Osteopenia (English Wikipedia)

Editorial Staff (2018-01-30). "Rethinking Drug Treatment for Osteopenia". Health and Wellness Alerts. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-08.

clevelandclinic.org

my.clevelandclinic.org

"Menopause & Osteoporosis". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

clevelandclinicmeded.com

"One Minute Consult | What is osteopenia, and what should be done about it?". www.clevelandclinicmeded.com. Retrieved 2019-12-08.

doi.org

Cranney A, Jamal SA, Tsang JF, Josse RG, Leslie WD (September 2007). "Low bone mineral density and fracture burden in postmenopausal women". CMAJ. 177 (6): 575–80. doi:10.1503/cmaj.070234. PMC 1963365. PMID 17846439.
Wright NC, Looker AC, Saag KG, Curtis JR, Delzell ES, Randall S, Dawson-Hughes B (November 2014). "The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 29 (11): 2520–6. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2269. PMC 4757905. PMID 24771492.
Karaguzel G, Holick MF (December 2010). "Diagnosis and treatment of osteopenia". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 11 (4): 237–251. doi:10.1007/s11154-010-9154-0. ISSN 1389-9155. PMID 21234807. S2CID 13519685.
Demontiero O, Vidal C, Duque G (April 2012). "Aging and bone loss: new insights for the clinician". Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. 4 (2): 61–76. doi:10.1177/1759720X11430858. PMC 3383520. PMID 22870496.
Duncan CS, Blimkie CJ, Cowell CT, Burke ST, Briody JN, Howman-Giles R (February 2002). "Bone mineral density in adolescent female athletes: relationship to exercise type and muscle strength". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 34 (2): 286–94. doi:10.1097/00005768-200202000-00017. PMID 11828239.
Kohrt WM, Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson ME, Yingling VR (November 2004). "American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand: physical activity and bone health". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 36 (11): 1985–96. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000142662.21767.58. PMID 15514517. S2CID 70468890.
Rector RS, Rogers R, Ruebel M, Hinton PS (February 2008). "Participation in road cycling vs running is associated with lower bone mineral density in men". Metabolism. 57 (2): 226–32. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.09.005. PMID 18191053.
Papanek PE (October 2003). "The female athlete triad: an emerging role for physical therapy". The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 33 (10): 594–614. doi:10.2519/jospt.2003.33.10.594. PMID 14620789.
Micic D, Rao VL, Semrad CE (July 2019). "Celiac Disease and Its Role in the Development of Metabolic Bone Disease". Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 23 (2): 190–199. doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2019.06.005. PMID 31320223. S2CID 197664092.
Delitala AP, Scuteri A, Doria C (2020-04-06). "Thyroid Hormone Diseases and Osteoporosis". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (4): 1034. doi:10.3390/jcm9041034. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 7230461. PMID 32268542.
Mazess R, Chesnut CH, McClung M, Genant H (July 1992). "Enhanced precision with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry". Calcified Tissue International. 51 (1): 14–7. doi:10.1007/bf00296209. PMID 1393769. S2CID 33138461.
Njeh CF, Fuerst T, Hans D, Blake GM, Genant HK (January 1999). "Radiation exposure in bone mineral density assessment". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 50 (1): 215–36. Bibcode:1999AppRI..50..215N. doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(98)00026-8. PMID 10028639.
Howe TE, Shea B, Dawson LJ, Downie F, Murray A, Ross C, Harbour RT, Caldwell LM, Creed G (2011). "Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD000333. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000333.pub2. PMID 21735380. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
Unnanuntana A, Gladnick BP, Donnelly E, Lane JM (March 2010). "The Assessment of Fracture Risk". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 92 (3): 743–753. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00919. ISSN 0021-9355. PMC 2827823. PMID 20194335.
Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, Lindsay R (October 2014). "Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis". Osteoporosis International. 25 (10): 2359–2381. doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2. ISSN 0937-941X. PMC 4176573. PMID 25182228.
Camacho PM, Petak SM, Binkley N, Clarke BL, Harris ST, Hurley DL, Kleerekoper M, Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, Narula HS, Pessah-Pollack R (September 2016). "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis — 2016--Executive Summary". Endocrine Practice. 22 (9): 1111–1118. doi:10.4158/EP161435.ESGL. ISSN 1530-891X. PMID 27643923.
Qaseem A, Forciea MA, McLean RM, Denberg TD, for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians (2017-06-06). "Treatment of Low Bone Density or Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures in Men and Women: A Clinical Practice Guideline Update From the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 166 (11): 818–839. doi:10.7326/M15-1361. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 28492856.
Iqbal SM, Qamar I, Zhi C, Nida A, Aslam HM (2019-02-27). "Role of Bisphosphonate Therapy in Patients with Osteopenia: A Systemic Review". Cureus. 11 (2): e4146. doi:10.7759/cureus.4146. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 6488345. PMID 31058029.
Rosen CJ (August 2005). "Clinical practice. Postmenopausal osteoporosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (6): 595–603. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp043801. PMID 16093468.
Alonso-Coello P, García-Franco AL, Guyatt G, Moynihan R (January 2008). "Drugs for pre-osteoporosis: prevention or disease mongering?". BMJ. 336 (7636): 126–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.39435.656250.AD. PMC 2206291. PMID 18202066.
McClung MR (2005-05-03). "Osteopenia: To Treat or Not To Treat?". Annals of Internal Medicine. 142 (9): 796–7. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00018. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 15867413. S2CID 40992917.

