Overjustification effect (English Wikipedia)

Deci, Edward L.; Ryan, Richard M. (1985), "Conceptualizations of Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination", Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 11–40, ISBN 978-1-4899-2273-1, retrieved 2026-04-21
Bem, Daryl J. (1972-01-01), "Self-Perception Theory", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 6, Academic Press, pp. 1–62, doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60024-6, retrieved 2026-04-21
Festinger, Leon; Carlsmith, James M. (1959). "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 58 (2): 203–210. doi:10.1037/h0041593. ISSN 0096-851X.
Deci, Edward L.; Ryan, Richard M. (2000). "The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior". Psychological Inquiry. 11 (4): 227–268. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01. ISSN 1047-840X.
Ryan, Richard M.; Deci, Edward L. (2000). "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions". Contemporary Educational Psychology. 25 (1): 54–67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020. ISSN 0361-476X.
Ryan, Richard M.; Deci, Edward L. (1989). "Bridging the research traditions of task/ego involvement and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation: Comment on Butler (1987)". Journal of Educational Psychology. 81 (2): 265–268. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.81.2.265. ISSN 0022-0663.
Gagne, M.; Deci E.L. (2005). "Self-Determination Theory and Work Motivation". Journal of Organizational Behavior. 26 (4): 331–362. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.1639. doi:10.1002/job.322. S2CID 15816760. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Deci, E. L. (1971). "Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 18 (1): 105–115. doi:10.1037/h0030644.
Lepper, M.P; Greene, D.; Nisbett, R. E. (1973). "Undermining children's Intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28 (1): 129–137. doi:10.1037/h0035519. S2CID 40981945. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
Rosenfield, D.; Folger, R.; Adelman, H. F. (1980). "When rewards reflect competence: A qualification of the overjustification effect". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 39 (3): 368–376. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.368.
Mellstrom, Carl; Magnus Johannesson (2008). "Crowding out in blood donation: Was Titmuss right?". Journal of the European Economic Association. 6 (4): 845–863. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.319.3943. doi:10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.4.845. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Tang, Shu‐Hua; Hall, Vernon C. (1995). "The overjustification effect: A meta‐analysis". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 9 (5): 365–404. doi:10.1002/acp.2350090502. ISSN 0888-4080.
Loveland, Kathryn Kernodle; Olley, J. Gregory (1979). "The Effect of External Reward on Interest and Quality of Task Performance in Children of High and Low Intrinsic Motivation". Child Development. 50 (4): 1207. doi:10.2307/1129350. ISSN 0009-3920.
Hong, Wei; Jing, Yuanyuan; Liu, Ru-De; Ding, Yi; Wang, Jia (2022-03-14). "Wean your child off video games: Using external rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation to play interesting video games". Current Psychology. 42 (21): 17746–17756. doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02905-6. ISSN 1046-1310.
Cameron, Judy; Katherine M. Banko; W. David Pierce (Spring 2001). "Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues" (PDF). The Behavior Analyst. 24 (1): 1–44. doi:10.1007/BF03392017. PMC 2731358. PMID 22478353. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
Cameron, Judy; W. David Pierce (Fall 1994). "Reinforcement, reward, and intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis". Review of Educational Research. 64 (3): 363–423. doi:10.3102/00346543064003363. S2CID 145560555.
Cameron, J. (2001). "Negative effects of reward on intrinsic motivation- A limited phenomenon: Comment on Deci, Koestner, and Ryan". Review of Educational Research. 71 (1): 29–42. doi:10.3102/00346543071001029. S2CID 146340830.
Deci, E.L.; Koestner, R.; Ryan, R.M. (1999). "A Meta-Analytic Review of Experiments Examining the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation". Psychological Bulletin. 125 (6): 627–668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7118. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627. PMID 10589297. S2CID 15271950. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Feingold, Barnet D.; Mahoney, Michael J. (1975). "Reinforcement effects on intrinsic interest: Undermining the overjustification hypothesis". Behavior Therapy. 6 (3): 367–377. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80111-0. ISSN 0005-7894.
Gerhart, B.; Rynes, S.L.; Fulmer, I.S. (2009). "Pay and Performance: Individuals, Groups, and Executives". The Academy of Management Annals. 3 (1): 207–271. doi:10.1080/19416520903047269.
Flora, S. R.; Flora, D. B. (1999). "Effects of extrinsic reinforcement for reading during childhood on reported reading habits of college students". Psychological Record. 49 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1007/BF03395303. S2CID 53397656. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
Deckop, J. R.; Cirka, C. C. (2000). "The Risk and Reward of a Double-Edgedsword: Effects of a Merit Payprogram on Intrinsic Motivation". Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 29 (3): 400–418. doi:10.1177/0899764000293003.
Shirom, A.; Westman, M.; Melamed, S. (1999). "The effects of pay systems on blue-collar employees' emotional distress: The mediating effects of objective and subjective work monotony". Human Relations. 52 (8): 1077–1097. doi:10.1023/A:1016935708825.
Deterding, Sebastian; Kenton O'Hara; Miguel Sicart; Dan Dixon; Lennart Nacke (2011). "Gamification. Using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts". CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (PDF). pp. 2425–2428. doi:10.1145/1979742.1979575. ISBN 9781450302685. S2CID 4564962. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
Groh, Fabian (February 14, 2012). "Gamification: State of the art definition and utilization" (PDF). Proceedings of the 4th Seminar on Research Trends in Media Informatics: 39–46. doi:10.18725/OPARU-1773. ISBN 9781651270226. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Eisenberger, Robert; Cameron, Judy (November 1996). "Detrimental effects of reward: Reality or myth?". American Psychologist. 51 (11): 1153–1166. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.5780. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.11.1153. PMID 8937264. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Eisenberger, R; Pierce, W.D.; Cameron, J. (1999). "Effects of Reward on Intrinsic Motivation- Negative, Neutral and Positive: Comment on Deci, Koestner, and Ryan". Psychological Bulletin. 125 (6): 677–691. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.677. PMID 10589299.

