700–716. Bibcode:2024NewPh.242..700P. doi:10.1111/nph.19580. hdl:10550/97112. PMID 38382573.
Zhang, Guo-Qiang; Liu, Ke-Wei; Li, Zhen; Lohaus, Rolf; Hsiao, Yu-Yun; et al. (2017). "The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids" (PDF). Nature. 549 (7672): 379–383. Bibcode:2017Natur.549..379Z. doi:10.1038/nature23897. PMC 7416622. PMID 28902843.
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998). "An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (4): 531–553. Bibcode:1998AnMBG..85..531.. doi:10.2307/2992015. JSTOR 2992015. (Available online: (PDF))
Guillaume Chomicki; Luc P.R. Bidel; Feng Ming; Mario Coiro; Xuan Zhang; Yaofeng Wang; Yves Baissac; Christian Jay-Allemand & Susanne S. Renner (2015). "The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV-B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the Cenozoic". New Phytologist. 205 (3): 1330–1341. Bibcode:2015NewPh.205.1330C. doi:10.1111/nph.13106. PMID 25345817.
Givnish, Thomas J.; Spalink, Daniel; Ames, Mercedes; Lyon, Stephanie P.; Hunter, Steven J.; et al. (2015). "Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1814) 20151553. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1553. PMC 4571710. PMID 26311671.
Simpson, Michael G. (2010). "Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants". Plant Systematics. pp. 181–274. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374380-0.50007-5. ISBN 978-0-12-374380-0.
Freudenstein, John V. (9 May 2025). "Orchid phylogenetics and evolution: history, current status and prospects" (PDF). Annals of Botany. 135 (5): 805–822. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae202. PMC 12064432. PMID 39545932. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
Melissa Whitman; Michael Medler; Jean Jacques Randriamanindry; Elisabeth Rabakonandrianina (2011). "Conservation of Madagascar's granite outcrop orchids: influence of fire and moisture" (PDF). Lankesteriana. 11 (1): 55–67. doi:10.15517/lank.v11i1.18315.
Leake, Jonathan R. (August 2005). "Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the 'saprophytic' plant myth". Mycologist. 19 (3): 113–122. doi:10.1017/S0269-915X(05)00304-6.
Sathiyadash, Kullaiyan; Muthukumar, Thangavelu; Uma, Eswaranpillai; Pandey, Radha Raman (September 2012). "Mycorrhizal association and morphology in orchids". Journal of Plant Interactions. 7 (3): 238–247. Bibcode:2012JPlaI...7..238S. doi:10.1080/17429145.2012.699105.
Gebauer, Gerhard; Meyer, M. (October 2003). "15 N and 13 C natural abundance of autotrophic and myco-heterotrophic orchids provides insight into nitrogen and carbon gain from fungal association". New Phytologist. 160 (1): 209–223. Bibcode:2003NewPh.160..209G. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00872.x. PMID 33873535.
Pecoraro, L.; Girlanda, M.; Kull, T.; Perini, C.; Perotto, S. (1 December 2012). "Molecular identification of root fungal associates in Orchis pauciflora Tenore". Plant Biosystems. 146 (4): 985–991. Bibcode:2012PBios.146..985P. doi:10.1080/11263504.2011.634447. hdl:2318/93116.
Sinha, A. K.; Sharma, U. K.; Sharma, N. (2008). "A comprehensive review on vanilla flavor: Extraction, isolation and quantification of vanillin and others constituents". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 59 (4): 299–326. doi:10.1080/09687630701539350. PMID 17886091. S2CID 37559260.
Gross, K.; Sun, M; Schiestl, F. P. (2016). "Why Do Floral Perfumes Become Different? Region-Specific Selection on Floral Scent in a Terrestrial Orchid". PLOS One. 11 (2) e0147975. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147975G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147975. PMC 4757410. PMID 26886766.
Liu, Hong; Feng, Chang-Lin; Chen, Bao-Shan; Wang, Zhong-Sheng; Xie, Xiao-Qing; et al. (June 2012). "Overcoming extreme weather challenges: Successful but variable assisted colonization of wild orchids in southwestern China". Biological Conservation. 150 (1): 68–75. Bibcode:2012BCons.150...68L. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.02.018.