edcatalogue.com

"Anorexia Nervosa and Its Impact on Bone Health". Eating Disorders Catalogue. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

endocrineweb.com

"Osteopenia Warrants Treatment—Selectively—to Reduce Fracture Risk". EndocrineWeb. Archived from the original on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2019-12-08.

familydoctor.org

"What Is Osteopenia?". familydoctor.org. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
staff fo. "What Is Osteopenia? – Osteoporosis". familydoctor.org. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Prevention and management of osteoporosis : report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organization Technical Report Series. Vol. 921. World Health Organization. 2003. pp. 1–164, back cover. hdl:10665/42841. ISBN 978-92-4-120921-2. PMID 15293701.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Njeh CF, Fuerst T, Hans D, Blake GM, Genant HK (January 1999). "Radiation exposure in bone mineral density assessment". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 50 (1): 215–36. Bibcode:1999AppRI..50..215N. doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(98)00026-8. PMID 10028639.

iofbonehealth.org

"Who's at risk? | International Osteoporosis Foundation". www.iofbonehealth.org. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
"Preventing Osteoporosis". International Osteoporosis Foundation. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

iscd.org

"2019 ISCD Official Positions – Adult – International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD)". Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

medlineplus.gov

"Bone Density Scan: MedlinePlus Medical Test". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-12.

