PANDAS (English Wikipedia)

Pichichero ME (2009). "The PANDAS Syndrome". Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children V. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 634. Springer. pp. 205–16. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79838-7_17. ISBN 978-0-387-79837-0. PMID 19280860. PANDAS is not yet a validated nosological construct. Courtesy link to partial pages.
Giavannoni G (2006). PANDAS: overview of the hypothesis. Advances in Neurology. Vol. 99. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 159–65. ISBN 978-0-7817-9970-6. PMID 16536362. Courtesy link to pp. 159–62.

bpna.org.uk

"Consensus statement on childhood neuropsychiatric presentations, with a focus on PANDAS/PANS" (PDF). British Paediatric Neurology Association. April 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021. See summary here.

doi.org

Leonardi L, Perna C, Bernabei I, Fiore M, Ma M, Frankovich J, Tarani L, Spalice A (August 2024). "Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Immunological Features Underpinning Controversial Entities". Children. 11 (9): 1043. doi:10.3390/children11091043. PMC 11430956. PMID 39334578.
Hsu CJ, Wong LC, Lee WT (January 2021). "Immunological dysfunction in Tourette syndrome and related disorders". Int J Mol Sci (Review). 22 (2): 853. doi:10.3390/ijms22020853. PMC 7839977. PMID 33467014.
Marazziti D, Palermo S, Arone A, et al. (2023). "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PANDAS, and Tourette Syndrome: Immuno-inflammatory Disorders". Neuroinflammation, Gut-Brain Axis and Immunity in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1411. pp. 275–300. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_13. ISBN 978-981-19-7375-8. PMID 36949315.
La Bella S, Scorrano G, Rinaldi M, Di Ludovico A, Mainieri F, Attanasi M, Spalice A, Chiarelli F, Breda L (October 2023). "Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Myth or Reality? The State of the Art on a Controversial Disease". Microorganisms. 11 (10): 2549. doi:10.3390/microorganisms11102549. PMC 10609001. PMID 37894207. Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) syndrome is one of the most controversial diseases in pediatric rheumatology.
Sigra S, Hesselmark E, Bejerot S (March 2018). "Treatment of PANDAS and PANS: a systematic review". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 86: 51–65. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.01.001. PMID 29309797. S2CID 40827012.
Dale RC (December 2017). "Tics and Tourette: a clinical, pathophysiological and etiological review". Curr Opin Pediatr (Review). 29 (6): 665–673. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000546. PMID 28915150. S2CID 13654194.
Marazziti D, Mucci F, Fontenelle LF (July 2018). "Immune system and obsessive-compulsive disorder". Psychoneuroendocrinology (Review). 93: 39–44. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.013. PMID 29689421. S2CID 13681480.
Zibordi F, Zorzi G, Carecchio M, Nardocci N (March 2018). "CANS: Childhood acute neuropsychiatric syndromes". Eur J Paediatr Neurol (Review). 22 (2): 316–320. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.01.011. PMID 29398245.
Chiarello F, Spitoni S, Hollander E, Matucci Cerinic M, Pallanti S (June 2017). "An expert opinion on PANDAS/PANS: highlights and controversies". Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 21 (2): 91–98. doi:10.1080/13651501.2017.1285941. PMID 28498087. S2CID 3457971.
Robertson MM (February 2011). "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the complexities of phenotype and treatment" (PDF). Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 72 (2): 100–7. doi:10.12968/hmed.2011.72.2.100. PMID 21378617.
Wilbur C, Bitnun A, Kronenberg S, Laxer RM, Levy DM, Logan WJ, Shouldice M, Yeh EA (May 2019). "PANDAS/PANS in childhood: Controversies and evidence". Paediatr Child Health. 24 (2): 85–91. doi:10.1093/pch/pxy145. PMC 6462125. PMID 30996598.
Ueda K, Black KJ (June 2021). "A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children". J Clin Med. 10 (11): 2479. doi:10.3390/jcm10112479. PMC 8199885. PMID 34204991.
Johnson M, Ehlers S, Fernell E, Hajjari P, Wartenberg C, Wallerstedt SM (2021). "Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immunomodulatory treatment in children with symptoms corresponding to the research condition PANS (Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome): A systematic review". PLOS ONE. 16 (7): e0253844. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1653844J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253844. PMC 8248649. PMID 34197525.
Murphy TK, Kurlan R, Leckman J (August 2010). "The immunobiology of Tourette's disorder, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus, and related disorders: a way forward". J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 20 (4): 317–31. doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0043. PMC 4003464. PMID 20807070.
Swerdlow NR (September 2005). "Tourette syndrome: current controversies and the battlefield landscape" (PDF). Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 5 (5): 329–31. doi:10.1007/s11910-005-0054-8. PMID 16131414. S2CID 26342334.
Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, et al. (February 1998). "Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases". Am J Psychiatry. 155 (2): 264–71. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.2.264. PMID 9464208. S2CID 22081877.
Pichichero ME (2009). "The PANDAS Syndrome". Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children V. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 634. Springer. pp. 205–16. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79838-7_17. ISBN 978-0-387-79837-0. PMID 19280860. PANDAS is not yet a validated nosological construct. Courtesy link to partial pages.
Moretti G, Pasquini M, Mandarelli G, Tarsitani L, Biondi M (2008). "What every psychiatrist should know about PANDAS: a review". Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 4 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-4-13. PMC 2413218. PMID 18495013.
Lombroso PJ, Scahill L (2008). "Tourette syndrome and obsessive–compulsive disorder". Brain Dev. 30 (4): 231–7. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2007.09.001. PMC 2291145. PMID 17937978.
Boileau B (2011). "A review of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 13 (4): 401–11. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.4/bboileau. PMC 3263388. PMID 22275846.
Cortese I, Chaudhry V, So YT, Cantor F, Cornblath DR, Rae-Grant A (January 2011). "Evidence-based guideline update: Plasmapheresis in neurologic disorders: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 76 (3): 294–300. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318207b1f6. PMC 3034395. PMID 21242498.
Felling RJ, Singer HS (August 2011). "Neurobiology of Tourette syndrome: current status and need for further investigation". J. Neurosci. 31 (35): 12387–95. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0150-11.2011. PMC 6703258. PMID 21880899.
Leckman JF, Bloch MH, King RA (2009). "Symptom dimensions and subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a developmental perspective". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 11 (1): 21–33. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.1/jfleckman. PMC 3181902. PMID 19432385.