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Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
Brunello, Luca; Polverini, Ester; Lauria, Giulia; Landi, Marco; Guidi, Lucia; Loreti, Elena; Perata, Pierdomenico (6 March 2024). "Root photosynthesis prevents hypoxia in the epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis". Functional Plant Biology. 51 (3) 23227. Bibcode:2024FunPB..5123227B. doi:10.1071/FP23227. hdl:11382/566393. PMID 38442921.
Schiestl, F. P. (2005). "On the success of a swindle: pollination by deception in orchids" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 92 (6): 255–264. Bibcode:2005NW.....92..255S. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0636-y. hdl:20.500.11850/32223. PMID 15931514. S2CID 24626163.
Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Bogarín, Diego; Przelomska, Natalia A. S.; Ackerman, James D.; Balbuena, Juan A.; et al. (April 2024). "The origin and speciation of orchids". New Phytologist. 242 (2): 700–716. Bibcode:2024NewPh.242..700P. doi:10.1111/nph.19580. hdl:10550/97112. PMID 38382573.
Pecoraro, L.; Girlanda, M.; Kull, T.; Perini, C.; Perotto, S. (1 December 2012). "Molecular identification of root fungal associates in Orchis pauciflora Tenore". Plant Biosystems. 146 (4): 985–991. Bibcode:2012PBios.146..985P. doi:10.1080/11263504.2011.634447. hdl:2318/93116.

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Pillon, Yohan; Chase, Mark W. (2007). "Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation". Conservation Biology. 21 (1): 263–265. Bibcode:2007ConBi..21..263P. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00573.x. PMID 17298532.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998). "An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (4): 531–553. Bibcode:1998AnMBG..85..531.. doi:10.2307/2992015. JSTOR 2992015. (Available online: (PDF))

