PNG (English Wikipedia)

Laphroaig, Manul (31 October 2017). PoC or GTFO. No Starch Press. ISBN 9781593278984. Each chunk consists of four parts: Length, a Chunk Type, the Chunk Data, and a 32-bit CRC. The Length is a 32-bit unsigned integer indicating the size of only the Chunk Data field
Laphroaig, Manul (31 October 2017). PoC or GTFO. No Starch Press. ISBN 9781593278984. Chunk Type is a 32-bit FourCC code such as IHDR, IDAT, or IEND.

burnallgifs.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Burn All GIFs". burnallgifs.org.

caniuse.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc". caniuse.com. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

catb.org (Global: 7,578^th place; English: 6,551^st place)

"Resource page for gif2png 2.5.11". catb.org.

cloudinary.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"How JPEG XL Compares to Other Image Codecs". Cloudinary. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
"AVIF vs. WebP: 4 Key Differences and How to Choose". Cloudinary. Retrieved 26 September 2024.

coconut.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"PNG vs AVIF: The Ultimate Image Format Battle | Coconut©". www.coconut.co. Retrieved 26 September 2024.

ddj.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Crocker, Lee Daniel (July 1995). "PNG: The Portable Network Graphic Format". Dr. Dobb's Journal. 20 (232): 36–44.

developers.google.com (Global: 3,679^th place; English: 7,859^th place)

"An image format for the Web | WebP". Google for Developers. Retrieved 22 August 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2083. RFC 2083. Informational. sec. 3.
T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2083. RFC 2083. Informational. sec. 8.4. PNG itself is strictly a single-image format. (...) In the future, a multiple-image format based on PNG may be defined. Such a format will be considered a separate file format
T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2083. RFC 2083. Informational.
Paeth, Alan W. (1991). Arvo, James (ed.). "Image File Compression Made Easy". Graphics Gems 2. Academic Press, San Diego: 93–100. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-050754-5.50029-3. ISBN 0-12-064480-0.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
P. Deutsch; J-L. Gailly (May 1996). ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification version 3.3. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1950. RFC 1950. Informational.
P. Deutsch (May 1996). DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1951. RFC 1951. Informational.

github.com (Global: 380^th place; English: 337^th place)

"PNG Third Edition, Explained". W3C GitHub. 26 February 2025. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
"Adding support for HDR imagery to the PNG format". W3C Color on the Web Community Group. 3 May 2023.

gnome.org (Global: 4,412^th place; English: 4,268^th place)

developer.gnome.org

Fulbright, Michael (1999). "GNOME 1.0 Library Roadmap". Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2007.

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

"Why There Are No GIF files on GNU Web Pages". GNU Operating System. 16 December 2008.

goldensoftware.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

surferhelp.goldensoftware.com

"Portable Network Graphic .PNG File Description". surferhelp.goldensoftware.com. Retrieved 12 August 2022.

googlepages.com (Global: 9,072^nd place; English: 6,409^th place)

oone.googlepages.com

"Windows Vista – Icons". OOne. 2007. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2007.

googlesource.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

chromium.googlesource.com

scroggo (14 March 2017). "chromium / chromium / src / 7d2b8c45afc9c0230410011293cc2e1dbb8943a7". chromium.googlesource.com. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
chrome-cron; et al. (27 March 2017). "chromium / chromium / src / 59.0.3047.0..59.0.3053.0". chromium.googlesource.com. Retrieved 31 March 2017.

groups.google.com (Global: 2,153^rd place; English: 1,445^th place)

"Offical [sic] Compu$erve announcement about GIF licensing". groups.google.com. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
"Thoughts on a GIF-replacement file format". groups.google.com. Retrieved 27 February 2026.

iana.org (Global: 2,479^th place; English: 2,606^th place)

"Registration of new Media Type image/png". IANA. 27 July 1996.