news-medical.net

says AL (2010-04-12). "What is Osteopenia?". News-Medical.net. Retrieved 2019-12-08.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Cranney A, Jamal SA, Tsang JF, Josse RG, Leslie WD (September 2007). "Low bone mineral density and fracture burden in postmenopausal women". CMAJ. 177 (6): 575–80. doi:10.1503/cmaj.070234. PMC 1963365. PMID 17846439.
Wright NC, Looker AC, Saag KG, Curtis JR, Delzell ES, Randall S, Dawson-Hughes B (November 2014). "The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 29 (11): 2520–6. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2269. PMC 4757905. PMID 24771492.
Karaguzel G, Holick MF (December 2010). "Diagnosis and treatment of osteopenia". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 11 (4): 237–251. doi:10.1007/s11154-010-9154-0. ISSN 1389-9155. PMID 21234807. S2CID 13519685.
Demontiero O, Vidal C, Duque G (April 2012). "Aging and bone loss: new insights for the clinician". Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. 4 (2): 61–76. doi:10.1177/1759720X11430858. PMC 3383520. PMID 22870496.
Varacallo M, Seaman TJ, Jandu JS, Pizzutillo P (2021), "Osteopenia", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29763053, retrieved 2021-03-12
Duncan CS, Blimkie CJ, Cowell CT, Burke ST, Briody JN, Howman-Giles R (February 2002). "Bone mineral density in adolescent female athletes: relationship to exercise type and muscle strength". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 34 (2): 286–94. doi:10.1097/00005768-200202000-00017. PMID 11828239.
Kohrt WM, Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson ME, Yingling VR (November 2004). "American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand: physical activity and bone health". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 36 (11): 1985–96. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000142662.21767.58. PMID 15514517. S2CID 70468890.
Rector RS, Rogers R, Ruebel M, Hinton PS (February 2008). "Participation in road cycling vs running is associated with lower bone mineral density in men". Metabolism. 57 (2): 226–32. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.09.005. PMID 18191053.
Papanek PE (October 2003). "The female athlete triad: an emerging role for physical therapy". The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 33 (10): 594–614. doi:10.2519/jospt.2003.33.10.594. PMID 14620789.
Mazure R, Vazquez H, Gonzalez D, Mautalen C, Pedreira S, Boerr L, Bai JC (December 1994). "Bone mineral affection in asymptomatic adult patients with celiac disease". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 89 (12): 2130–4. PMID 7977227.
Micic D, Rao VL, Semrad CE (July 2019). "Celiac Disease and Its Role in the Development of Metabolic Bone Disease". Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 23 (2): 190–199. doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2019.06.005. PMID 31320223. S2CID 197664092.
Delitala AP, Scuteri A, Doria C (2020-04-06). "Thyroid Hormone Diseases and Osteoporosis". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (4): 1034. doi:10.3390/jcm9041034. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 7230461. PMID 32268542.
Mazess R, Chesnut CH, McClung M, Genant H (July 1992). "Enhanced precision with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry". Calcified Tissue International. 51 (1): 14–7. doi:10.1007/bf00296209. PMID 1393769. S2CID 33138461.
Njeh CF, Fuerst T, Hans D, Blake GM, Genant HK (January 1999). "Radiation exposure in bone mineral density assessment". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 50 (1): 215–36. Bibcode:1999AppRI..50..215N. doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(98)00026-8. PMID 10028639.
Prevention and management of osteoporosis : report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organization Technical Report Series. Vol. 921. World Health Organization. 2003. pp. 1–164, back cover. hdl:10665/42841. ISBN 978-92-4-120921-2. PMID 15293701.
Howe TE, Shea B, Dawson LJ, Downie F, Murray A, Ross C, Harbour RT, Caldwell LM, Creed G (2011). "Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD000333. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000333.pub2. PMID 21735380. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
Unnanuntana A, Gladnick BP, Donnelly E, Lane JM (March 2010). "The Assessment of Fracture Risk". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 92 (3): 743–753. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00919. ISSN 0021-9355. PMC 2827823. PMID 20194335.
Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, Lindsay R (October 2014). "Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis". Osteoporosis International. 25 (10): 2359–2381. doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2. ISSN 0937-941X. PMC 4176573. PMID 25182228.
Camacho PM, Petak SM, Binkley N, Clarke BL, Harris ST, Hurley DL, Kleerekoper M, Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, Narula HS, Pessah-Pollack R (September 2016). "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis — 2016--Executive Summary". Endocrine Practice. 22 (9): 1111–1118. doi:10.4158/EP161435.ESGL. ISSN 1530-891X. PMID 27643923.
Qaseem A, Forciea MA, McLean RM, Denberg TD, for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians (2017-06-06). "Treatment of Low Bone Density or Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures in Men and Women: A Clinical Practice Guideline Update From the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 166 (11): 818–839. doi:10.7326/M15-1361. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 28492856.
Iqbal SM, Qamar I, Zhi C, Nida A, Aslam HM (2019-02-27). "Role of Bisphosphonate Therapy in Patients with Osteopenia: A Systemic Review". Cureus. 11 (2): e4146. doi:10.7759/cureus.4146. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 6488345. PMID 31058029.
Rosen CJ (August 2005). "Clinical practice. Postmenopausal osteoporosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (6): 595–603. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp043801. PMID 16093468.
Alonso-Coello P, García-Franco AL, Guyatt G, Moynihan R (January 2008). "Drugs for pre-osteoporosis: prevention or disease mongering?". BMJ. 336 (7636): 126–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.39435.656250.AD. PMC 2206291. PMID 18202066.
McClung MR (2005-05-03). "Osteopenia: To Treat or Not To Treat?". Annals of Internal Medicine. 142 (9): 796–7. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00018. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 15867413. S2CID 40992917.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Cranney A, Jamal SA, Tsang JF, Josse RG, Leslie WD (September 2007). "Low bone mineral density and fracture burden in postmenopausal women". CMAJ. 177 (6): 575–80. doi:10.1503/cmaj.070234. PMC 1963365. PMID 17846439.
Wright NC, Looker AC, Saag KG, Curtis JR, Delzell ES, Randall S, Dawson-Hughes B (November 2014). "The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 29 (11): 2520–6. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2269. PMC 4757905. PMID 24771492.
Demontiero O, Vidal C, Duque G (April 2012). "Aging and bone loss: new insights for the clinician". Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. 4 (2): 61–76. doi:10.1177/1759720X11430858. PMC 3383520. PMID 22870496.
Varacallo M, Seaman TJ, Jandu JS, Pizzutillo P (2021), "Osteopenia", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29763053, retrieved 2021-03-12
Delitala AP, Scuteri A, Doria C (2020-04-06). "Thyroid Hormone Diseases and Osteoporosis". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (4): 1034. doi:10.3390/jcm9041034. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 7230461. PMID 32268542.
Unnanuntana A, Gladnick BP, Donnelly E, Lane JM (March 2010). "The Assessment of Fracture Risk". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 92 (3): 743–753. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00919. ISSN 0021-9355. PMC 2827823. PMID 20194335.
Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, Lindsay R (October 2014). "Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis". Osteoporosis International. 25 (10): 2359–2381. doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2. ISSN 0937-941X. PMC 4176573. PMID 25182228.
Iqbal SM, Qamar I, Zhi C, Nida A, Aslam HM (2019-02-27). "Role of Bisphosphonate Therapy in Patients with Osteopenia: A Systemic Review". Cureus. 11 (2): e4146. doi:10.7759/cureus.4146. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 6488345. PMID 31058029.
Alonso-Coello P, García-Franco AL, Guyatt G, Moynihan R (January 2008). "Drugs for pre-osteoporosis: prevention or disease mongering?". BMJ. 336 (7636): 126–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.39435.656250.AD. PMC 2206291. PMID 18202066.