Szejko N, Robinson S, Hartmann A, et al. (October 2021). "European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part I: assessment". Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 31 (3): 383–402. doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01842-2. PMC 8521086. PMID 34661764.
Nielsen MØ, Köhler-Forsberg O, Hjorthøj C, Benros ME, Nordentoft M, Orlovska-Waast S (February 2019). "Streptococcal Infections and Exacerbations in PANDAS: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 38 (2): 189–194. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002218. PMID 30325890. S2CID 53523695.
Thomas F, Nicolò L, Lucia S, Santi V, Giulia D, Spreafico E, Alessandro O, Alessandro F, Mara A, Giorgia T, Luigi MG, Salvatore S (November 2024). "IL-17 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of pediatric patients with acute neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for PANDAS and PANS". Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 54: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2024.11.004. PMID 39556906. The underlying mechanism of PANDAS and PANS is thought to be autoimmune, but the pathophysiology of the human disease is still controversial and the very existence of those disease entities has long been debated among physicians
Martino D, Johnson I, Leckman JF (2020). "What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders?". Front Neurol (Review). 11: 567407. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.567407. PMC 7525089. PMID 33041996.
Bonthius D, Karacay B (2003). "Sydenham's chorea: not gone and not forgotten". Semin Pediatr Neurol. 10 (1): 11–9. doi:10.1016/S1071-9091(02)00004-9. PMID 12785743.
Singer HS (2011). "Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders". Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 100. pp. 641–57. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52014-2.00046-X. ISBN 9780444520142. PMID 21496613.
Leckman JF, Denys D, Simpson HB, et al. (June 2010). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of the diagnostic criteria and possible subtypes and dimensional specifiers for DSM-V". Depress Anxiety. 27 (6): 507–27. doi:10.1002/da.20669. PMC 3974619. PMID 20217853.
Kalra SK, Swedo SE (April 2009). "Children with obsessive-compulsive disorder: are they just "little adults"?". J. Clin. Invest. 119 (4): 737–46. doi:10.1172/JCI37563. PMC 2662563. PMID 19339765.
Nazeer A, Latif F, Mondal A, Azeem MW, Greydanus DE (February 2020). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis and management". Transl Pediatr. 9 (Suppl 1): S76 – S93. doi:10.21037/tp.2019.10.02. PMC 7082239. PMID 32206586.
Gilbert DL (September 2019). "Inflammation in Tic Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Are PANS and PANDAS a Path Forward?". J Child Neurol. 34 (10): 598–611. doi:10.1177/0883073819848635. PMC 8552228. PMID 31111754.
Müller-Vahl KR, Szejko N, Verdellen C, et al. (July 2021). "European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders: summary statement". Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 31 (3): 377–382. doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01832-4. PMC 8940881. PMID 34244849. S2CID 235781456.
Hesselmark E, Bejerot S (November 2017). "Biomarkers for diagnosis of Pediatric Acute Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) - Sensitivity and specificity of the Cunningham Panel". J Neuroimmunol. 312: 31–37. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.09.002. PMID 28919236. S2CID 24495364.
Hesselmark E, Bejerot S (December 2017). "Corrigendum to Biomarkers for diagnosis of Pediatric Acute Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) - Sensitivity and specificity of the Cunningham Panel [J. Neuroimmunol. 312. (2017) 31-37]". J Neuroimmunol. 313: 116–117. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.001. PMID 29153602. S2CID 7958313. We have evaluated the clinical value of the Cunningham Panel as a diagnostic tool. Our results indicate that the panel does not contribute to correct diagnosis in a clinical setting.
Shulman ST (February 2009). "Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococci (PANDAS): update". Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 21 (1): 127–30. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32831db2c4. PMID 19242249. S2CID 37434919. Despite continued research in the field, the relationship between GAS and specific neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS) remains elusive. See lay summary PANDAS May Be Overdiagnosed, Contributing to Overuse of Antibiotics, Medscape, October 26, 2006.
de Oliveira SK, Pelajo CF (March 2010). "Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS): a Controversial Diagnosis". Curr Infect Dis Rep. 12 (2): 103–9. doi:10.1007/s11908-010-0082-7. PMID 21308506. S2CID 30969859.
Thienemann M, Murphy T, Leckman J, Shaw R, Williams K, Kapphahn C, Frankovich J, Geller D, Bernstein G, Chang K, Elia J, Swedo S (September 2017). "Clinical Management of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: Part I-Psychiatric and Behavioral Interventions". J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 27 (7): 566–573. doi:10.1089/cap.2016.0145. PMC 5610394. PMID 28722481.
Frankovich J, Swedo S, Murphy T, et al. (September 2017). "Clinical management of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: part II—use of immunomodulatory therapies". J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 27 (7): 574–593. doi:10.1089/cap.2016.0148. PMC 9836706. PMID 36358107.
Cooperstock MS, Swedo SE, Pasternack MS, Murphy TK (September 2017). "Clinical management of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: part III—treatment and prevention of infections". J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 27 (7): 594–606. doi:10.1089/cap.2016.0151. PMC 9836684. PMID 36358106.
Pfeiffer HC, Wickstrom R, Skov L, Sørensen CB, Sandvig I, Gjone IH, Ygberg S, de Visscher C, Idring Nordstrom S, Herner LB, Hesselmark E, Hedderly T, Lim M, Debes NM (April 2021). "Clinical guidance for diagnosis and management of suspected Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome in the Nordic countries". Acta Paediatr. 110 (12): 3153–3160. doi:10.1111/apa.15875. PMID 33848371. S2CID 233234801.
Scahill L, Erenberg G, Berlin CM, et al. (April 2006). "Contemporary assessment and pharmacotherapy of Tourette syndrome". NeuroRx. 3 (2): 192–206. doi:10.1016/j.nurx.2006.01.009. PMC 3593444. PMID 16554257.
Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB, et al. (March 2009). "Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute Streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics". Circulation. 119 (11): 1541–51. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.191959. PMID 19246689.
Lantos PM, et al. (January 2021). "Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Disease". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 72 (1): e1 – e48. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1215. PMID 33417672.
Singer HS, Gilbert DL, Wolf DS, Mink JW, Kurlan R (December 2011). "Moving from PANDAS to CANS". J Pediatr. 160 (5): 725–31. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.11.040. PMID 22197466.