ietf.org (Global: 731^st place; English: 625^th place)

datatracker.ietf.org

T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2083. RFC 2083. Informational. sec. 3.
T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2083. RFC 2083. Informational. sec. 8.4. PNG itself is strictly a single-image format. (...) In the future, a multiple-image format based on PNG may be defined. Such a format will be considered a separate file format
T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2083. RFC 2083. Informational.
P. Deutsch; J-L. Gailly (May 1996). ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification version 3.3. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1950. RFC 1950. Informational.
P. Deutsch (May 1996). DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1951. RFC 1951. Informational.

iso.org (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 1,097^th place)

"ISO/IEC 15948:2004 – Information technology – Computer graphics and image processing – Portable Network Graphics (PNG): Functional specification". International Organization for Standardization. 3 March 2004. Retrieved 19 February 2011.

itu.int (Global: 1,487^th place; English: 1,305^th place)

"T.87 : Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images – Baseline". International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 20 March 2011.

libpng.download (Global: low place; English: low place)

Thomas Kopp (17 April 2008). "PNG Digital Signatures: Extension Specification".

libpng.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"COPYRIGHT NOTICE, DISCLAIMER, and LICENSE - PNG Reference Library License version 2" (TXT). libpng.org. 1 July 2000.
Roelofs, Greg (29 May 2010). "History of PNG". libpng. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
Roelofs, Greg (29 September 2011). "Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification and Extensions". libpng. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
Roelofs 2003, Significant Bits (sBIT)"Grayscale images are the simplest; sBIT then contains a single byte indicating the number of significant bits in the source data" Roelofs, Greg (2003). PNG: The Definitive Guide (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 1-56592-542-4.
"PNG Specification: Chunk Specifications".
"PNG News from 2006". Libpng.org.
"Filter Algorithms". PNG Specification.
"A Basic Introduction to PNG Features". Libpng.org. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
Roelofs 2003, Chapter 9. Compression and Filtering Roelofs, Greg (2003). PNG: The Definitive Guide (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 1-56592-542-4.
"libpng". Retrieved 13 July 2013.
"Browsers with PNG Support". 14 March 2009.
"PNG Frequently Asked Questions".

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

"JPEG XL File Format". Library of Congress. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
"JPEG XL Image Encoding". Library of Congress. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
"WebP". www.loc.gov. 13 April 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2024.

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

support.microsoft.com

"Unable to view .png images with Internet Explorer 4.0". Microsoft Knowledge Base.
"PNGs That Are Inside of an Object Tag Print as a Negative Image". Microsoft Knowledge Base.
"PNG Images Are Printed Improperly in Internet Explorer 5.01". Microsoft Knowledge Base.
"You cannot view some PNG images in Internet Explorer 6". Microsoft Knowledge Base.
"You cannot use Internet Explorer 6 to open a PNG file that contains one or more zero-length IDAT chunks". Microsoft Knowledge Base.
"PhD: Portable Network Graphics Lose Transparency in Web Browser". Microsoft Knowledge Base.
"PNG Files Do Not Show Transparency in Internet Explorer". Microsoft Knowledge Base.

mobilexweb.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"iOS 8 and iPhone 6 for web developers and designers: next evolution for Safari and native webapps". mobilexweb.com. 17 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.

msdn.com (Global: 4,626^th place; English: 3,858^th place)

channel9.msdn.com

"IE7 alpha transparent PNG + opacity". Channel 9. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2009.

nuwen.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Introduction to PNG". nuwen.net. Retrieved 20 October 2010.

opera.com (Global: 7,525^th place; English: 8,338^th place)

dev.opera.com

"Dev.Opera — What's new in Chromium 59 and Opera 46". dev.opera.com. Retrieved 11 September 2022.

osuosl.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ftp-osl.osuosl.org

"Extensions to the PNG 1.2 Specification, version 1.5.0". ftp-osl.osuosl.org.
"Extensions to the PNG 1.2 Specification, Version 1.5.0". Retrieved 5 May 2020.

oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com (Global: 7,396^th place; English: 7,015^th place)

"Definition of PNG noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Retrieved 21 January 2018.

pcgamer.com (Global: 406^th place; English: 284^th place)