ethz.ch (Global: 2,203^rd place; English: 1,928^th place)

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Frey, Bruno S.; Lorenz Goette (1999). "Does pay motivate volunteers?" (PDF). Zurich, Switzerland: Institute for Empirical Research in Economics Working Paper Series.

gamification-research.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Deterding, Sebastian; Kenton O'Hara; Miguel Sicart; Dan Dixon; Lennart Nacke (2011). "Gamification. Using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts". CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (PDF). pp. 2425–2428. doi:10.1145/1979742.1979575. ISBN 9781450302685. S2CID 4564962. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-21.

mendeley.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Akar, Oguz Ali; van den Ende, Jan (January 20, 2011). "Motivation, Reward Size and Contribution in Idea Crowdsourcing". Dime-Druid Academy Winter Conference 2011: 1–30. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2012.

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Lepper, M.P; Greene, D.; Nisbett, R. E. (1973). "Undermining children's Intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28 (1): 129–137. doi:10.1037/h0035519. S2CID 40981945. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-10-23.

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Cameron, Judy; Katherine M. Banko; W. David Pierce (Spring 2001). "Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues" (PDF). The Behavior Analyst. 24 (1): 1–44. doi:10.1007/BF03392017. PMC 2731358. PMID 22478353. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
Deci, E.L.; Koestner, R.; Ryan, R.M. (1999). "A Meta-Analytic Review of Experiments Examining the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation". Psychological Bulletin. 125 (6): 627–668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7118. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627. PMID 10589297. S2CID 15271950. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Eisenberger, Robert; Cameron, Judy (November 1996). "Detrimental effects of reward: Reality or myth?". American Psychologist. 51 (11): 1153–1166. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.5780. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.11.1153. PMID 8937264. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Eisenberger, R; Pierce, W.D.; Cameron, J. (1999). "Effects of Reward on Intrinsic Motivation- Negative, Neutral and Positive: Comment on Deci, Koestner, and Ryan". Psychological Bulletin. 125 (6): 677–691. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.677. PMID 10589299.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Cameron, Judy; Katherine M. Banko; W. David Pierce (Spring 2001). "Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues" (PDF). The Behavior Analyst. 24 (1): 1–44. doi:10.1007/BF03392017. PMC 2731358. PMID 22478353. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2012.

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Gagne, M.; Deci E.L. (2005). "Self-Determination Theory and Work Motivation". Journal of Organizational Behavior. 26 (4): 331–362. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.1639. doi:10.1002/job.322. S2CID 15816760. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Mellstrom, Carl; Magnus Johannesson (2008). "Crowding out in blood donation: Was Titmuss right?". Journal of the European Economic Association. 6 (4): 845–863. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.319.3943. doi:10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.4.845. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Deci, E.L.; Koestner, R.; Ryan, R.M. (1999). "A Meta-Analytic Review of Experiments Examining the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation". Psychological Bulletin. 125 (6): 627–668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7118. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627. PMID 10589297. S2CID 15271950. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Eisenberger, Robert; Cameron, Judy (November 1996). "Detrimental effects of reward: Reality or myth?". American Psychologist. 51 (11): 1153–1166. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.5780. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.11.1153. PMID 8937264. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Bem, Daryl J. (1972-01-01), "Self-Perception Theory", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 6, Academic Press, pp. 1–62, doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60024-6, retrieved 2026-04-21

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

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Gagne, M.; Deci E.L. (2005). "Self-Determination Theory and Work Motivation". Journal of Organizational Behavior. 26 (4): 331–362. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.1639. doi:10.1002/job.322. S2CID 15816760. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Lepper, M.P; Greene, D.; Nisbett, R. E. (1973). "Undermining children's Intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28 (1): 129–137. doi:10.1037/h0035519. S2CID 40981945. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
Cameron, Judy; W. David Pierce (Fall 1994). "Reinforcement, reward, and intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis". Review of Educational Research. 64 (3): 363–423. doi:10.3102/00346543064003363. S2CID 145560555.
Cameron, J. (2001). "Negative effects of reward on intrinsic motivation- A limited phenomenon: Comment on Deci, Koestner, and Ryan". Review of Educational Research. 71 (1): 29–42. doi:10.3102/00346543071001029. S2CID 146340830.
Deci, E.L.; Koestner, R.; Ryan, R.M. (1999). "A Meta-Analytic Review of Experiments Examining the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation". Psychological Bulletin. 125 (6): 627–668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7118. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627. PMID 10589297. S2CID 15271950. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Flora, S. R.; Flora, D. B. (1999). "Effects of extrinsic reinforcement for reading during childhood on reported reading habits of college students". Psychological Record. 49 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1007/BF03395303. S2CID 53397656. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
Deterding, Sebastian; Kenton O'Hara; Miguel Sicart; Dan Dixon; Lennart Nacke (2011). "Gamification. Using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts". CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (PDF). pp. 2425–2428. doi:10.1145/1979742.1979575. ISBN 9781450302685. S2CID 4564962. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-21.