e-hospital.co.uk

UK PANDAS & PANS Physicians Network (November 2018). "PANDAS & PANS Treatment Guidelines (v1.6)" (PDF). e-hospital.co.uk. Retrieved November 24, 2021.

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Thomas F, Nicolò L, Lucia S, Santi V, Giulia D, Spreafico E, Alessandro O, Alessandro F, Mara A, Giorgia T, Luigi MG, Salvatore S (November 2024). "IL-17 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of pediatric patients with acute neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for PANDAS and PANS". Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 54: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2024.11.004. PMID 39556906. The underlying mechanism of PANDAS and PANS is thought to be autoimmune, but the pathophysiology of the human disease is still controversial and the very existence of those disease entities has long been debated among physicians

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Johnson M, Ehlers S, Fernell E, Hajjari P, Wartenberg C, Wallerstedt SM (2021). "Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immunomodulatory treatment in children with symptoms corresponding to the research condition PANS (Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome): A systematic review". PLOS ONE. 16 (7): e0253844. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1653844J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253844. PMC 8248649. PMID 34197525.

jni-journal.com

Hesselmark E, Bejerot S (November 2017). "Biomarkers for diagnosis of Pediatric Acute Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) - Sensitivity and specificity of the Cunningham Panel". J Neuroimmunol. 312: 31–37. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.09.002. PMID 28919236. S2CID 24495364.