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Pillon, Yohan; Chase, Mark W. (2007). "Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation". Conservation Biology. 21 (1): 263–265. Bibcode:2007ConBi..21..263P. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00573.x. PMID 17298532.
Brunello, Luca; Polverini, Ester; Lauria, Giulia; Landi, Marco; Guidi, Lucia; Loreti, Elena; Perata, Pierdomenico (6 March 2024). "Root photosynthesis prevents hypoxia in the epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis". Functional Plant Biology. 51 (3) 23227. Bibcode:2024FunPB..5123227B. doi:10.1071/FP23227. hdl:11382/566393. PMID 38442921.
Tan, Keng-Hong; Nishida, Ritsuo; Toong, Yock-Chai (June 2002). "Floral Synomone of a Wild Orchid, Bulbophyllum cheiri, Lures Bactrocera Fruit Flies for Pollination". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (6): 1161–1172. Bibcode:2002JCEco..28.1161T. doi:10.1023/A:1016277500007. PMID 12184394.
Raina, Ashok K.; Bland, John M.; Osbrink, Weste (March 2005). "Hydroquinone Is Not A Phagostimulant For The Formosan Subterranean Termite". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 31 (3): 509–517. Bibcode:2005JCEco..31..509R. doi:10.1007/s10886-005-2026-5. PMID 15898498.
Chen, Li-Jun; Liu, Ke-Wei; Xiao, Xin-Ju; Tsai, Wen-Chieh; Hsiao, Yu-Yun; Huang, Jie; Liu, Zhong-Jian (2012). "The anther steps onto the stigma for self-fertilization in a slipper orchid". PLOS One. 7 (5) e37478. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...737478C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037478. PMC 3359306. PMID 22649529.
Schiestl, F. P. (2005). "On the success of a swindle: pollination by deception in orchids" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 92 (6): 255–264. Bibcode:2005NW.....92..255S. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0636-y. hdl:20.500.11850/32223. PMID 15931514. S2CID 24626163.
Gögler, J.; Stökl, J.; Sramkova, A.; Twele, R.; Francke, W.; et al. (2009). "Ménage à Trois — Two Endemic Species of Deceptive Orchids and One Pollinator Species". Evolution. 63 (9): 2222–2234. Bibcode:2009Evolu..63.2222G. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00712.x. PMID 19473395.
Krawczyk, Emilia; Rojek, Joanna; Kowalkowska, Agnieszka K.; Kapusta, Małgorzata; Znaniecka, Joanna; Minasiewicz, Julita (July 2016). "Evidence for mixed sexual and asexual reproduction in the rare European mycoheterotrophic orchid Epipogium aphyllum, Orchidaceae (ghost orchid)". Annals of Botany. 118 (1): 159–172. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw084. PMC 4934402. PMID 27288512.
Ramírez, Santiago R.; Gravendeel, Barbara; Singer, Rodrigo B.; Marshall, Charles R.; Pierce, Naomi E. (30 August 2007). "Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator". Nature. 448 (7157): 1042–1045. Bibcode:2007Natur.448.1042R. doi:10.1038/nature06039. PMID 17728756.
Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Bogarín, Diego; Przelomska, Natalia A. S.; Ackerman, James D.; Balbuena, Juan A.; et al. (April 2024). "The origin and speciation of orchids". New Phytologist. 242 (2): 700–716. Bibcode:2024NewPh.242..700P. doi:10.1111/nph.19580. hdl:10550/97112. PMID 38382573.
Zhang, Guo-Qiang; Liu, Ke-Wei; Li, Zhen; Lohaus, Rolf; Hsiao, Yu-Yun; et al. (2017). "The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids" (PDF). Nature. 549 (7672): 379–383. Bibcode:2017Natur.549..379Z. doi:10.1038/nature23897. PMC 7416622. PMID 28902843.
Guillaume Chomicki; Luc P.R. Bidel; Feng Ming; Mario Coiro; Xuan Zhang; Yaofeng Wang; Yves Baissac; Christian Jay-Allemand & Susanne S. Renner (2015). "The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV-B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the Cenozoic". New Phytologist. 205 (3): 1330–1341. Bibcode:2015NewPh.205.1330C. doi:10.1111/nph.13106. PMID 25345817.
Givnish, Thomas J.; Spalink, Daniel; Ames, Mercedes; Lyon, Stephanie P.; Hunter, Steven J.; et al. (2015). "Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1814) 20151553. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1553. PMC 4571710. PMID 26311671.
Freudenstein, John V. (9 May 2025). "Orchid phylogenetics and evolution: history, current status and prospects" (PDF). Annals of Botany. 135 (5): 805–822. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae202. PMC 12064432. PMID 39545932. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
Gebauer, Gerhard; Meyer, M. (October 2003). "15 N and 13 C natural abundance of autotrophic and myco-heterotrophic orchids provides insight into nitrogen and carbon gain from fungal association". New Phytologist. 160 (1): 209–223. Bibcode:2003NewPh.160..209G. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00872.x. PMID 33873535.
Sinha, A. K.; Sharma, U. K.; Sharma, N. (2008). "A comprehensive review on vanilla flavor: Extraction, isolation and quantification of vanillin and others constituents". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 59 (4): 299–326. doi:10.1080/09687630701539350. PMID 17886091. S2CID 37559260.
Gross, K.; Sun, M; Schiestl, F. P. (2016). "Why Do Floral Perfumes Become Different? Region-Specific Selection on Floral Scent in a Terrestrial Orchid". PLOS One. 11 (2) e0147975. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147975G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147975. PMC 4757410. PMID 26886766.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chen, Li-Jun; Liu, Ke-Wei; Xiao, Xin-Ju; Tsai, Wen-Chieh; Hsiao, Yu-Yun; Huang, Jie; Liu, Zhong-Jian (2012). "The anther steps onto the stigma for self-fertilization in a slipper orchid". PLOS One. 7 (5) e37478. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...737478C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037478. PMC 3359306. PMID 22649529.
Krawczyk, Emilia; Rojek, Joanna; Kowalkowska, Agnieszka K.; Kapusta, Małgorzata; Znaniecka, Joanna; Minasiewicz, Julita (July 2016). "Evidence for mixed sexual and asexual reproduction in the rare European mycoheterotrophic orchid Epipogium aphyllum, Orchidaceae (ghost orchid)". Annals of Botany. 118 (1): 159–172. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw084. PMC 4934402. PMID 27288512.
Zhang, Guo-Qiang; Liu, Ke-Wei; Li, Zhen; Lohaus, Rolf; Hsiao, Yu-Yun; et al. (2017). "The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids" (PDF). Nature. 549 (7672): 379–383. Bibcode:2017Natur.549..379Z. doi:10.1038/nature23897. PMC 7416622. PMID 28902843.
Givnish, Thomas J.; Spalink, Daniel; Ames, Mercedes; Lyon, Stephanie P.; Hunter, Steven J.; et al. (2015). "Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1814) 20151553. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1553. PMC 4571710. PMID 26311671.
Freudenstein, John V. (9 May 2025). "Orchid phylogenetics and evolution: history, current status and prospects" (PDF). Annals of Botany. 135 (5): 805–822. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae202. PMC 12064432. PMID 39545932. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
Gross, K.; Sun, M; Schiestl, F. P. (2016). "Why Do Floral Perfumes Become Different? Region-Specific Selection on Floral Scent in a Terrestrial Orchid". PLOS One. 11 (2) e0147975. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147975G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147975. PMC 4757410. PMID 26886766.

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The orchid seed coat: a developmental and functional perspective

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Orchid (English Wikipedia)

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