siu.edu (Global: low place; English: 8,249^th place)

opensiuc.lib.siu.edu

Flora, S. R.; Flora, D. B. (1999). "Effects of extrinsic reinforcement for reading during childhood on reported reading habits of college students". Psychological Record. 49 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1007/BF03395303. S2CID 53397656. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2016-01-24.

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Kaufmann, Nicolas; Schulze, Thimo; Veit, Daniel (August 4, 2011). "More than fun and money: Worker Motivation in Crowdsourcing – A Study on Mechanical Turk" (PDF). Proceedings of the Seventeenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Detroit, Michigan. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2012.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Lepper, M.P; Greene, D.; Nisbett, R. E. (1973). "Undermining children's Intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28 (1): 129–137. doi:10.1037/h0035519. S2CID 40981945. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
Cameron, Judy; Katherine M. Banko; W. David Pierce (Spring 2001). "Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues" (PDF). The Behavior Analyst. 24 (1): 1–44. doi:10.1007/BF03392017. PMC 2731358. PMID 22478353. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
Flora, S. R.; Flora, D. B. (1999). "Effects of extrinsic reinforcement for reading during childhood on reported reading habits of college students". Psychological Record. 49 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1007/BF03395303. S2CID 53397656. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
Deterding, Sebastian; Kenton O'Hara; Miguel Sicart; Dan Dixon; Lennart Nacke (2011). "Gamification. Using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts". CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (PDF). pp. 2425–2428. doi:10.1145/1979742.1979575. ISBN 9781450302685. S2CID 4564962. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
Groh, Fabian (February 14, 2012). "Gamification: State of the art definition and utilization" (PDF). Proceedings of the 4th Seminar on Research Trends in Media Informatics: 39–46. doi:10.18725/OPARU-1773. ISBN 9781651270226. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
wisdump:"The Overjustification Effect and User Generated Content". Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved Mar 3, 2010.
Kaufmann, Nicolas; Schulze, Thimo; Veit, Daniel (August 4, 2011). "More than fun and money: Worker Motivation in Crowdsourcing – A Study on Mechanical Turk" (PDF). Proceedings of the Seventeenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Detroit, Michigan. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2012.
Akar, Oguz Ali; van den Ende, Jan (January 20, 2011). "Motivation, Reward Size and Contribution in Idea Crowdsourcing". Dime-Druid Academy Winter Conference 2011: 1–30. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2012.

wisdump.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

wisdump:"The Overjustification Effect and User Generated Content". Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved Mar 3, 2010.

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Festinger, Leon; Carlsmith, James M. (1959). "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 58 (2): 203–210. doi:10.1037/h0041593. ISSN 0096-851X.
Deci, Edward L.; Ryan, Richard M. (2000). "The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior". Psychological Inquiry. 11 (4): 227–268. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01. ISSN 1047-840X.
Ryan, Richard M.; Deci, Edward L. (2000). "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions". Contemporary Educational Psychology. 25 (1): 54–67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020. ISSN 0361-476X.
Ryan, Richard M.; Deci, Edward L. (1989). "Bridging the research traditions of task/ego involvement and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation: Comment on Butler (1987)". Journal of Educational Psychology. 81 (2): 265–268. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.81.2.265. ISSN 0022-0663.
Tang, Shu‐Hua; Hall, Vernon C. (1995). "The overjustification effect: A meta‐analysis". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 9 (5): 365–404. doi:10.1002/acp.2350090502. ISSN 0888-4080.
Loveland, Kathryn Kernodle; Olley, J. Gregory (1979). "The Effect of External Reward on Interest and Quality of Task Performance in Children of High and Low Intrinsic Motivation". Child Development. 50 (4): 1207. doi:10.2307/1129350. ISSN 0009-3920.
Hong, Wei; Jing, Yuanyuan; Liu, Ru-De; Ding, Yi; Wang, Jia (2022-03-14). "Wean your child off video games: Using external rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation to play interesting video games". Current Psychology. 42 (21): 17746–17756. doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02905-6. ISSN 1046-1310.
Feingold, Barnet D.; Mahoney, Michael J. (1975). "Reinforcement effects on intrinsic interest: Undermining the overjustification hypothesis". Behavior Therapy. 6 (3): 367–377. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80111-0. ISSN 0005-7894.

Overjustification effect (English Wikipedia)

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