medscape.com

Shulman ST (February 2009). "Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococci (PANDAS): update". Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 21 (1): 127–30. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32831db2c4. PMID 19242249. S2CID 37434919. Despite continued research in the field, the relationship between GAS and specific neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS) remains elusive. See lay summary PANDAS May Be Overdiagnosed, Contributing to Overuse of Antibiotics, Medscape, October 26, 2006.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Leonardi L, Perna C, Bernabei I, Fiore M, Ma M, Frankovich J, Tarani L, Spalice A (August 2024). "Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Immunological Features Underpinning Controversial Entities". Children. 11 (9): 1043. doi:10.3390/children11091043. PMC 11430956. PMID 39334578.
Hsu CJ, Wong LC, Lee WT (January 2021). "Immunological dysfunction in Tourette syndrome and related disorders". Int J Mol Sci (Review). 22 (2): 853. doi:10.3390/ijms22020853. PMC 7839977. PMID 33467014.
Marazziti D, Palermo S, Arone A, et al. (2023). "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PANDAS, and Tourette Syndrome: Immuno-inflammatory Disorders". Neuroinflammation, Gut-Brain Axis and Immunity in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1411. pp. 275–300. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_13. ISBN 978-981-19-7375-8. PMID 36949315.
La Bella S, Scorrano G, Rinaldi M, Di Ludovico A, Mainieri F, Attanasi M, Spalice A, Chiarelli F, Breda L (October 2023). "Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Myth or Reality? The State of the Art on a Controversial Disease". Microorganisms. 11 (10): 2549. doi:10.3390/microorganisms11102549. PMC 10609001. PMID 37894207. Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) syndrome is one of the most controversial diseases in pediatric rheumatology.
Sigra S, Hesselmark E, Bejerot S (March 2018). "Treatment of PANDAS and PANS: a systematic review". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 86: 51–65. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.01.001. PMID 29309797. S2CID 40827012.
Dale RC (December 2017). "Tics and Tourette: a clinical, pathophysiological and etiological review". Curr Opin Pediatr (Review). 29 (6): 665–673. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000546. PMID 28915150. S2CID 13654194.
Marazziti D, Mucci F, Fontenelle LF (July 2018). "Immune system and obsessive-compulsive disorder". Psychoneuroendocrinology (Review). 93: 39–44. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.013. PMID 29689421. S2CID 13681480.
Zibordi F, Zorzi G, Carecchio M, Nardocci N (March 2018). "CANS: Childhood acute neuropsychiatric syndromes". Eur J Paediatr Neurol (Review). 22 (2): 316–320. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.01.011. PMID 29398245.
Chiarello F, Spitoni S, Hollander E, Matucci Cerinic M, Pallanti S (June 2017). "An expert opinion on PANDAS/PANS: highlights and controversies". Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 21 (2): 91–98. doi:10.1080/13651501.2017.1285941. PMID 28498087. S2CID 3457971.
Robertson MM (February 2011). "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the complexities of phenotype and treatment" (PDF). Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 72 (2): 100–7. doi:10.12968/hmed.2011.72.2.100. PMID 21378617.
Wilbur C, Bitnun A, Kronenberg S, Laxer RM, Levy DM, Logan WJ, Shouldice M, Yeh EA (May 2019). "PANDAS/PANS in childhood: Controversies and evidence". Paediatr Child Health. 24 (2): 85–91. doi:10.1093/pch/pxy145. PMC 6462125. PMID 30996598.
Ueda K, Black KJ (June 2021). "A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children". J Clin Med. 10 (11): 2479. doi:10.3390/jcm10112479. PMC 8199885. PMID 34204991.
Johnson M, Ehlers S, Fernell E, Hajjari P, Wartenberg C, Wallerstedt SM (2021). "Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immunomodulatory treatment in children with symptoms corresponding to the research condition PANS (Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome): A systematic review". PLOS ONE. 16 (7): e0253844. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1653844J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253844. PMC 8248649. PMID 34197525.
Murphy TK, Kurlan R, Leckman J (August 2010). "The immunobiology of Tourette's disorder, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus, and related disorders: a way forward". J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 20 (4): 317–31. doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0043. PMC 4003464. PMID 20807070.
Swerdlow NR (September 2005). "Tourette syndrome: current controversies and the battlefield landscape" (PDF). Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 5 (5): 329–31. doi:10.1007/s11910-005-0054-8. PMID 16131414. S2CID 26342334.
Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, et al. (February 1998). "Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases". Am J Psychiatry. 155 (2): 264–71. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.2.264. PMID 9464208. S2CID 22081877.