Wes Fenlon (28 April 2023). "Here's why you have to deal with so many annoying webPs now". PC Gamer. Retrieved 22 August 2024.

pcmag.com (Global: 1,442^nd place; English: 915^th place)

"PNG Transparency in Internet Explorer". PC Magazine. 5 October 2004.

petapixel.com (Global: 9,113^th place; English: 5,639^th place)

"Why Apple uses JPEG XL, and what it means for your photos". Petapixel. 18 September 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2025.

pngmini.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"PNG can be a lossy format". Pngmini.com. Retrieved 1 February 2014.

popularmechanics.com (Global: 2,521^st place; English: 1,621^st place)

Limer, Eric (30 October 2019). "The GIF Is Dead. Long Live the GIF". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 21 November 2022.

programmax.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Chris Blume (24 June 2025). "PNG is back!". ProgramMax. Retrieved 25 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

rfc-editor.org (Global: 747^th place; English: 325^th place)

T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2083. RFC 2083. Informational. sec. 3.
T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2083. RFC 2083. Informational. sec. 8.4. PNG itself is strictly a single-image format. (...) In the future, a multiple-image format based on PNG may be defined. Such a format will be considered a separate file format
T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2083. RFC 2083. Informational.
P. Deutsch; J-L. Gailly (May 1996). ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification version 3.3. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1950. RFC 1950. Informational.
P. Deutsch (May 1996). DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1951. RFC 1951. Informational.

sitepoint.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"GIF, PNG, JPG. Which One To Use?". Sitepoint.com. 3 August 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2010.

sourceforge.net (Global: 1,842^nd place; English: 1,520^th place)

"Vote failed: APNG 20070405a". 20 April 2007. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008.

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; English: 145^th place)

oregon.usgs.gov

"Use of PNG Images to Display Data". Oregon Water Science Center. 16 February 2006. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2003.

w3.org (Global: 1,633^rd place; English: 1,401^st place)

W3C 2003, 1 Scope. "Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification" (Second ed.). W3C. 10 November 2003.
W3C 2003, 11.2.2 IHDR Image header "Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification" (Second ed.). W3C. 10 November 2003.
"Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification (Third Edition) is now a W3C Recommendation". World Wide Web Consortium. 24 June 2025. Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
W3C 2003, 5.2 PNG signature. "Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification" (Second ed.). W3C. 10 November 2003.
W3C 2003, 5.3 Chunk layout. "Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification" (Second ed.). W3C. 10 November 2003.
"PNG Specification (Third Edition), cICP Coding-independent code points for video signal type identification". w3.org. 21 September 2023.
"Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification (Third Edition)".
"PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification \ Version 1.0". w3.org. Retrieved 30 May 2022. 4.2.6. sBIT Significant bits, 13 bytes total - color type 2 and 3 totaled 6 bytes
"PNG Specification: Rationale". w3.org.
W3C 2003, 9 Filtering. "Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification" (Second ed.). W3C. 10 November 2003.
"PNG Specification (Third Edition), APNG: frame-based animation". w3.org. 24 June 2025.
"PNG Fact Sheet". World Wide Web Consortium. 7 October 1996.

w3techs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Historical yearly trends in the usage statistics of image file formats for websites". w3techs.com.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification (Third Edition) is now a W3C Recommendation". World Wide Web Consortium. 24 June 2025. Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
"Vote failed: APNG 20070405a". 20 April 2007. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008.
"PNG Group animation proposal comparison + test-software". xs4all.nl. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009.
"Use of PNG Images to Display Data". Oregon Water Science Center. 16 February 2006. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2003.
Lovitt, Michael (21 December 2002). "Cross-Browser Variable Opacity with PNG: A Real Solution". A List Apart. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
"IE7 alpha transparent PNG + opacity". Channel 9. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
Fulbright, Michael (1999). "GNOME 1.0 Library Roadmap". Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
"Windows Vista – Icons". OOne. 2007. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2007.

xs4all.nl (Global: 3,773^rd place; English: 3,965^th place)

gjuyn.xs4all.nl

"PNG Group animation proposal comparison + test-software". xs4all.nl. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009.