bones.nih.gov

"Osteoporosis Overview | NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center". www.bones.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

nof.org

"Bone Density Test, Osteoporosis Screening & T-score Interpretation". National Osteoporosis Foundation. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

npr.org

"How A Bone Disease Grew To Fit The Prescription". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-12-08.

nytimes.com

Murphy K (2009-09-07). "New Osteoporosis Diagnostic Tool Draws Criticism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

query.nytimes.com

Kolata G (September 28, 2003). "Bone Diagnosis Gives New Data But No Answers". New York Times.

rheumatology.org

"Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoperosis". www.rheumatology.org. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
"Diseases and Conditions Osteoporosis". www.rheumatology.org. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Karaguzel G, Holick MF (December 2010). "Diagnosis and treatment of osteopenia". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 11 (4): 237–251. doi:10.1007/s11154-010-9154-0. ISSN 1389-9155. PMID 21234807. S2CID 13519685.
Kohrt WM, Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson ME, Yingling VR (November 2004). "American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand: physical activity and bone health". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 36 (11): 1985–96. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000142662.21767.58. PMID 15514517. S2CID 70468890.
Micic D, Rao VL, Semrad CE (July 2019). "Celiac Disease and Its Role in the Development of Metabolic Bone Disease". Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 23 (2): 190–199. doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2019.06.005. PMID 31320223. S2CID 197664092.
Mazess R, Chesnut CH, McClung M, Genant H (July 1992). "Enhanced precision with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry". Calcified Tissue International. 51 (1): 14–7. doi:10.1007/bf00296209. PMID 1393769. S2CID 33138461.
McClung MR (2005-05-03). "Osteopenia: To Treat or Not To Treat?". Annals of Internal Medicine. 142 (9): 796–7. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00018. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 15867413. S2CID 40992917.

shef.ac.uk

"Fracture Risk Assessment Tool". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2009-10-12. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
"FRAX — WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2010-01-16.

sheffield.ac.uk

"Fracture Risk Assessment Tool". www.sheffield.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-12-08.

uptodate.com

"UpToDate". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
"UpToDate". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org

"Final Update Summary: Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening – US Preventive Services Task Force". www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org. Archived from the original on 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

web.archive.org

"2019 ISCD Official Positions – Adult – International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD)". Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
"Final Update Summary: Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening – US Preventive Services Task Force". www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org. Archived from the original on 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
"Fracture Risk Assessment Tool". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2009-10-12. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
"Osteopenia Warrants Treatment—Selectively—to Reduce Fracture Risk". EndocrineWeb. Archived from the original on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
Editorial Staff (2018-01-30). "Rethinking Drug Treatment for Osteopenia". Health and Wellness Alerts. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-08.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Karaguzel G, Holick MF (December 2010). "Diagnosis and treatment of osteopenia". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 11 (4): 237–251. doi:10.1007/s11154-010-9154-0. ISSN 1389-9155. PMID 21234807. S2CID 13519685.
Delitala AP, Scuteri A, Doria C (2020-04-06). "Thyroid Hormone Diseases and Osteoporosis". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (4): 1034. doi:10.3390/jcm9041034. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 7230461. PMID 32268542.
Murphy K (2009-09-07). "New Osteoporosis Diagnostic Tool Draws Criticism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
Unnanuntana A, Gladnick BP, Donnelly E, Lane JM (March 2010). "The Assessment of Fracture Risk". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 92 (3): 743–753. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00919. ISSN 0021-9355. PMC 2827823. PMID 20194335.
Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, Lindsay R (October 2014). "Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis". Osteoporosis International. 25 (10): 2359–2381. doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2. ISSN 0937-941X. PMC 4176573. PMID 25182228.
Camacho PM, Petak SM, Binkley N, Clarke BL, Harris ST, Hurley DL, Kleerekoper M, Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, Narula HS, Pessah-Pollack R (September 2016). "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis — 2016--Executive Summary". Endocrine Practice. 22 (9): 1111–1118. doi:10.4158/EP161435.ESGL. ISSN 1530-891X. PMID 27643923.
Qaseem A, Forciea MA, McLean RM, Denberg TD, for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians (2017-06-06). "Treatment of Low Bone Density or Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures in Men and Women: A Clinical Practice Guideline Update From the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 166 (11): 818–839. doi:10.7326/M15-1361. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 28492856.
Iqbal SM, Qamar I, Zhi C, Nida A, Aslam HM (2019-02-27). "Role of Bisphosphonate Therapy in Patients with Osteopenia: A Systemic Review". Cureus. 11 (2): e4146. doi:10.7759/cureus.4146. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 6488345. PMID 31058029.
McClung MR (2005-05-03). "Osteopenia: To Treat or Not To Treat?". Annals of Internal Medicine. 142 (9): 796–7. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00018. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 15867413. S2CID 40992917.