Pichichero ME (2009). "The PANDAS Syndrome". Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children V. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 634. Springer. pp. 205–16. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79838-7_17. ISBN 978-0-387-79837-0. PMID 19280860. PANDAS is not yet a validated nosological construct. Courtesy link to partial pages.
Moretti G, Pasquini M, Mandarelli G, Tarsitani L, Biondi M (2008). "What every psychiatrist should know about PANDAS: a review". Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 4 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-4-13. PMC 2413218. PMID 18495013.
Lombroso PJ, Scahill L (2008). "Tourette syndrome and obsessive–compulsive disorder". Brain Dev. 30 (4): 231–7. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2007.09.001. PMC 2291145. PMID 17937978.
Boileau B (2011). "A review of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 13 (4): 401–11. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.4/bboileau. PMC 3263388. PMID 22275846.
Cortese I, Chaudhry V, So YT, Cantor F, Cornblath DR, Rae-Grant A (January 2011). "Evidence-based guideline update: Plasmapheresis in neurologic disorders: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 76 (3): 294–300. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318207b1f6. PMC 3034395. PMID 21242498.
Felling RJ, Singer HS (August 2011). "Neurobiology of Tourette syndrome: current status and need for further investigation". J. Neurosci. 31 (35): 12387–95. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0150-11.2011. PMC 6703258. PMID 21880899.
Leckman JF, Bloch MH, King RA (2009). "Symptom dimensions and subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a developmental perspective". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 11 (1): 21–33. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.1/jfleckman. PMC 3181902. PMID 19432385.
Szejko N, Robinson S, Hartmann A, et al. (October 2021). "European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part I: assessment". Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 31 (3): 383–402. doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01842-2. PMC 8521086. PMID 34661764.
Nielsen MØ, Köhler-Forsberg O, Hjorthøj C, Benros ME, Nordentoft M, Orlovska-Waast S (February 2019). "Streptococcal Infections and Exacerbations in PANDAS: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 38 (2): 189–194. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002218. PMID 30325890. S2CID 53523695.
Thomas F, Nicolò L, Lucia S, Santi V, Giulia D, Spreafico E, Alessandro O, Alessandro F, Mara A, Giorgia T, Luigi MG, Salvatore S (November 2024). "IL-17 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of pediatric patients with acute neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for PANDAS and PANS". Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 54: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2024.11.004. PMID 39556906. The underlying mechanism of PANDAS and PANS is thought to be autoimmune, but the pathophysiology of the human disease is still controversial and the very existence of those disease entities has long been debated among physicians
Giavannoni G (2006). PANDAS: overview of the hypothesis. Advances in Neurology. Vol. 99. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 159–65. ISBN 978-0-7817-9970-6. PMID 16536362. Courtesy link to pp. 159–62.
Martino D, Johnson I, Leckman JF (2020). "What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders?". Front Neurol (Review). 11: 567407. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.567407. PMC 7525089. PMID 33041996.
Bonthius D, Karacay B (2003). "Sydenham's chorea: not gone and not forgotten". Semin Pediatr Neurol. 10 (1): 11–9. doi:10.1016/S1071-9091(02)00004-9. PMID 12785743.
Singer HS (2011). "Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders". Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 100. pp. 641–57. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52014-2.00046-X. ISBN 9780444520142. PMID 21496613.
Leckman JF, Denys D, Simpson HB, et al. (June 2010). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of the diagnostic criteria and possible subtypes and dimensional specifiers for DSM-V". Depress Anxiety. 27 (6): 507–27. doi:10.1002/da.20669. PMC 3974619. PMID 20217853.
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Scahill L, Erenberg G, Berlin CM, et al. (April 2006). "Contemporary assessment and pharmacotherapy of Tourette syndrome". NeuroRx. 3 (2): 192–206. doi:10.1016/j.nurx.2006.01.009. PMC 3593444. PMID 16554257.

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de Oliveira SK, Pelajo CF (March 2010). "Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS): a Controversial Diagnosis". Curr Infect Dis Rep. 12 (2): 103–9. doi:10.1007/s11908-010-0082-7. PMID 21308506. S2CID 30969859.
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