PNG (English Wikipedia)

99designs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

adobe.com (Global: 2,320th place; English: 1,990th place)

helpx.adobe.com

kb.adobe.com

alistapart.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

aomedia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

burnallgifs.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

caniuse.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

catb.org (Global: 7,578th place; English: 6,551st place)

cloudinary.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

coconut.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

ddj.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

developers.google.com (Global: 3,679th place; English: 7,859th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

github.com (Global: 380th place; English: 337th place)

gnome.org (Global: 4,412th place; English: 4,268th place)

developer.gnome.org

gnu.org (Global: 1,901st place; English: 1,743rd place)

goldensoftware.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

surferhelp.goldensoftware.com

googlepages.com (Global: 9,072nd place; English: 6,409th place)

oone.googlepages.com

googlesource.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

chromium.googlesource.com

groups.google.com (Global: 2,153rd place; English: 1,445th place)

iana.org (Global: 2,479th place; English: 2,606th place)

ietf.org (Global: 731st place; English: 625th place)

datatracker.ietf.org

iso.org (Global: 1,190th place; English: 1,097th place)

itu.int (Global: 1,487th place; English: 1,305th place)

libpng.download (Global: low place; English: low place)

libpng.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

loc.gov (Global: 63rd place; English: 47th place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263rd place; English: 259th place)

support.microsoft.com

mobilexweb.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

msdn.com (Global: 4,626th place; English: 3,858th place)

channel9.msdn.com

nuwen.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

opera.com (Global: 7,525th place; English: 8,338th place)

dev.opera.com

osuosl.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ftp-osl.osuosl.org

oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com (Global: 7,396th place; English: 7,015th place)

pcgamer.com (Global: 406th place; English: 284th place)

pcmag.com (Global: 1,442nd place; English: 915th place)

petapixel.com (Global: 9,113th place; English: 5,639th place)

pngmini.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

popularmechanics.com (Global: 2,521st place; English: 1,621st place)

programmax.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

rfc-editor.org (Global: 747th place; English: 325th place)

sitepoint.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sourceforge.net (Global: 1,842nd place; English: 1,520th place)

usgs.gov (Global: 119th place; English: 145th place)

oregon.usgs.gov

w3.org (Global: 1,633rd place; English: 1,401st place)

w3techs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

xs4all.nl (Global: 3,773rd place; English: 3,965th place)

gjuyn.xs4all.nl

adobe.com (Global: 2,320^th place; English: 1,990^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

catb.org (Global: 7,578^th place; English: 6,551^st place)

developers.google.com (Global: 3,679^th place; English: 7,859^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

github.com (Global: 380^th place; English: 337^th place)

gnome.org (Global: 4,412^th place; English: 4,268^th place)

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

googlepages.com (Global: 9,072^nd place; English: 6,409^th place)

groups.google.com (Global: 2,153^rd place; English: 1,445^th place)

iana.org (Global: 2,479^th place; English: 2,606^th place)

ietf.org (Global: 731^st place; English: 625^th place)

iso.org (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 1,097^th place)

itu.int (Global: 1,487^th place; English: 1,305^th place)

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

msdn.com (Global: 4,626^th place; English: 3,858^th place)

opera.com (Global: 7,525^th place; English: 8,338^th place)

oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com (Global: 7,396^th place; English: 7,015^th place)

pcgamer.com (Global: 406^th place; English: 284^th place)

pcmag.com (Global: 1,442^nd place; English: 915^th place)

petapixel.com (Global: 9,113^th place; English: 5,639^th place)

popularmechanics.com (Global: 2,521^st place; English: 1,621^st place)

rfc-editor.org (Global: 747^th place; English: 325^th place)

sourceforge.net (Global: 1,842^nd place; English: 1,520^th place)

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; English: 145^th place)

w3.org (Global: 1,633^rd place; English: 1,401^st place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

xs4all.nl (Global: 3,773^rd place; English: 3,965^th place)