Ottoman Aviation Squadrons (English Wikipedia)

According to GlobalSecurity.org, the Ottoman aviation units never came under a centralised operational (as opposed to administrative) command, and never matured into an independent arm or corps as it did in other countries. Flying detachments (Tayyare Bölüğü) and fighter squadrons (Av Bölüğü) reported individually to either an Army or Corps command., Ottoman Air Branch – 1914–1918 – The Great War in the official website of the GlobalSecurity.org.
John Pike. "Ottoman Air Branch – 1914–1918 – The Great War". Retrieved 24 December 2014.

hvkk.tsk.tr

The Turkish Air Force regards flight trainings of Captain Fesa Bey and Lieutenant Yusuf Kenan Bey in 1911 as its own start line and celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011. "Türk Hava Kuvvetleri 100 Yaşında" in the official website of Turkish Air Force Archived 26 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Turkish)
Hv. K. K. Mebs. "The First Establishment and the Early Years". Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2014.

Bedük, Muhammed. "Fatih'teki İlk Türk Hava Şehitleri Anıtı" (in Turkish). Tarihi Yarımada İşadamları ve Yöneticileri Derneği. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.

Development of Turkish Aviation in 'Turkey in the First World War' website Retrieved 23 December 2023.
"Turkish Aircraft in 'Turkey in the First World War' website". Turkey in the First World War. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
Gallery of Pilots, showing the distinct badge (winged crescent and star) on their hats.

The Turkish Air Force regards flight trainings of Captain Fesa Bey and Lieutenant Yusuf Kenan Bey in 1911 as its own start line and celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011. "Türk Hava Kuvvetleri 100 Yaşında" in the official website of Turkish Air Force Archived 26 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Turkish)
Hv. K. K. Mebs. "The First Establishment and the Early Years". Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Bedük, Muhammed. "Fatih'teki İlk Türk Hava Şehitleri Anıtı" (in Turkish). Tarihi Yarımada İşadamları ve Yöneticileri Derneği. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.